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FIGURE 6 in A new species from the eastern Amazon rainforest with lectotype designations and key for Brazilian Oxarthrius Reitter, 1883 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)

FIGURE 5 in A new species from the eastern Amazon rainforest with lectotype designations and key for Brazilian Oxarthrius Reitter, 1883 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)

FIGURE 5. Oxarthrius spiculatus sp. nov., paratype male-STP0269. A. metatrochanter. B. Antennal scape. C. Head setae. D. Scutelum. Scale bars = 50 μm (A, D); 20 μm (B, C). Abbreviations: ts, thin setae; fs, flattened setae; iblf, inner basolateral foveae; bef, basal elytral foveae.

FIGURE 8 in A new species from the eastern Amazon rainforest with lectotype designations and key for Brazilian Oxarthrius Reitter, 1883 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)

FIGURE 8. Oxarthrius bispinosus (Reitter, 1883), Lectotype (MNHN, EC21542). A. habitus, dorsal view. B. habitus, ventral view. C. original labels. D. habitus, lateral view. Credits of the photographs: Christophe Rivier (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France). Scale bars = 1 mm (A, B, D).

FIGURE 3 in A new species from the eastern Amazon rainforest with lectotype designations and key for Brazilian Oxarthrius Reitter, 1883 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)

FIGURE 3. Oxarthrius spiculatus sp. nov., paratype male- STP0269. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Pronotum, dorsal view. C. Elytra, dorsal view. D. Abdomen, dorsal view. Scale bars = 100 μm (A, B, D); 200 μm (C). Abbreviations: vf, vertexal foveae; laf, lateral antebasal foveae; oblf, outer basolateral foveae; iblf, inner basolateral foveae; bef, basal elytral foveae; ss, sutural stria; mbf, mediobasal foveae; blf, basolateral foveae.

FIGURE 2 in A new species from the eastern Amazon rainforest with lectotype designations and key for Brazilian Oxarthrius Reitter, 1883 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)

FIGURE 2. Oxarthrius spiculatus sp. nov. (A-E. Male holotype - STP0599; F. Female paratype – STP0267) A. Habitus, ventral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D. Antennae. E. Abdomen ventral view. F. Abdomen ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm (A, C); 0.5 mm (B, E, F); 200 µm (D).

FIGURE 7 in The more, the merrier: a new colonial species of the orb weaving spider genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from the Amazon rainforest

FIGURE 7. Distribution of Leucauge argyra. New records (yellow) and holotype of Leucauge argyroaffins (red).

FIGURE 5. Leucauge behemoth n in The more, the merrier: a new colonial species of the orb weaving spider genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from the Amazon rainforest

FIGURE 5. Leucauge behemoth n. sp. (IBSP 7382) male palp details. A, cymbial hook. B, paracymbium. C, embolus base and conductor. D, conductor tip. Scale bars, 0,1 mm.

FIGURE 4. Leucauge behemoth n in The more, the merrier: a new colonial species of the orb weaving spider genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from the Amazon rainforest

FIGURE 4. Leucauge behemoth n. sp. male and female from Manaus (IBSP 7382). A–B, epigynum. A, ventral. B, posterior. C–F, male palp. C, prolateral. D, retrolateral. E, retroventral. F, ventral. Scale bars, 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 2. Leucauge behemoth n in The more, the merrier: a new colonial species of the orb weaving spider genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from the Amazon rainforest

FIGURE 2. Leucauge behemoth n. sp., female paratype from ARIE do Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Manaus (IBSP 97726). A,habitus, lateral. B, same, dorsal. C–F, Epigynum. C, ventral. D, posterior. E, dorsal, cleared. F, lateral. Scale bars, A, B, 1 mm; C–F, 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in The more, the merrier: a new colonial species of the orb weaving spider genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from the Amazon rainforest

FIGURE 3. Living specimens of Leucauge behemoth n. sp. Female from Tambopata, Peru (photographed by Rich Hoyer/ Birdernaturalist in 20/IV/2019): A, female habitus, lateral. B, ventral. C, dorsolateral. D, specimens from Cantón Baños, Ecuador, coexisting without aggression outside their individual webs (photographed by Hederd Torres in 17/XII/2013).

FIGURE 1 in The more, the merrier: a new colonial species of the orb weaving spider genus Leucauge White, 1841 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from the Amazon rainforest

FIGURE 1. Leucauge argyra (Walckenaer, 1841). A, Holotype and original label of Leucauge argyroaffins Soares & Camargo 1948 (MZSP 1330) (images by Nadine Dupérré). B, Female from Brasília, epigynum in lateral view (DZUB 3022). C–D pedipalp of male from Brasília (DZUB 4595). C, ventral view. D, retrolateral view. Leucauge behemoth n. sp., pedipalp of male paratype from Reserva Florestal Adolfo Ducke, Manaus (IBSP 97726). E, prolateral. F. ventral. G, retrolateral.Scale bars, A, 1.0 mm; B–G, 0.5 mm.

Fig. 11 in More than meets no eyes: Taxonomic status of a Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) blindsnake from the Atlantic Rainforest

Fig. 11. Anterior (A) and posterior (B) views of the skull and lower jaw of Liotyphlops beui (MCZ 17842, paratype) based on μCT imagery. Different skull elements are digitally colored to improve visualization. Abbreviations: BO = basioccipital; CB = compound bone; CO = coronoid; D = dentary; F = frontal; MX = maxilla; NA = nasal; OT = otico–occipital complex; P = parietal; PBS = parabasisphenoid; PFR = prefrontal; PMX = premaxilla; PO = postorbital; PT = pterygoid; Q = quadrate; SMX =septomaxilla; SP =splenial. Scale bar =1 mm.

Fig. 10 in More than meets no eyes: Taxonomic status of a Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) blindsnake from the Atlantic Rainforest

Fig. 10. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views of the skull of Liotyphlops beui (MCZ 17842, paratype) based on μCT imagery. Different skull elements are digitally colored and the mandible is removed for better visualization. Abbreviations: BO = basioccipital; ECP = ectopterygoid; F = frontal; MX = maxilla; NA = nasal; OT = otico–occipital complex; P = parietal; PAL = palatine; PBS = parabasisphenoid; PFR = prefrontal; PMX = premaxilla; PO = postorbital; PT = pterygoid; Q = quadrate; SMX = septomaxilla; V = vomer. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 8 in More than meets no eyes: Taxonomic status of a Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) blindsnake from the Atlantic Rainforest

Fig. 8. Boxplots, scatterplots, histograms, density plots, and pairwise comparison of sexually dimorphic characters of external morphology in males (M, purple) and females (F, orange) of Liotyphlops beui. Outliers are indicated as black circles. Pearson correlation (Corr) values: * = 0.05; ** = 0.01; *** = 0.001.

Fig. 13 in More than meets no eyes: Taxonomic status of a Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) blindsnake from the Atlantic Rainforest

Fig. 13. Species of Liotyphlops from the Atlantic Rainforest. A) Liotyphlops beui from Trˆes Passos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (IBSP 92768); B) L. beui from same previous locality (unvouchered); C) Liotyphlops ternetzii from Itiquira, Mato Grosso, Brazil (UFRGS 6458); D) Liotyphlops wilderi from Itapebi, Bahia, Brazil (MNRJ 15657); E) Liotyphlops caissara from Ilha Anchieta, S˜ao Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 89927); F) Liotyphlops trefauti from Traipu, Alagoas, Brazil (MUFAL 9424). Photograph credits: Arthur Abegg (A, B, E), M´arcio Borges-Martins (C), Marco Antonio de Freitas (D), Ubiratan Gonçalves (F).

Fig. 7 in More than meets no eyes: Taxonomic status of a Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) blindsnake from the Atlantic Rainforest

Fig. 7. Morphological variation of Liotyphlops beui. A-B) Adult female topotype (IBSP 90395) from Instituto Butantan, S˜ao Paulo, S˜ao Paulo state, Brazil; C-D) Adult female (IBSP 78648) from S˜ao Paulo, S˜ao Paulo state, Brazil; E-F) Adult male (IBSP 79486) from Carapicuíba, S˜ao Paulo state, Brazil. Collection tag = 50 mm. Photograph credits: Bruno Rocha.

Fig. 6 in More than meets no eyes: Taxonomic status of a Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) blindsnake from the Atlantic Rainforest

Fig. 6. Specimens of Liotyphlops from Passos Maia, Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil. A) Dorsal and ventral views of UFRGS 6274, juvenile female holotype of Liotyphlops sousai; B) Dorsal and ventral views of UFRGS 6275, juvenile male identified as Liotyphlops beui by Santos and Reis (2018). Scale bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 5 in More than meets no eyes: Taxonomic status of a Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) blindsnake from the Atlantic Rainforest

Fig. 5. Head scalation of Liotyphlops beui (A, MCZ-R 17842, paratype) from Instituto Butantan, S˜ao Paulo, S˜ao Paulo state, southeastern Brazil, and Liotyphlops sousai (B, UFRGS 6274, holotype), from Passos Maia, Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil.

Fig. 9 in More than meets no eyes: Taxonomic status of a Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) blindsnake from the Atlantic Rainforest

Fig. 9. Geographic distribution of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) delimited based on Liotyphlops from the Atlantic Rainforest biome (purple), in South America. SP01: Liotyphlops beui from the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil; SP02: Liotyphlops caissara from lowland Atlantic Rainforest of coastal southeastern Brazil; SP03: Liotyphlops sousai from the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil, considered herein a synonym of L. beui; SP04: Liotyphlops ternetzii from the Cerrado of Brazil and Paraguay; SP05: Liotyphlops trefauti from the Atlantic Rainforest of northeastern Brazil; SP06: Liotyphlops wilderi from montane Atlantic Rainforest of southeastern Brazil. Filled symbols represent type localities and dots represent examined specimens. Literature records are indicated with hollow symbols and follow Dixon and Kofron (1983), Nogueira et al. (2019).

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic inferences and uncorrected p in More than meets no eyes: Taxonomic status of a Liotyphlops Peters, 1881 (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) blindsnake from the Atlantic Rainforest

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic inferences and uncorrected p-distances for Scolecophidia terminals, based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene fragment. A) Maximum likelihood (RAxML) phylogenetic tree inference and geographic distribution of evaluated samples (white circles = L. beui literature records; black and white circles = L. beui examined records); B) Pairwise uncorrected p-distances for Scolecophidia terminals.