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Figure 6 in Redescription and three-dimensional reconstruction of the limnic acochlidian gastropod Strubellia paradoxa (Strubell, 1892) (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) from Ambon, Indonesia
Figure 6. Schematic overview of the genital system, male phase. (A) Overview of posterior genital system of paratype, ∗ indicates genital pore, ∗∗ indicates widening in distal bursa stalk, dorsal view; (B) overview of cephalic copulatory apparatus of paratype, dorsal view; (C, D) adapted from Küthe (1935), used with permission: (C) copulatory apparatus with anterior muscle (showing external duct with distal bifurcation and bypass leading into lumen and groove of the stylet) and posterior muscle (with duct passing through the retractor muscle and exiting through a papilla close to a hooked thorn); (D) cross-section of stylet showing lumen and groove. Abbreviations: am, ampulla; bc, bursa copulatrix; bf, basal finger; bp, bypass of paraprostatic duct; bvd, "posterior-leading" vas deferens; dv, diverticle; ed, ejaculatory duct on raised papilla; gd, gonoduct; go, gonad; gr, groove of cuticular stylet; m1, "anterior" muscle, confused with the penis by Küthe; m2, "horseshoe-shaped posterior" muscle; p, penis; pp, paraprostate; ppd, paraprostatic duct; pr, prostate; ps, penial sheath; rm, retractor muscle of copulatory apparatus; rs, receptaculum seminis; sg, external sperm groove on right body side; st, hollow stylet; th, thorn.
Figure 4 in Redescription and three-dimensional reconstruction of the limnic acochlidian gastropod Strubellia paradoxa (Strubell, 1892) (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) from Ambon, Indonesia
Figure 4. Schematic overview of the central nervous system, dorsal view. Pedal nerves omitted and length of pleuroparietal connectives exaggerated for reasons of visualization. Buccal commissure and cerebrobuccal connective not found. Abbreviations: bg, buccal ganglion; cg, cerebral ganglion; ey, eye; gog, gastro-oesophageal ganglion; ln, labial tentacle nerve; on, optic nerve; orn, oral nerve; opt, optical ganglion; osg, tentative osphradial ganglion; pag, parietal ganglion; pg, pedal ganglion; plg, pleural ganglion; rhg, rhinophoral ganglion; rhn, rhinophoral nerve; st, statocyst; subg, subintestinal ganglion; supg, supraintestinal ganglion; vc, long visceral connective between subg+vg and supg+pag; vg, visceral ganglion; vn, visceral nerve.
Figure 8 in Redescription and three-dimensional reconstruction of the limnic acochlidian gastropod Strubellia paradoxa (Strubell, 1892) (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) from Ambon, Indonesia
Figure 8. Semi-thin sections showing aspects of the cephalic copulatory apparatus, male phase. (A) Buccal mass and copulatory apparatus, arrowhead, opening direction of penial sheath, asterisks, ciliated loops of prostatic duct, note paraprostatic duct passing through retractor muscle (anterior view, dorsal side is up); (A') tip of penis with chitinous thorn; (B, C) more anterior sections showing relation of penis and basal finger, note widening of ejaculatory duct; (D) prostate; (E) regular epithelium covering the basal finger; (F) curved base of basal finger showing course of distal paraprostatic duct, note bypass to lumen of penial sheath, open base of stylet, asterisk indicates lumen inside stylet that will connect to paraprostatic duct; (G) stylet showing lumen filled with epithelial cells (∗) and outer groove (∗∗); (H–L) series of sections through stylet, L closest to tip. Abbreviations: bf, basal finger; bp, bypass of paraprostatic duct into lumen of penial sheath; ed, ejaculatory duct; p, penis; ph, pharynx; pr, prostate; ppd, paraprostatic duct; r, radula; rm, retractor muscle of copulatory apparatus; st, stylet of basal finger; th, thorn of penis tip. Scale bars: A, 250 µm; B, C, F, 100 µm; D, E, 50 µm; A', G, H, J–L, 25 µm.
Figure 7 in Redescription and three-dimensional reconstruction of the limnic acochlidian gastropod Strubellia paradoxa (Strubell, 1892) (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) from Ambon, Indonesia
Figure 7. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the genital system, male phase. (A) Genital system (right view); (B) posterior genital system (oblique anterior view); (C) detail of distal gonoduct and genital opening (right view); (D) complete genital system (ventral view); (E) copulatory apparatus (anteroventral view); (F) copulatory apparatus (right view, ∗ indicates blind ending of paraprostate; prostate and penial sheath omitted). Abbreviations: am, ampulla; bc, bursa copulatrix; bf, basal finger; bp, bypass of paraprostatic duct; bs, bursa stalk; bvd, "posterior-leading" vas deferens; dv, diverticle; ed, ejaculatory duct; gd, gonoduct; go, gonad; gol, central lumen of gonad; gp, genital pore; gpa, anterior genital opening; p, penis; pp, paraprostate; ppd, paraprostatic duct, pr, prostate; ps, penial sheath; rm, retractor muscle; rs, receptaculum seminis; sg, external sperm groove; st, stylet; th, thorn. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, D–F, 250 µm; C, 100 µm.
Figure 3 in Redescription and three-dimensional reconstruction of the limnic acochlidian gastropod Strubellia paradoxa (Strubell, 1892) (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) from Ambon, Indonesia
Figure 3. Semi-thin cross-sections of anterior head–foot. (A) Cross-section through body at level of buccal mass (retracted); (B) foot with ciliated sole, subepidermal foot glands (arrowheads indicate upper and lower margins of glandular layer), connective tissue with spicules (asterisks), note crossing muscle fibres; (C) left eye; (D) cross-section through buccal mass with cuticularized pharynx and folded dorsal branch of radula (young branch still separated from pharyngeal cavity); (E) ganglia on the right side of CNS; (F) ganglia on the left side (note giant nerve cells in subg+vg). Abbreviations: bf, basal finger; bs, bursa stalk; bm, buccal mass; cg, cerebral ganglion; dg, digestive gland; dp, diaphragm separating cavities of head–foot and visceral sac; ey, eye; ht, heart; it, intestine; kd, kidney; le, eyelens; nd, nephroduct; oc, odontophore cavity; opt, optic ganglion; osg, tentative osphradial ganglion; ot, oral tube; pag, left parietal ganglion; pc, lumen of pericardium; pg, pedal ganglion; pgl, anterior pedal gland; pgr, granular pigment layer; ph, pharynx; plg, pleural ganglion; pp, loops of paraprostate; ps, lumen of penial sheath; r, radula; sgd, salivary gland duct; sgl, salivary gland; spc, spicules; ssc, sensory cell of eye; ssl, sensory layer; st, statocyst; subg+vg, combined subintestinal and visceral ganglion; supg+pag, combined supraintestinal and right parietal ganglion; vc, long connective between subg+vg and supg+pag. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; B, C, 50 µm; D–F, 100 µm.
Figure 2 in Redescription and three-dimensional reconstruction of the limnic acochlidian gastropod Strubellia paradoxa (Strubell, 1892) (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) from Ambon, Indonesia
Figure 2. External anatomy and aspects of radula. (A) Dorsal view of live specimen from Batu Gatja River, Ambon; original drawing by A. Strubell, 1892 (modified from Küthe 1935, used with permission); (B) ventral view of live juvenile specimen from Watatiri, Ambon; (C–E) aspects of radula (modified from Küthe 1935, used with permission): (C) anterior view of rhachidian tooth, (D) right view of rhachidian tooth showing denticulate margins; (E) portion of folded radula with lateral plates, note lack of denticle in lp1; (F) scanning electron micrograph of radula of Watatiri specimen, note rhachidian teeth worn down to their bases and strong denticle on each lateral plate, asterisk indicates presumed position of second lateral plate folded down in the sample. Abbreviations: cc, central cusp of rhachidian tooth; dt, denticles; ey, eye; ft, foot; llp, left lateral plate; lp1 and 2, first and second lateral plates; lt, labial tentacles; rh, rhinophore; rlp, (first) right lateral plate; rt, rhachidian tooth. Scale bar: 20 µm.
Figure 1 in Redescription and three-dimensional reconstruction of the limnic acochlidian gastropod Strubellia paradoxa (Strubell, 1892) (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) from Ambon, Indonesia
Figure 1. Three-dimensional reconstruction of general anatomy, central nervous (CNS), circulatory, excretory, and anterior digestive systems of Strubellia paradoxa, paratype. (A) External morphology (contracted specimen, right view), arrowhead indicates position of diaphragm between head–foot and visceral sac; (B) overview of microanatomy showing internal organ systems; (C) CNS (posterior view, buccal ganglia omitted); (D) CNS, including buccal ganglia at left (right view); (E) excretory and circulatory systems (ventrolateral right view), asterisk indicates intersection between kidney and nephroduct; (F) buccal apparatus and anterior pedal gland, right view, asterisks indicate ciliated part of oesophagus. Abbreviations: ao, aorta; au, auricle; bc, bursa copulatrix; bg, buccal ganglion; bm, buccal mass; ccm, cerebral commissure; cg, cerebral ganglion; cns, central nervous system; dg, digestive gland; dkd, distal lumen of kidney; es, oesophagus; ey, eye; ft, foot; go, gonad; gog, gastro-oesophageal ganglion; gp, genital pore; ht, heart; kd, kidney; ln, labial tentacle nerve; nd, nephroduct; ndl, distal loop of nephroduct; np, position of nephroporus; oc, odontophore cavity; on, optic nerve; opt, optical
Figure 5 in Redescription and three-dimensional reconstruction of the limnic acochlidian gastropod Strubellia paradoxa (Strubell, 1892) (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) from Ambon, Indonesia
Figure 5. Semithin sections of anterior right visceral sac with the pericardium, heart and kidney; dorsal side to the upper right. (A) Overview of anterior right visceral sac with pericardial complex (arrowheads indicate membrane of pericardium, asterisks indicate loops of nephroduct, ∗∗ indicates ciliary tuft at intersection between distal kidney and nephroduct); (B) section more anterior to A showing medioventral tip of heart with protruding aorta, (1) vacuolate epicardium, (2) tentative "rhogocyte", (3) loose cells and (4) muscular bridge inside the ventricular lumen; (C) section posterior to A with kidney and heart at base of renopericardioduct, asterisk marks thickened margins of venous vessel opening to the haemocoel; (D) kidney posterior toheart showing proximal and vacuolate distal lumina; (E) most anterior portion of excretory system with nephroduct loop proximal to nephroporus, vacuolate cells inside pericardium (asterisk) and distalmost intestine. Abbreviations: ao, aorta; au, lumen of auricle; bc, bursa copulatrix; bs, bursa stalk; ctm, connective tissue membrane; dg, digestive gland; dkd, distal lumen of kidney; dp, diaphragm separating body cavities; ep, epidermis; gd, gonoduct; hc, haemocoel
FIGURE 18 in Review of the spider genus Ectatosticta Simon, 1892 (Araneae: Hypochilidae) with description of four new species from China
FIGURE 18. Female genitalia of Ectatosticta, dorsal view. A. E. rulai Lin & Li, 2021; B. E. shennongjiaensis sp. nov.; C. E. songpanensis sp. nov.; D. E. wukong Lin & Li, 2020; E. E. xuanzang Lin & Li, 2020; F. E. yukuni Lin & Li, 2021. Abbreviations: DS, dorsal spermathecae; VS, ventral spermathecae.
FIGURE 16 in Review of the spider genus Ectatosticta Simon, 1892 (Araneae: Hypochilidae) with description of four new species from China
FIGURE 16. Cymbium apophysis of Ectatosticta left male palp, prolateral view. A. E. bajie Lin & Li, 2021; B. E. davidi (Simon, 1889); C. E. deltshevi Platnick & Jäger, 2009; D. E. nyingchiensis sp. nov.; E. E. pingwuensis sp. nov.; F–G. E. rulai Lin & Li, 2021 (F from Jiuzhaigou, G from Wanglang); H. E. shennongjiaensis sp. nov.; I. E. songpanensis sp. nov.; J. E. wukong Lin & Li, 2020; K. E. yukuni Lin & Li, 2021. Abbreviations: CL, cymbial lobe; TS, thickened setae.
FIGURE 15 in Review of the spider genus Ectatosticta Simon, 1892 (Araneae: Hypochilidae) with description of four new species from China
FIGURE 15. Embolus and conductor of Ectatosticta left male palp, retrolateral view. A. E. bajie Lin & Li, 2021; B. E. davidi (Simon, 1889); C. E. deltshevi Platnick & Jäger, 2009; D. E. nyingchiensis sp. nov.; E. E. pingwuensis sp. nov.; F–G. E. rulai Lin & Li, 2021 (F from Jiuzhaigou, G from Wanglang); H. E. shennongjiaensis sp. nov.; I. E. songpanensis sp. nov.; J. E. wukong Lin & Li, 2020; K. E. yukuni Lin & Li, 2021. Abbreviations: Co, conductor; Em, embolus.
FIGURE 14. Ectatosticta yukuni Lin & Li, 2021. A in Review of the spider genus Ectatosticta Simon, 1892 (Araneae: Hypochilidae) with description of four new species from China
FIGURE 14. Ectatosticta yukuni Lin & Li, 2021. A. Left male palp, apex of tarsus with bulb, prolateral view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Same, retrolateral view.
FIGURE 13. Ectatosticta wukong Lin & Li, 2020. A in Review of the spider genus Ectatosticta Simon, 1892 (Araneae: Hypochilidae) with description of four new species from China
FIGURE 13. Ectatosticta wukong Lin & Li, 2020. A. Left male palp, apex of tarsus with bulb, prolateral view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Same, retrolateral view.
FIGURE 17 in Review of the spider genus Ectatosticta Simon, 1892 (Araneae: Hypochilidae) with description of four new species from China
FIGURE 17. Female genitalia of Ectatosticta, dorsal view. A. E. bajie Lin & Li, 2021; B–C. E. davidi (Simon, 1889); D. E. deltshevi Platnick & Jäger, 2009; E. E. nyingchiensis sp. nov.; F. E. pingwuensis sp. nov.. Abbreviations: DS, dorsal spermathecae; VS, ventral spermathecae.
FIGURE 5. Ectatosticta bajie Lin & Li, 2021. A in Review of the spider genus Ectatosticta Simon, 1892 (Araneae: Hypochilidae) with description of four new species from China
FIGURE 5. Ectatosticta bajie Lin & Li, 2021. A. Left male palp, apex of tarsus with bulb, prolateral view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Same, retrolateral view.
FIGURE 9 in Review of the spider genus Ectatosticta Simon, 1892 (Araneae: Hypochilidae) with description of four new species from China
FIGURE 9. Ectatosticta pingwuensis sp. nov. male holotype. A. Left male palp, apex of tarsus with bulb, prolateral view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Same, retrolateral view.
FIGURE 2 in Review of the spider genus Ectatosticta Simon, 1892 (Araneae: Hypochilidae) with description of four new species from China
FIGURE 2. Photos of living specimens of Ectatosticta. E. rulai Lin & Li, 2021 (A–B, male; C, female; D, web);
FIGURE 11 in Review of the spider genus Ectatosticta Simon, 1892 (Araneae: Hypochilidae) with description of four new species from China
FIGURE 11. Ectatosticta shennongjiaensis sp. nov. male holotype. A. Left male palp, apex of tarsus with bulb, prolateral view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Same, retrolateral view.
FIGURE 4 in Review of the spider genus Ectatosticta Simon, 1892 (Araneae: Hypochilidae) with description of four new species from China
FIGURE 4. Photos of living specimens of Ectatosticta. A–D. E. wukong (A, male; B–C, female; D, web); E–F. yukuni Lin & Li, 2021, female.
FIGURE 1 in Review of the spider genus Ectatosticta Simon, 1892 (Araneae: Hypochilidae) with description of four new species from China
FIGURE 1. Photos of living specimens of Ectatosticta. A–E. E. davidi (A, male; B–D, female; E, egg sac); F. E. deltshevi, female.
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