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MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Coral bleaching with nitrogen and heat stress: 2016 data in support of Donovan et al. submitted to PNAS
During 2016, maximum water temperature in the lagoons of Moorea exceeded a threshold for heat stress for 70 straight days from early February through mid-April. In early May 2016, at the peak of accumulated heat stress, coral bleaching surveys were conducted to test the hypothesis that bleaching prevalence and severity were correlated with differences in heat stress and nutrient availability. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE 16-37396 (and earlier awards) as well as a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2019). This work represents a contribution of the Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) LTER Site.
MCR LTER: Data from Duvall, Rosman and Hench, in review. Representation of coral reef roughness using obstacle and surface-based approaches, submitted to JGR: Oceans
This archive contains natural coral reef topography data from the northern coast of Mo’orea, French Polynesia. These data were used to compute reef roughness density using obstacle- and surface-based estimates and models, and to compare the two approaches for representing reef topography. Primary support for this product came from the National Science Foundation Physical Oceanography program (OCE-1435530 and OCE-1435133), and as well as Duke University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE 16-37396 (and earlier awards) as well as a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2019). This work represents a contribution of the Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) LTER Site.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Landscape-scale patterns of nutrient enrichment in a coral reef ecosystem: implications for coral to algae phase shifts, Adam et al., Ecol. Appl.
These data and analyses code were generated in support of the manuscript: Adam TC, Burkepile DE, Holbrook SJ, Carpenter RC, Claudet J, Loiseau C, Thiault L, Brooks, AJ, Washburn L, and RJ Schmitt, Ecological Applications We investigated the potential role of anthropogenic nutrient loading in driving recent coral-to-macroalgae phase shifts on reefs in the lagoons surrounding Moorea, French Polynesia. We used nitrogen (N) tissue content and stable isotopes (δ15N) in an abundant macroalga (Turbinaria ornata) together with empirical models of nutrient discharge to describe spatial and temporal patterns of nutrient enrichment in the lagoons. Turbinaria ornata were collected at 190 sites around Moorea in January, May, and August 2016. These sampling periods corresponded with distinct seasonal shifts in rainfall and wave forcing. Our results revealed that patterns of N enrichment were linked to rainfall, wave-driven circulation, and distance from anthropogenic nutrient sources, especially human sewage. In addition to describing high resolution patterns of N enrichment from 2016, we also analyzed core MCR time series on N tissue content in Turbinaria ornata from three habitats (fringing reef, back reef, and reef crest) at the six core MCR LTER sites between 2007 and 2013. These data showed that fringing reefs have been consistently enriched in N relative to back reefs, which are enriched relative to the reef crest. Further, these patterns mirror long-term patterns of nitrate and nitrite concentrations in the water column. We also analyzed core MCR time series on benthic communities and fishes and found that back reef sites that were consistently enriched in N between 2007 and 2013 experienced large increases in macroalgae while macroalgae remained much less abundant at back reef sites with lower N. These phase shifts to macroalgae occurred despite island-wide increases in the density and biomass of herbivorous fishes over the time period. Together, these results indicate th
MCR LTER: Coral Reefs: Coral bleaching and mortality in July 2019; data for Speare et al. 2021 Global Change Biology
These data are from field surveys conducted at seven sites at 10m depth on the outer reef of Mo’orea following a marine heatwave and coral bleaching event in the Austral Summer of 2019. These data describe the size, percent of the colony that was bleached, and the percent of the colony that recently dead for corals in the genera Acropora and Pocillopora. At six sites (LTER 1-6) coral colony size was quantified using ordinal size bins and observers collected data on all coral colonies > 5cm diameter. At one site on the north shore of Mo’orea (LTER Experimental Site) coral colony size was measured to the nearest centimeter. At this site researchers did two separate sets of surveys, one to collect data on all corals > 5cm diameter, and one to collect data on all individuals ≤ 5cm diameter. Additionally, data on survivorship of newly-settled coral recruits on coral settlement tiles are included. Tiles were deployed at 10m depth at one site on the outer reef of Moorea. Survivorship of coral recruits between March and July was assessed in 2017 and 2019. These data are in support of a publication Speare et al. (2021) Global Change Biology. The manuscript title and author list are as follows: Size-dependent mortality of corals during marine heatwave erodes recovery capacity of a coral reef. Kelly E. Speare, Thomas C. Adam, Erin M. Winslow, Hunter S. Lenihan, Deron E. Burkepile This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE 16-37396 (and earlier awards) as well as a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2021). This work represents a contribution of the Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) LTER Site.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Finding Signals in the Noise of Coral Recruitment, data for Edmunds 2021 Coral Reefs
These data, looking at coral recruitment were collected in Moorea, French Polynesia, measured over 13 years, and tested for associations with environmental conditions. Recruitment of spawning pocilloporid corals was recorded using settlement tiles immersed for ~ 6 months at 10 m and 17 m depth, biannually, and the environment was quantified through seawater clarity (Kd490), surface and bottom flow speeds, coral cover, and temperature. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE 16-37396 (and earlier awards) as well as a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2021). This work represents a contribution of the Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) LTER Site.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Biodiversity has a positive but saturating effect on imperiled coral reefs; data for Clements and Hay 2021, Science Advances
Species loss threatens ecosystems worldwide, but the ecological processes and thresholds that underpin positive biodiversity effects among critically important foundation species, such as corals on tropical reefs, remain inadequately understood. In field experiments, we manipulated coral species richness and intraspecific density to test whether, and how, biodiversity affects coral productivity and survival. Corals performed better in mixed species assemblages. Improved performance was unexplained by competition theory alone, suggesting that positive effects exceeded agonistic interactions during our experiments. Peak coral performance occurred at intermediate species richness and declined thereafter. Positive effects of coral diversity suggest that species’ losses on degraded reefs make recovery more difficult and further decline more likely. Harnessing these positive interactions may improve ecosystem conservation and restoration in a changing ocean. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE 16-37396 (and earlier awards) as well as a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2022). This work represents a contribution of the Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) LTER Site. Datasets used in this study are available online from the BCO-DMO data system. Data for this paper can be found at (https://www.bco-dmo.org/project/837802).
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Distinguishing the molecular diversity, nutrient content, and energetic potential of exometabolomes produced by macroalgae and reef-building corals; data for Kelly et al., 2022 PNAS
Metabolites exuded by primary producers comprise a significant fraction of marine dissolved organic matter, a poorly characterized, heterogenous mixture that dictates microbial metabolism and biogeochemical cycling. We present a foundational untargeted molecular analysis of exudates released by coral reef primary producers using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to examine compounds produced by two coral species and three types of algae (macroalgae, turfing microalgae, and crustose coralline algae [CCA]) from Mo’orea, French Polynesia. Of 10,568 distinct ion features recovered from reef and mesocosm waters, 1,667 were exuded by producers; the majority (86%) were organism specific, reflecting a clear divide between coral and algal exometabolomes. These data allowed us to examine two tenets of coral reef ecology at the molecular level. First, stoichiometric analyses show a significantly reduced nominal carbon oxidation state of algal exometabolites than coral exometabolites, illustrating one ecological mechanism by which algal phase shifts engender fundamental changes in the biogeochemistry of reef biomes. Second, coral and algal exometabolomes were differentially enriched in organic macronutrients, revealing a mechanism for reef nutrient-recycling. Coral exometabolomes were enriched in diverse sources of nitrogen and phosphorus, including tyrosine derivatives, oleoyl-taurines, and acyl carnitines. Exometabolites of CCA and turf algae were significantly enriched in nitrogen with distinct signals from polyketide macrolactams and alkaloids, respectively. Macroalgal exometabolomes were dominated by nonnitrogenous compounds, including diverse prenol lipids and steroids. This study provides molecular-level insights into biogeochemical cycling on coral reefs and illustrates how changing benthic cover on reefs influences reef water chemistry with implications for microbial metabolism. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Founda
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Priority effects in coral-macroalgae interactions can drive alternate community paths in the absence of top-down control, data for Adam 2022 Ecology
These data were generated in support of the manuscript: Adam TC, Holbrook SJ, Burkepile DE, Speare KE, Brooks AJ, Ladd MC, Shantz AA, Thurber RLV, and Schmitt RJ, Ecology The outcomes of species interactions can vary greatly in time and space with the outcomes of some interactions determined by priority effects. On coral reefs, benthic algae rapidly colonize the disturbed substrate. In the absence of top-down control from herbivorous fishes, these algae can inhibit the recruitment of reef-building corals, leading to a persistent phase shift to a macroalgae-dominated state. Yet, corals may also inhibit colonization by macroalgae, and thus the effects of herbivores on algal communities may be strongest following disturbances that reduce coral cover. Here, we report results from experiments conducted on the fore reef of Moorea, French Polynesia, where we: 1) tested the ability of macroalgae to invade coral-dominated and coral-depauperate communities under different levels of herbivory, 2) explored the ability of juvenile corals (Pocillopora spp.) to suppress macroalgae, and 3) quantified the direct and indirect effects of fish herbivores and corallivores on juvenile corals. We found that macroalgae proliferated when herbivory was low but only in recently disturbed communities where coral cover was also low. When coral cover was < 10%, macroalgae increased 20-fold within one year under reduced herbivory conditions relative to high herbivory controls. Yet, when coral cover was high (50%), macroalgae were suppressed irrespective of the level of herbivory despite ample space for algal colonization. Once established in communities with low herbivory and low coral cover, macroalgae suppressed recruitment of coral larvae, reducing the capacity for coral replenishment. However, when we experimentally established small juvenile corals (2 cm diameter) following a disturbance, juvenile corals inhibited macroalgae from invading local neighborhoods, even in the absence of herbivore
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Early life stage bottleneck determines rates of coral recovery following severe disturbance; Data for Speare et al., 2024, Ecology
The data included in this data package were collected on the north shore of Moorea, French Polynesia, from 2011-2018 to evaluate drivers of different recovery rates of corals at two depths (10m and 17m). Data on juvenile coral densities, growth, and mortality, were collected from annual time series photoquadrats. Data from two experiments on coral settlement tiles were used to evaluate how exclusion of fishes influences the density of coral recruits, and the survival of coral recruits at 10 and 17m. These data were used for analyses in the manuscript entitled "Early life stage bottleneck determines rates of coral recovery following severe disturbance". These data are in support of a publication Speare et al. (2024) Ecology. This material uses data collected by the U.S. National Science Foundation's (NSF) Moorea Coral Reef Long Term Ecological Research (MCR LTER) site under Grant No. OCE 2224354 (and earlier awards). Additional financial support to the MCR LTER site was provided through a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2024).
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: 2018 land cover map of Moorea, French Polynesia
Using a collection of imagery from June-September 2018 taken by the Worldview-3 satellite, land cover was classified for the island of Mo’orea, French Polynesia. A deep learning pixel classification model was trained for each of four separate dates of image collection when clouds were sparse over the island. The model was trained at the native resolution of the imagery (<2m pixels). Training data included the multispectral WV-3 bands in addition to derived bands that index vegetation productivity (NDVI), vegetation texture (NDVI IDM), and water cover (NDWI). A consensus land cover map was generated from model predictions across the four sets of imagery.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef Resilience: North Shore Herbivorous Fish Counts, Habitat Associations, and Substrate, 2010
These data describe the species abundance, size distributions, and habitat associations of roving herbivorous fishes (fishes belonging to the families, Acanthuridae, Scaridae, and Siganidae) found in different habitats in the lagoon and forereef on the north shore of Moorea. Adult fishes and large juveniles were counted (and their size estimated) by a SCUBA diver or snorkeler on thirty-four 50 m by 5 m wide transects. After counting large fishes, the entire transect was swam a second time, with the diver looking exclusively for small juvenile fishes on a 1 m swath. In addition to recording the species identity and estimated size of each juvenile encountered, the diver also recorded the particular microhabitat each individual or group of individuals was associated with. Finally, to quantify the relative availability of different types of microhabitat, the diver conducted point contacts where the primary benthic substrate was identified at regular (1 m) intervals on the same transect. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE 16-37396 (and earlier awards) as well as a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2018). This work represents a contribution of the Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) LTER Site.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef Resilience: Herbivore Bite Rates on the North Shore Forereef July-August 2010
These data describe bite rates of two abundant species of roving herbivorous fishes found on the forereef, Chlorurus sordidus (Scaridae), and Ctenochaetus striatus (Acanthuridae). During several days in July and August 2010, a SCUBA diver followed individual focal fish for a period of up to 5 minutes and recorded the number of bites taken as well the types of substrates bitten. Upon randomly locating a focal individual, divers estimated the total length of that individual as well as their depth at the initiation (and termination) of the observation. Data are organized in two data tables. The first data table (Focal_Herbivore_Bite_Rates) contains individuals that were observed at two depths (~ 10 m and ~ 17 m) at LTER 1 as part of a balanced sampling design (see Sampling Protocol/Design). The second data table (Additional_Bite_Rate_Data) contains individuals that were observed opportunistically at LTER 1 and Resilience 2. To minimize the effect of time of day on fish behavior, all data were collected between 10:00 and 16:00, a period of time which corresponds with peak feeding rates for many herbivorous fishes. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE 16-37396 (and earlier awards) as well as a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2018). This work represents a contribution of the Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) LTER Site.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef Resilience: Short-term Accumulation of Algal Biomass on Unglazed Ceramic Tiles from July 2010-August 2011
Caged tiles were placed at various sites to measure short-term algal accumulation in the absence of grazing by fishes or large invertebrates. These data document biomass of algae that accumulated on unglazed ceramic tiles (2.5 cm X 2.5 cm) placed inside cages (mesh size = 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm) at various sites around the island of Moorea for a period of 3 to 4 weeks. Three separate experiments were conducted (one during July-August 2010 and two in July-August 2011). In the first experiment (2010_Production), we measured the accumulation of algae after 24 days at two different depths on the forereef (10 and 17 m), and within the lagoon at four different distances from the reef crest (approximately 25, 100, 400, and 700 m). In the second experiment (2011_Production_Summary), we measured the accumulation of algae after 24 or 25 days at six forereef sites (LTER 1, Resilience 2, LTER 3, LTER 4, LTER 5, LTER 6). In this experiment, tiles were placed adjacent to the fish transects (see knb-lter-mcr.6) at a depth of 12 m. In the final experiment (Production_Time_Series), we measured the accumulation of algae on tiles at three day intervals over a period of 31 days. This experiment was conducted at Resilience 2. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE 16-37396 (and earlier awards) as well as a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2018). This work represents a contribution of the Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) LTER Site.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef Resilience: Algae, Coral, and Sediment data from Grazing Intensity Experiment, 2010 - 2012
These data describe the percent cover of benthic space holders (primarily algae), the biomass of algae and sediment, and the number of corals recruiting on 15 cm X 15 cm terra cota tiles experimentally manipulated on the forereef on the north shore of Moorea. The experiment was established to test whether and how different levels of grazing influence benthic community development. Five treatments were initially established to create a gradient in grazing pressure with a sixth treatment established shortly thereafter. Each treatment was replicated ten times using a randomized block design. Each cage initially contained four tiles, and one tile from each cage has been photographed and destructively sampled for biomass at regular intervals. In addition to the original tiles deployed in July 2010, tiles were subsequently deployed in March 2011, August 2011, and March 2012 to test whether community development varies among seasons. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE 16-37396 (and earlier awards) as well as a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2018). This work represents a contribution of the Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) LTER Site.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef Resilience: Benthic Dynamics on 5m by 5m Plots on the Forereef, 2009 - 2011
These data describe the dynamics of corals, invertebrates, and fishes on 5 m X 5 m plots on the forereef following an outbreak of corallivorous crown-of-thorns seastars (Acanthaster planci) that caused mass coral mortality (see Adam et al. 2011). Twenty plots were first established at Resilience 2 during July 2009. Half of these plots were randomly assigned to a structure removal treatment and all dead coral structure was removed by divers, while the other half remained unmanipulated. Following the establishment of these plots, in February 2010 this site was impacted strongly by tropical cyclone Oli with the result that most of the structure was removed from all plots. Consequently, during July 2010, a structure/no structure experiment was initiated on ten plots (5 removals and 5 controls) at a site not impacted by Cyclone Oli (Resilience 3). Finally, during July 2011, five unmanipulated plots were established at each of four additional sites (Resilience 1, 4, 5, 6) so that community trajectories could be compared among sites. Counts of fishes, invertebrates, and corals are made regularily (at least annually). Coral and invertebrate counts are each separated into two data tables to reflect slightly different methodology. Initial coral counts included counts (and size estimates) of all stony corals, while later counts focused on corals from three genera, Pocillopora, Acropora, and Porites. Initial counts of invertebrates did not include information on size; all invertebrates were measured in later counts. In addition to in situ counts, all plots are photographed annually in 0.5 m by 0.5 m segments (e.g., 100 photos per plot). This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE 16-37396 (and earlier awards) as well as a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la Rép
MCR LTER: Coral Reef Resilience: Live and Dead Pocillopora and Acropora Coral Colony Time Series from 2006 to 2011
These data describe the abundance, size structure, and morphologies of living and dead corals belonging to the genera Pocillopora and Acropora on the forereef (depth = 10 meters) in 2006, 2009, 2010, and 2011. Data were derived from a randomly chosen subset of photo quadrats associated with knb-lter-mcr.4. For each quadrat, individual coral colonies were identified to genus, scored as living or dead, and the total area of their footprint calculated. In addition, branch morphology was scored on a scale from 1 to 3, with 1 representing very tight spacing, and 3 representing open spacing among adjacent branches. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE 16-37396 (and earlier awards) as well as a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2018). This work represents a contribution of the Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) LTER Site.
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Gump Station Meteorological Data, ongoing since 2006
These data provide meteorological information measured at the GUMP research station on the north shore of Moorea island, French Polynesia. Data collection began in August 2006 and include air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, atmospheric pressure, and integrated rainfall. All sensors are sampled every 5 minutes. Post-processing of these data is limited to some unit conversion and exclusion of corrupted data records. Aggregate data are provided in daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly time bins. ClimDB data for station GUMPM were derived from the same data source.
Dissolved inorganic nutrients from the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO), including 4 macro-nutrients from water column bottle samples, ongoing since 2003 (NES-LTER since 2017)
Dissolved inorganic nutrients including nitrate + nitrite, ammonium, silicate, and phosphate are measured from water column bottle and bucket samples taken on NES-LTER day cruises in the vicinity of the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO). Sampling frequency near MVCO is approximately monthly, ongoing since 2003. Samples were filtered, frozen, then processed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's Nutrient Analytical Facility. These macro-nutrients are analyzed in seawater using a colorimetric assay in which light absorbance is measured versus known standards, and final concentrations are calculated (in micromole per liter). Each sample may have up to 3 replicates.
Underway discrete chlorophyll and post-calibrated underway fluorometer data during NES-LTER Transect cruises, ongoing since 2019
The continuous underway fluorescence, induced by in vivo chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), of surface waters of the Northeast U.S. shelf is compared to discrete Chl-a samples for post-calibration, collected ship-board as part of the Northeast U.S. Shelf Long-Term Ecological Research (NES LTER). Chl-a values derived from the manufacturer-calibrated sensors (hereafter, “continuous fluorescence”) and collected continuously are often different from the precise Chl-a concentrations obtained from discrete, extracted samples. Moreover, underway fluorometers and manufacturer calibrations differ per cruise. Thus, post-calibration of the continuous fluorescence signals using discrete Chl-a measurements is essential to standardize and compare the high-resolution underway Chl-a data along cruise tracks. For six cruises aboard the R/V Endeavor between summer 2019 and summer 2021, 12 to 22 discrete samples were collected from the underway system to measure Chl-a concentrations. These discrete Chl-a concentrations were then compared, using simple linear regressions (Model I least square fit), to corresponding continuous fluorescence values recorded by the two independent fluorometers installed with the underway system. For each cruise a preferred fluorometer was identified based on the best fit of the linear regression between discrete Chl-a concentrations and continuous fluorescence values. The slope and the intercept of the linear regression were used to post-calibrate continuous fluorescence values into standardized and intercomparable Chl-a concentration. This data package includes a table for the underway discrete Chl-a values and a table for the 1-min post-calibrated continuous fluorescence values for the preferred underway fluorometer per cruise.
Size-fractionated chlorophyll from the Martha’s Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO), ongoing since 2003 (NES-LTER since 2017)
Size-fractionated chlorophyll a and phaeopigments are measured from water column bottle and bucket samples taken on Northeast U.S. Shelf Long-Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER) day cruises in the vicinity of the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO), as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass. Sampling frequency near MVCO is approximately monthly, ongoing since 2003. Size fractions in addition to whole seawater (>0.7 micron) include <10 and <80 microns. Pigments were analyzed using fluorometers in which fluorescence was measured versus a blank and a standard, and final concentrations were calculated in micrograms per liter (or mg per cubic meter).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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