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3,630 results for “Forming”
Data from: Contrasting forms of competition set elevational range limits of species
How abiotic and biotic factors constrain distribution limits at the harsh and benign edges of species ranges is hotly debated, partly because macroecological experiments testing the proximate causes of distribution limits are scarce. It has long been recognized—at least since Darwin's On the Origin of Species—that a harsh climate strengthens competition and thus sets species range limits. Using thorough field manipulations along a large elevation gradient, we show the mechanisms by which temperature determines competition type, resulting in a transition from interference to exploitative competition from the lower to the upper elevation limits in burying beetles (Nicrophorus nepalensis). This transition is an example of Darwin's classic hypothesis that benign climates favor direct competition for highly accessible resources while harsh climates result in competition through resources of high rivalry. We propose that identifying the properties of these key resources will provide a more predictive framework to understand the interplay between biotic and abiotic factors in determining geographic range limits.
Data from: Trait patterns of epiphytes compared to other plant life forms along a tropical elevation gradient
Compared to other plant life forms, epiphytes remain understudied. Understanding the responses of epiphytes to changing environmental conditions is necessary to predict changes in ecosystem functioning especially in subtropical and tropical regions. We investigated the functional traits of epiphytes along a large elevation gradient on Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. We measured traits of co-occurring trees and terrestrial non-tree life forms, and compared changes in community-weighted means of traits (CWM) and trait spread, the range of observed trait values. We chose traits linked to growth and persistence: leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, stem specific density, plant height, leaf carbon, leaf nitrogen, and leaf phosphorus. For most traits, differences in community-weighted means between life forms exceeded differences within life forms along the elevation gradient. Many CWM showed linear changes with elevation, but no response and unimodal patterns were also frequent. This was best explained by temperature, or a combination of temperature with precipitation or humidity, indicating effects of these factors on the distribution of epiphytic and non-epiphytic species. Trait spread did not change with elevation in nearly half of the traits, but hump-shaped patterns were also common, probably a result of weaker environmental filtering in the gradient center. The magnitude of trait spread, i.e. the variability between species of the same life form within communities, was highest for terrestrial non-trees. Excluding ferns from the analyses lead to marked differences in trait patterns for epiphytes, as ferns made up 59 % of the epiphytic species, while playing a minor role in the other groups. The observed differences can be explained by a dichotomy in epiphytic life strategies, with tough-leaved xero-tolerant species on one side and succulent soft-leaved species on the other. However, the influence of phylogeny was lower than expected from the taxonomic composition of the three life form groups. Our results emphasize that environmental constraints act upon functional traits of epiphytes, trees and terrestrial non-trees. The differences in trait expressions, arguably adaptations of the different life forms, need to be taken into account in conservation contexts as well as when modeling the effects of global change on ecosystems.
Data from: Anchors and snorkels: heterochrony, development and form in functionally-constrained fossil crassatellid bivalves
New growth-rate estimates for nine species from three genera of New Zealand Crassatellidae (Mollusca; Bivalvia), combined with existing morphometric ontogenetic descriptions, allow identification of heterochronic processes in the evolution of these genera. Both paedomorphosis (progenesis and neoteny) and peramorphosis (hypermorphosis and acceleration) have occurred within the clade. Overall, morphological variability and response to environmental pressure in this non-siphonate group is restricted by the interplay of anatomical and life-habit constraints. Stability in the substrate, predator avoidance, sluggish burrowing speed and inability to escape by deep burial are suggested as key drivers of, or constraints on, morphological change. Two groups of shell characters are identified: heavy, armoured "anchors" and elongate "snorkels", which combine juvenile and adult traits in shells of different sizes and ages, produced by heterochronic variation in developmental timing. Anchors and snorkels both represent different 'solutions' to the problems of life as a non-siphonate, infaunal bivalve.
Data from: Light and growth form interact to shape stomatal ratio among British angiosperms
In most plants, stomata are located only on the abaxial leaf surface (hypostomy), but many plants have stomata on both surfaces (amphistomy). High light and herbaceous growth form have been hypothesized to favor amphistomy, but these hypotheses have not been rigorously tested together using phylogenetic comparative methods. I leveraged a large dataset including stomatal ratio, Ellenberg light indicator value, growth form and phylogenetic relationships for 372 species of British angiosperms. I used phylogenetic comparative methods to test how light and/or growth form influence stomatal ratio and density. High light and herbaceous growth form are correlated with amphistomy, as predicted, but they also interact; the effect of light is pronounced in therophytes (annuals) and perennial herbs, but muted in phanerophytes (shrubs and trees). Furthermore, amphistomy and stomatal density evolve together in response to light. Comparative analyses of British angiosperms reveal two major insights. First, light and growth form interact to shape stomatal ratio; amphistomy is common under high light, but mostly for herbs. Second, coordinated evolution of adaxial stomatal density and light tolerance indicates that amphistomy helps to optimally balance light acquisition with gas exchange. Stomatal ratio may have potential as a functional trait for paleoecology and crop improvement.
Data from: DNA from soil mirrors plant taxonomic and growth form diversity
Ecosystems across the globe are threatened by climate change and human activities. New rapid survey approaches for monitoring biodiversity would greatly advance assessment and understanding of these threats. Taking advantage of next-generation DNA sequencing, we tested an approach we call metabarcoding: high-throughput and simultaneous taxa identification based on a very short (usually less than 100 base pairs) but informative DNA fragment. Short DNA fragments allow the use of degraded DNA from environmental samples. All analyses included amplification using plant-specific versatile primers, sequencing and estimation of taxonomic diversity. We tested in three steps whether degraded DNA from dead material in soil has the potential of efficiently assessing biodiversity in different biomes. First, soil DNA from eight boreal plant communities located in two different vegetation types (meadow and heath) was amplified. Plant diversity detected from boreal soil was highly consistent with plant functional and structural diversity estimated from conventional above-ground surveys. Second, we assessed DNA persistence using samples from formerly cultivated soils in temperate environments. We found that number of crop DNA sequences retrieved strongly varied with years since last cultivation, and crop sequences were absent from nearby, uncultivated plots. Third, we assessed the universal applicability of DNA metabarcoding using soil samples from tropical environments: a large proportion of species and families from the study site was efficiently recovered. The results open unprecedented opportunities for large-scale DNA-based biodiversity studies across a range of taxonomic groups using standardized metabarcoding approaches.
Data from: Evolution of woody life form on tropical mountains in the tribe Spermacoceae (Rubiaceae)
Spermacoceae are mainly an herbaceous group in the Rubiaceae. However, a few lineages are woody, and are found in a diverse range of habitat types. Three of the largest woody lineages (Arcytophyllum, Hedyotis, and Kadua) are characterized by their distribution in the moist tropical mountains, and have disjunct distribution patterns with respect to their closest relatives. In this study, we explore the cases of derived woodiness in these three lineages and their diversification dynamics in the tropical mountains of Asia, the Pacific, and the Americas. By combining phylogenetic results with wood anatomical studies, we estimated timing of origin of the three woody groups, inferred their ancestral traits and ancestral distribution ranges, analyzed their associations with the tropical upland habitat, and elucidated their diversification across tropical mountains. The three woody clades originated and diversified from herbaceous ancestors in close association with the tropical upland habitat during the Miocene. The ancestral range for Asian-Pacific Hedyotis and Pacific Kadua is Africa/Madagascar and continental Asia respectively. The complex geological history of tropical Asia allowed Hedyotis to diversify faster and create narrow endemics near oceans in the highlands of Western Ghats (India), Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia including southeastern China, and New Guinea. The three major woody clades in Spermacoceae have gained their woodiness independently from one another, subsequent to colonization by their ancestors from a different geographic environment. The evolution and diversification along the tropical mountain orogeny is strongly linked with the formation of woody habit and many narrow endemic species.
Data from: Utilizing next-generation sequencing to resolve the backbone of the Core Goodeniaceae and inform future taxonomic and floral form studies
Though considerable progress has been made in inferring phylogenetic relationships of many plant lineages, deep unresolved nodes remain a common problem that can impact downstream efforts, including taxonomic decision-making and character reconstruction. The Core Goodeniaceae is a group affected by this issue: data from the plastid regions trnL-trnF and matK have been insufficient to generate adequate support at key nodes along the backbone of the phylogeny. We performed genome skimming for 24 taxa representing major clades within Core Goodeniaceae. The plastome coding regions (CDS) and nuclear ribosomal repeats (NRR) were assembled and complemented with additional accessions sequenced for nuclear G3PDH and plastid trnL-trnF and matk. The CDS, NRR, and G3PDH alignments were analyzed independently and topology tests were used to detect the alignments' ability to reject alternative topologies. The CDS, NRR, and G3PDH alignments independently supported a Brunonia (Scaevola s.l. (Coopernookia (Goodenia s.l.))) backbone topology, but within Goodenia s.l., the strongly-supported plastome topology (Goodenia A (Goodenia B (Velleia + Goodenia C))) contrasts with the poorly supported nuclear topology ((Goodenia A + Goodenia B) (Velleia + Goodenia C)). A fully resolved and maximally supported topology for Core Goodeniaceae was recovered from the plastome CDS, and there is excellent support for most of the major clades and relationships among them in all alignments. The composition of these seven major clades renders many of the current taxonomic divisions non-monophyletic, prompting us to suggest that Goodenia may be split into several segregate genera.
Clasp for clothes in the form of "Thor's Hammer"
Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Khaibullinsky district. Excavations of 2007. Necropolis Perevolochan-1. Barrow №12. Burial №5. Clasp clothes? Bone. Dimensions: 29 mm, thickness - 12 mm, hole diameter – 7х6 mm. Iron Age. Chronology: IV century BC. Sarmatian culture. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Classification of Binding Modes for Kinase-Inhibitor Complex Structures, 3D Activity Cliffs Formed by Kinase Inhibitors, and Structural Analogues of 3D-Cliff Compounds
<p>The classification of crystallographic binding modes is provided for 884 kinase-inhibitor complex structures that were assembled from PDB. In addition, a total of 105 three-dimensional activity cliffs formed by 3D kinase inhibitors are listed. Their corresponding potency information is also given. Furthermore, the 2D structural analogues of 3D cliff-forming inhibitors were identified from ChEMBL database, on the basis of matched molecular pairs. These analogs and their activity information are also provided.</p>
Global Star-formation Properties Extracted from Synthetic Star-forming Regions | Appendix C
<p>We provide in this online-material <span class="math-tex">\(\sim 5800\)</span> realistic synthetic observations (FITS files) of a synthetic star-forming region described in detail in Chapter 4 of the PhD thesis. </p> <p>Please cite the following papers:</p> <p>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...849….3K<br> http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJS..233....1K</p>
Global Star-formation Properties Extracted from Synthetic Star-forming Regions | Appendix D
<p>We provide in this online-material measured dust surface density maps, dust temperature maps and corresponding <span class="math-tex">\(\chi^2\)</span> maps of a synthetic star-forming region described in detail in Chapter 5 of the PhD thesis.</p> <p>Please cite the following papers:</p> <p>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...849….3K<br> http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJS..233....1K<br> http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...849….1K</p>
FIGURE 3 in Allopatric color forms of Scaphidium morimotoi Löbl, 1982 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scaphidiinae) endemic to the Amami Islands, the Ryukyus, Japan
FIGURE 3. Habitus of Scaphidium morimotoi. a, b, Specimens from the island Yoro-shima (left, dorsal view; right, lateral view); c, d, specimens from the island Amami-ôshima (left, dorsal view; right, lateral view); a, c, d, female; b, male.
FIGURE 5 in Allopatric color forms of Scaphidium morimotoi Löbl, 1982 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scaphidiinae) endemic to the Amami Islands, the Ryukyus, Japan
FIGURE 5. Male and female genitalia of Scaphidium morimotoi. a, b, Male genitalia from dorsal view; c, d, female genitalia from ventral view. a, c, Specimen from the island Yoro-shima; b, d, specimen from the island Amami-ôshima. Scales: 0.25 mm.
FIGURE 4 in Allopatric color forms of Scaphidium morimotoi Löbl, 1982 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scaphidiinae) endemic to the Amami Islands, the Ryukyus, Japan
FIGURE 4. Everted internal sac and antennae of Scaphidium morimotoi. a–d, i, Specimen from the island Yoro-shima; e–h, j, specimen from the island Amami-ôshima. a–d, e–h, Everted internal sac; a, e, ventral view; b, f, lateral view; c, g, dorsal view; d, h, apical view (from apex toward base); i, j, antennae of female. Scales: 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Allopatric color forms of Scaphidium morimotoi Löbl, 1982 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scaphidiinae) endemic to the Amami Islands, the Ryukyus, Japan
FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Scaphidium morimotoi with three related species. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values>50% are shown above branches. Scale: differences of 5% of base pairs are shown.
FIGURES 27–33 in The genus Neohydatothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Iran with one new species and first record of a micropterous form
FIGURES 27–33. Neohydatothrips tadzhicus. (27) Female; (28) Male; (29) Head and pronotum; (30) Tergites VII–X; (31) Tergites VII–X (male) (32) Metasternum; (33) Fore wing.
FIGURES 14–19 in The genus Neohydatothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Iran with one new species and first record of a micropterous form
FIGURES 14–19. Neohydatothrips amygdali (14) Female; (15) Head and pronotum; (16) Meso and metanotum; (17) Abdominal tergites VII-X; (18) Metasternum; (19) Fore wing.
FIGURES 1–8 in The genus Neohydatothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Iran with one new species and first record of a micropterous form
FIGURES 1–8. Neohydatothrips abnormis (macroptera) (1) Female; (2) Male; (3) Head and pronotum; (4) Meso and metanotum; (5) Tergites VII–X; (6) Tergites VII–X (male); (7) Metasternum; (8) Fore wing.
FIGURES 7-14. Cactophagus species. 7-10. Cactophagus dragoni Anderson. 7. Dorsal habitus, immaculate form. 8. Lateral habitus, immaculate form. 9. Dorsal habitus, maculate form. 10. Lateral habitus, maculate form. 11-12. Cactophagus gasbarrinorum Anderson. 11. Dorsal habitus. 12. Lateral habitus. 13-14. Cactophagus lineatus Anderson. 13. Dorsal habitus. 14 in The Dryophthoridae of Costa Rica and Panama: Checklist with keys, new synonymy and descriptions of new species of Cactophagus, Mesocordylus, Metamasius and Rhodobaenus (Coleoptera; Curculionoidea)
FIGURES 7-14. Cactophagus species. 7-10. Cactophagus dragoni Anderson. 7. Dorsal habitus, immaculate form. 8. Lateral habitus, immaculate form. 9. Dorsal habitus, maculate form. 10. Lateral habitus, maculate form. 11-12. Cactophagus gasbarrinorum Anderson. 11. Dorsal habitus. 12. Lateral habitus. 13-14. Cactophagus lineatus Anderson. 13. Dorsal habitus. 14. Lateral habitus.
FIGURE 4 in Redescription of Parapagurapseudopsis carinatus (Tanaidacea: Apseudomorpha) and remarks about the male form
FIGURE 4. Parapagurapseudopsis carinatus, female: a, uropod, young male; b, lateral view; b.1, right side; b.2, left side of the first part of body,female; c, cheliped.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.