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TYPES: Male holotype from Panama: Panama: Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, 1 hectare PANCODING Inventory, 895 m, 8.68333°, -79.92972°, June 14–19, 2007, M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, M. Ramírez, deposited in MIUP, PBI_OON 42313; same data, 1 male paratype deposited in MACN-Ar 29895, PBI_OON 42312. ETYMOLOGY: A noun in apposition; in Greek religion and mythology, Pan is the god of the wild natural world, of shepherds, flocks, and mountains, and of hunting and rustic music. He has hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat, and the name is here employed to note the large mac- rosetae at the eye region of males that resemble the horns in some illustrations of this god. DIAGNOSIS: This is one of the most autapomor- phic species from the Americas; males have the labium fused with the sternum (fig. 34B), small chelicerae, shorter than the endite length, with anterior blunt projections, and directed backward in lateral view (fig. 34D, E); clypeus directed back- ward (fig. 34D); two light areas on the sternum just below the endites (fig. 34B), carapace almost flat in lateral view and two strong macrosetae at the eye region, pointing forward (fig. 34C–E). Other characters of the male palp, such as the presence of two apophyses, also distinguish this species from others (fig. 38D–F). MALE (PBI_OON 42312): Total length 1.00. Habitus as in figure 34A–C. CEPHALOTHO- RAX: Carapace orange, with brown stripe along in Taxonomic Revision Of The Jumping Goblin Spiders Of The Genus Orchestina Simon, 1882, In The Americas (Araneae: Oonopidae)
TYPES: Male holotype from Panama: Panama: Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, 1 hectare PANCODING Inventory, 895 m, 8.68333°, -79.92972°, June 14–19, 2007, M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, M. Ramírez, deposited in MIUP, PBI_OON 42313; same data, 1 male paratype deposited in MACN-Ar 29895, PBI_OON 42312. ETYMOLOGY: A noun in apposition; in Greek religion and mythology, Pan is the god of the wild natural world, of shepherds, flocks, and mountains, and of hunting and rustic music. He has hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat, and the name is here employed to note the large mac- rosetae at the eye region of males that resemble the horns in some illustrations of this god. DIAGNOSIS: This is one of the most autapomor- phic species from the Americas; males have the labium fused with the sternum (fig. 34B), small chelicerae, shorter than the endite length, with anterior blunt projections, and directed backward in lateral view (fig. 34D, E); clypeus directed back- ward (fig. 34D); two light areas on the sternum just below the endites (fig. 34B), carapace almost flat in lateral view and two strong macrosetae at the eye region, pointing forward (fig. 34C–E). Other characters of the male palp, such as the presence of two apophyses, also distinguish this species from others (fig. 38D–F). MALE (PBI_OON 42312): Total length 1.00. Habitus as in figure 34A–C. CEPHALOTHO- RAX: Carapace orange, with brown stripe along
FIG. 17. Monodelphis domestica AMNH M 133247 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 17. Monodelphis domestica AMNH M 133247. Ventral view of the caudal cranium. Abbreviations: AL, alisphenoid; at, aperture for auditory tube; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cc, carotid canal; ct, tympanic cavity; eam, external acoustic meatus; EC, ectotympanic; ewal, epitympanic wing of alisphenoid; EX, exoccipital; ffc, fossula fenestrae cochleae; fmg, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale; gf, glenoid fossa; hfc, caudal hypoglossal foramen; hfr, rostral hypoglossal foramen; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; jf, jugular foramen; mp, mastoid process of petrosal; pcp, paracondylar process; PE, petrosal; pf, piriform fenestra; pgf, postglenoid foramen; ptc, pterygoid canal; ptp, posttympanic process; rtpp, rostral tympanic process of petrosal; smef, suprameatal foramen; SQ, squamosal; tc, transverse canal; tpal, tympanic process of alisphenoid. Arrow indicates the direction to or the position of features hidden by other structures.
FIG. 11. Thylacosmilus atrox MMP 1443-M. A in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 11. Thylacosmilus atrox MMP 1443-M. A, detail of the basicranium, with B, key. Abbreviations: AL, alisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cc, carotid canal; cod, occipital condyle; ctpsq, caudal tympanic process of squamosal; eam, external acoustic meatus; EX, exoccipital; fmg, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale;?fsp, foramen spinosum; gf, glenoid fossa; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; pgf, postglenoid foramen; ptp, posttympanic process of the squamosal; sjf, secondary jugular foramen; smf, stylomastoid foramen; SQ, squamosal; st, sphenoidal tubercle; tpex, tympanic process of exoccipital. Arrow indicates direction to or position of features hidden by other structures and shading indicates damage or reconstruction.
FIG. 5. Thylacosmilus atrox MMP 1443-M in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 5. Thylacosmilus atrox MMP 1443-M (Chapadmalal, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Chapadmalal Formation; Chapadmalalan, mid-Pliocene). Skull in A, lateral and B, dorsal views. Abbreviations: cod, occipital condyle; eam, external acoustic meatus; FR, frontal; MX, maxilla; NA, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; PA, parietal; rt, ramus temporalis; s, sagittal crest; SQ, squamosal; tl, temporal line.
FIG. 18. Sarcophilus lanarius AMNH M 65673 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 18. Sarcophilus lanarius AMNH M 65673. Caudal cranium in A, ventral and B, detailed oblique views. The tympanic floor is formed by the ectotympanic in the meatal area, plus the alisphenoid tympanic process and the rostral and caudal tympanic processes of the petrosal (last two fused into one structure). The exoccipital makes no contribution. Note extratympanic piriform fenestra. Abbreviations: AL, alisphenoid; at, aperture for auditory tube; bjs, basijulugar sulcus; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cc, carotid canal; cod, occipital condyle; ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; eam, external acoustic meatus; EC, ectotympanic; ewal, alisphenoid epitympanic wing; EX, exoccipital; fmg, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale (represented by its secondary aperture, which is bridged by a projection of the alisphenoid tympanic process—the anteromedial bullar lamina, following Pavan and Voss, 2016); gf, glenoid fossa; hfc, caudal hypoglossal foramen; hfr, rostral hypoglossal foramen; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; jf, jugular foramen; lps, lateral paratympanic space (= epitympanic sinus); pcp, paracondylar process; PE, petrosal; pf, piriform fenestra; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; pr, promontorium; ptp, posttympanic process; rps, rostral paratympanic space; rtpp, rostral tympanic process of petrosal; smf, stylomastoid foramen; SQ, squamosal; tc, transverse canal; tpal, tympanic process of alisphenoid. Arrow indicates the direction to or the position of features hidden by other structures.
FIG. 37. Tapirus indicus AMNH M-77875 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 37. Tapirus indicus AMNH M-77875, juvenile specimen. Left caudal cranium in oblique A, ventral and B, dorsal views, on facing pages with accompanying stereopairs. In B, endocranial sulcus (1) rostral to carotid incisure resembles that of Equus, which houses cavernous sinus and S-shaped loop of cerebral carotid before latter pierces dura mater (Bradley, 1923, p. 145; see also fig. 5); a second vascular sulcus (2) is situated where
FIG. 35. Rhinoceros unicornis AMNH M-274636, perinatal specimen. A in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 35. Rhinoceros unicornis AMNH M-274636, perinatal specimen. A, general view of caudal cranium, ventral aspect; B, right auditory region, oblique ventrolateral view (stereopair); C, right auditory region, oblique dorsolateral view (skull cap removed, cut edge indicated by hachure); D, aspect as in C, but viewed from slightly different vantage point in order to view entotympanic sulci (stereopair). In ventral views (A, B), note deep grooves on medial and lateral sides of ventral process of entotympanic for accommodation of internal carotid artery (1) and mandibular nerve (2), as well as incisures (3) on alisphenoid's ventral margin (facing basicapsular fenestra). Route of internal carotid is best described as extratympanic, because it grooves rather than tunnels through entotympanic and does not actually touch promontorium. In dorsal views C and D, plane of slice passes through sulci for posttemporal and temporal vasculature, obscuring their relationship. Note entotympanic's dorsal process (4) projecting between squamosal and petrosal, to form a small part of
FIG. 41. Equus asinus AMNH M-204141 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 41. Equus asinus AMNH M-204141, isolated left petrosal in oblique caudodorsal aspect, showing osteological (top) and inferred vascular (bottom) features based on known anatomy of domestic horse. Arteries (red): Sulci for occipital artery and arteria diploetica magna (= caudal meningeal artery of equine anatomies) are continuous; small vessel leaving occipital trunk is meant to suggest muscular branches to m. obliquus capitis cranialis (Ellenberger and Baum, 1908: 672), which leave no trace osteologically. As in figure 40, sulcus for arteria diploetica magna passes dorsally over tympanic roof, then diverges medially along a somewhat narrower trackway that runs through a short tube, canal Y. Trackway reemerges, crosses (asterisk) petrosal's mediodorsal face, then continues into middle cranial fossa to join or become cranioorbital artery. Veins (blue): In equines there is no equivalent of vena diploetica magna closely accompanying arteria diploetica magna. Small vein (dashed blue line) within canal Y is included for purposes of illustration only; no such vein is found in the horse, but its presence (as vena diploetica magna) would be generally expected in other taxa possessing arteria diploetica magna. Although hard to appreciate from this aspect, transverse sinus, temporal sinus, and vein of temporal meatus are individually situated at higher horizontal positions than trackway for arteria diploetica magna (cf. figs. 39A, 40). Temporal sinus enters canal that partly parallels sulcus for arteria diploetica magna, but continues rostrally to leave skull as retroarticular vein via retroarticular incisure (fig. 40).
FIG. 39. Equus caballus AMNH M-204155 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 39. Equus caballus AMNH M-204155, left caudal cranium in A, lateral and B, ventral aspects, with C, ventral stereopair of auditory region. Key: 1, incisura carotidis; 2, incisura ovalis; 3, incisura spinosa. In A, planes corresponding to approximate location of segments illustrated in figure 40A–E are indicated on lower right. In B, white asterisks, impressions for?tributaries of basicranial plexuses and retroarticular emissary vein; black asterisk, impression for?craniooccipital vein or emissarium from ventral petrosal sinus (see fig. 6). Even though this a young animal, suture line between ectotympanic and entotympanic is already obliterated (see Maier et al., 2013).
FIG. 10. Ceratotherium simum AMNH M-51882, Tapirus indicus AMNH M-200300 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 10. Ceratotherium simum AMNH M-51882, Tapirus indicus AMNH M-200300, and Equus caballus AMNH M-204155, reconstructions of endocranial vasculature in dorsal, right lateral, ventral, and caudal views (on this and facing page). Specimens of C . simum and E . caballus are juveniles. For neural features, see text. As in previous figures in this series, vascular-related features are uniformly colored (gray), with exception of arteria diploetica magna (= caudal meningeal artery) (red) in Equus only. Posttemporal trackway contents in other taxa are grouped nonspecifically as vasa diploetica magna. See text. Key: 1, posttemporal sulcus/canal (for vasa diploetica magna); 2, temporal sulcus/canal (for temporal sinus); 3, parietosquamosal sulcus/canal (for parietosquamosal vessels); 4, hypoglossal canal (for condylar emissary vein); 5, sulcus for vertebral vein; 6, sulcus for ventral petrosal sinus (may include part of cavernous sinus); 7, sulcus for sigmoid sinus (may include proximal internal jugular vein); 8, retroarticular sulcus/canal (for retroarticular emissary vein); 9, cranioorbital sulcus/canal (for cranioorbital vessels); 10, sulcus for?ophthalmic vein; 11, sulcus for?caudal rhinencephalic vein; a, sulcus for transverse sinus or sinus communi-
Figure 5. A, Male M in Biogeography, phylogeny and acoustics of the flightless bush-crickets of the East African genus Monticolaria Sjöstedt, 1909, with the description of a new species (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae)
Figure 5. A, Male M. manyara; B, habitat of M. manyara: strongly disturbed montane forest on the southern slopes of Mt. Hanang; C, female M. kilimandjarica; D, male M. kilimandjarica.
Figures 44–47. M in Revision of the subgenus Udamochiras of Melaloncha beekilling flies (Diptera: Phoridae: Metopininae)
Figures 44–47. M. mexicana-subgroup, ovipositors. Fig. 44, dorsal. Figs 45–47, left lateral. 47, right inset, details of ovipositor apex.
Figures 28–33. M. carinata-group. Figs 28–30 in Revision of the subgenus Udamochiras of Melaloncha beekilling flies (Diptera: Phoridae: Metopininae)
Figures 28–33. M. carinata-group. Figs 28–30: ovipositors, dorsal. Figs 31–33: ovipositors, left lateral.
Figures 15–16. Melaloncha species. Fig. 15. M in Revision of the subgenus Udamochiras of Melaloncha beekilling flies (Diptera: Phoridae: Metopininae)
Figures 15–16. Melaloncha species. Fig. 15. M. maculifrons sp. nov., hind leg, anterior. Fig. 16. M. angustifrons sp. nov., abdominal segments 1–6, dorsal.
Figures 22–27. M in Revision of the subgenus Udamochiras of Melaloncha beekilling flies (Diptera: Phoridae: Metopininae)
Figures 22–27. M. (Udamochiras) species. Figs 22–25: Habitus, left lateral. 22. M. hansoni sp. nov. 23. M. brevicarina sp. nov. 24. M. carinata sp. nov. 25. M. flavilata sp. nov. Figs 26 & 27: Heads, anterior. 26. M. deinocerca Borgmeier. 27. M. maculifrons sp. nov. Abbreviations: dif, dorsal interfrontal seta; vif, ventral interfrontal seta.
Figure 7. Melanopsis ammonis and M in Conchometrics, systematics and distribution of Melanopsis (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the Levant
Figure 7. Melanopsis ammonis and M. buccinoidea of the Jordan Valley catchment area, UPGMA dendrogram.
Figure 14. Antennae. A, Agalope trimacula. B, Rhodopsona rutila. C, D, Eterusia aedea formosana. E, Cyclosia midama. F, Heteropan scintillans. G, H, Callizygaena glacon. I, Adscita statices. J, Inouela formosensis. K, Zygaena filipendulae. L, Phauda mimica. M, N, Lactura dives. O, Anomoeotis levis. P, Himantopteus fuscinervis. Q, R in The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)
Figure 14. Antennae. A, Agalope trimacula. B, Rhodopsona rutila. C, D, Eterusia aedea formosana. E, Cyclosia midama. F, Heteropan scintillans. G, H, Callizygaena glacon. I, Adscita statices. J, Inouela formosensis. K, Zygaena filipendulae. L, Phauda mimica. M, N, Lactura dives. O, Anomoeotis levis. P, Himantopteus fuscinervis. Q, R, Chalcosiopsis variata.
Figure 5. Internal choana, ventral view. A, AMNH 3101, Voay robustus. B, TMM m-1786, Crocodylus niloticus. C, AMNH 10083 in Morphology, relationships, and biogeographical significance of an extinct horned crocodile (Crocodylia, Crocodylidae) from the Quaternary of Madagascar
Figure 5. Internal choana, ventral view. A, AMNH 3101, Voay robustus. B, TMM m-1786, Crocodylus niloticus. C, AMNH 10083, Osteolaemus osborni (holotype). Scale = 1 cm.
Figure 16. Allende puyehuensis. A, female habitus. B, female frontal view. C, first leg mesal view. D–H, epigynum. D, caudal view. E, ventral view. F, lateral view. G, caudal view cleared. H, dorsal view cleared. I, male habitus. J, male frontal view. K–N, male pedipalp. K, dorsal view. L, ectal view. M, conductor detail. N, ventral view. Scale bars 0.2 in Systematics of the spider genus Metabus O. P.-Cambridge, 1899 (Araneoidea: Tetragnathidae) with additions to the tetragnathid fauna of Chile and comments on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae
Figure 16. Allende puyehuensis. A, female habitus. B, female frontal view. C, first leg mesal view. D–H, epigynum. D, caudal view. E, ventral view. F, lateral view. G, caudal view cleared. H, dorsal view cleared. I, male habitus. J, male frontal view. K–N, male pedipalp. K, dorsal view. L, ectal view. M, conductor detail. N, ventral view. Scale bars 0.2 mm, except in habitus 1 mm.
Figure 18. Allende longipes. A, C–E, female habitus. B, female frontal view. F, first leg mesal view. G–K, epigynum. G, ventral view. H, vaudal view. I, lateral view. J, caudal view cleared. K, dorsal view cleared. L, male habitus. M, male frontal view. N–Q, male pedipalp. N, dorsal view. O, ventral view. P, ectal view. Q, conductor detail. Scale bars 0.2 in Systematics of the spider genus Metabus O. P.-Cambridge, 1899 (Araneoidea: Tetragnathidae) with additions to the tetragnathid fauna of Chile and comments on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae
Figure 18. Allende longipes. A, C–E, female habitus. B, female frontal view. F, first leg mesal view. G–K, epigynum. G, ventral view. H, vaudal view. I, lateral view. J, caudal view cleared. K, dorsal view cleared. L, male habitus. M, male frontal view. N–Q, male pedipalp. N, dorsal view. O, ventral view. P, ectal view. Q, conductor detail. Scale bars 0.2 mm, except in habitus 1 mm.
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