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Figure 2 from: Hyam R (2020) Greenness, mortality and mental health prescription rates in urban Scotland - a population level, observational study. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e53542. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53542

Figure 2 Sampling of a single data point, postcode EH8 9AJ (orange dot) within Data Zone S01008671 (black outline). The 100, 250 and 500 metre buffer zones are shown in orange. Blue dots are other sampling points. Green shading represents greenness (NDVI).

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2020View details →

Figure 4 from: Hyam R (2020) Greenness, mortality and mental health prescription rates in urban Scotland - a population level, observational study. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e53542. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53542

Figure 4 Mental health prescriptions vs seasonal difference at 250 m from home for pure-urban Data Zones beanplot (Kampstra 2008). Horizontal lines are individual values. Curves are density of data points at values. Thicker horizontal line is average for group.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2020View details →

Figure 1 from: Hyam R (2020) Greenness, mortality and mental health prescription rates in urban Scotland - a population level, observational study. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e53542. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53542

Figure 1 An area of south central Edinburgh illustrating distribution of sample points within Data Zones. Background is OpenStreetMap. Black outlines are DataZone boundaries. Blue dots are small user postcode locations that are used for sampling. Green shading represents summer-greenness (NDVI).

opencc-zeroApr 2020View details →

Supplementary material 4 from: Hyam R (2020) Greenness, mortality and mental health prescription rates in urban Scotland - a population level, observational study. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e53542. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53542

Results Data Tables

opencc-zeroApr 2020View details →

Supplementary material 3 from: Hyam R (2020) Greenness, mortality and mental health prescription rates in urban Scotland - a population level, observational study. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e53542. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53542

Small User Postcodes

opencc-by-4.0May 2020View details →

Data file for Rainer M & Mucke H, Acutil in mild cognitive impairment or early dementia: an exploratory observational pilot study

Legend:to column headers: Random No.: Participant randomization code ChEI: Cholinesterase inhibitor as background therapy? V(x)_Date: Date of sequential patient visits (x = 1-6 and EOT = end of therapy) V(x)_CDR: Clinical Dementia Rating Scale - Sum of Boxes at respective visit V(x)_ADAS: Alzheimer Diseases Assessment Scale cognitive subscale at respective visit V(x)_COWAT: Controlled Oral Word Association Test score at respective visit V(x)_MMSE: Mini-Mental State Exam at respective visit

Data from: Adverse events related to intravenous antibiotic therapy: a prospective observational study in the treatment of infective endocarditis

Objective: The goal of this prospective observational present study was to identify adverse events (AEs) related to the use of intravenous access sites for infective endocarditis (IE) treatment in a tertiary care hospital that can occur during patient care that cannot be attributed to the underlying disease and may result in lengthening of hospital stay or death. Design: This is an observational, analytical and prospective study on AEs resulting from the use of intravenous access sites in patients under antimicrobial treatment for IE. Patients enrolled in the International Collaboration on Endocarditis (ICE) study had their peripheral, short term central catheters (CVC) and peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) monitored for AEs. Setting: Tertiary care hospital for cardiac surgery in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Patients: Patients over 18 years of age, hospitalized in 2009 and 2010 with definite criteria for IE by the modified Duke criteria were included. Main outcome measures: Adverse events related to intravenous catheters: erythema and infiltration, fever, obstruction, externalization and blood stream infection. Results: Thirty-seven episodes of IE in 35 patients were studied. Mean age was 44.32 ± 15.2 years; 22 (63%) were male. 253 vascular catheters were studied, 148 peripheral, 85 CVC (21 of which for haemodialysis) and 20 PICC. The most frequent AEs were "erythema" and "infiltration" for peripheral catheters, "fever" for CVCs, and "obstruction" and "externalization" for PICCs. The number of catheter-days was 360 for peripheral catheters, 1.156 for CVC and 420 for PICC. Kaplan Meier curves for CVC and PICC showed statistical difference for obstruction (p<0.001) in PICCs. More bacteraemia occurred in CVC compared to PICC. Conclusion: The choice of intravenous access sites is critical in the treatment of IE. Close observation for adverse events and stricter implementation of infection control measures and better manipulation of catheters are suggested.

Data from: Assessment of healthcare delivery in the early management of bacterial meningitis in UK young infants: an observational study

OBJECTIVE: To define early presenting features of bacterial meningitis in young infants in England and to review the adequacy of individual case management as compared with relevant national guidelines and an expert panel review. DESIGN: Retrospective medical case note review and parental recall using standardised questionnaires. SETTING: England and Wales. PARTICIPANTS: Infants aged <90 days with bacterial meningitis diagnosed between July 2010 and July 2013. RESULTS: Of the 97 cases recruited across England and Wales, 66 (68%) were admitted from home and 31 (32%) were in hospital prior to disease onset. Almost all symptoms reported by parents appeared at the onset of the illness, with very few new symptoms appearing subsequently. Overall, 20/66 (30%) infants were assessed to have received inappropriate pre hospital management. The median time from onset of first symptoms to first help was 5 hours (IQR: 2-12) and from triage to receipt of first antibiotic dose was 2.0 hours (IQR: 1.0-3.3) hours, significantly shorter in infants with fever or seizures at presentation compared to those without (1.7 [IQR, 1.0-3.0] vs. 4.2 [1.8-6.3] hours, p=0.02). Overall, 26 (39%) infants had a poor outcome in terms of death or neurological complication; seizures at presentation was the only significant independent risk factor (OR, 7.9; 95% CI: 2.3- 207.0). For cases in hospital already, the median time from onset to first dose of antibiotics was 2.6 (IQR: 1.3-9.8) hours and 12/31 (39%) of infants had serious neurological sequelae at hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Young infants with bacterial meningitis have non-specific symptoms and signs, with no clear progression of illness over time, highlighting the difficulties in early recognition by parents and healthcare professionals alike. A substantial proportion of infants received inappropriate pre- and post-hospital management. We propose a targeted campaign for education and harmonisation of practice with evidence-based management algorithms.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: The REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) statement: methods for arriving at consensus and developing reporting guidelines

Objective: Routinely collected health data, collected for administrative and clinical purposes, without specific a priori research questions, are increasingly used for observational, comparative effectiveness, health services research, and clinical trials. The rapid evolution and availability of routinely collected data for research has brought to light specific issues not addressed by existing reporting guidelines. The aim of the present project was to determine the priorities of stakeholders in order to guide the development of the REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) statement. Methods: Two modified electronic Delphi surveys were sent to stakeholders. The first determined themes deemed important to include in the RECORD statement, and was analyzed using qualitative methods. The second determined quantitative prioritization of the themes based on categorization of manuscript headings. The surveys were followed by a meeting of RECORD working committee, and re-engagement with stakeholders via an online commentary period. Results: The qualitative survey (76 responses of 123 surveys sent) generated 10 overarching themes and 13 themes derived from existing STROBE categories. Highest-rated overall items for inclusion were: Disease/exposure identification algorithms; Characteristics of the population included in databases; and Characteristics of the data. In the quantitative survey (71 responses of 135 sent), the importance assigned to each of the compiled themes varied depending on the manuscript section to which they were assigned. Following the working committee meeting, online ranking by stakeholders provided feedback and resulted in revision of the final checklist. Conclusions: The RECORD statement incorporated the suggestions provided by a large, diverse group of stakeholders to create a reporting checklist specific to observational research using routinely collected health data. Our findings point to unique aspects of studies conducted with routinely collected health data and the perceived need for better reporting of methodological issues.

opencc-zeroDec 2010View details →

Data from: Interpreting the evolutionary regression: the interplay between observational and biological errors in phylogenetic comparative studies

Regressions of biological variables across species are rarely perfect. Usually there are residual deviations from the estimated model relationship, and such deviations commonly show a pattern of phylogenetic correlations indicating that they have biological causes. We discuss the origins and effects of phylogenetically correlated biological variation in regression studies. In particular, we discuss the interplay of biological deviations with deviations due to observational or measurement errors, which are also important in comparative studies based on estimated species means. We show how bias in estimated evolutionary regressions can arise from several sources, including phylogenetic inertia and either observational or biological error in the predictor variables. We show how all these biases can be estimated and corrected for in the presence of phylogenetic correlations. We present general formulas for incorporating measurement error in linear models with correlated data. We also show how alternative regression models, such as major-axis and reduced major-axis regression, which are often recommended when there is error in predictor variables, are strongly biased when there is biological variation in any part of the model. We argue that such methods should never be used to estimate evolutionary or allometric regression slopes.

Data from: Proportion of women presenters at medical grand rounds at major academic centres in Canada: a retrospective observational study

Objective: To assess the proportion of women who presented research or medical grand rounds at five major academic hospitals in Canada. Design: A cross sectional study. Setting: Five major university–affiliated hospitals in Toronto and Calgary. Results: Overall, at all sites and types of academic rounds, there were an average of 17% fewer women presenting than men (p < 0.001). There were an average of 32% and 21% more men presenting at the city wide grand rounds in City A and B respectively (p < 0.001, p = 0.002). There were more male speakers at 4 out of 5 types of rounds. The proportion of women presenting on average was proportional to the Canadian workforce, but on average, below the proportion of female residents and medical students (median ratio 1.1, 0.7 and 0.8 respectively). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated a lower proportion of females in an important outlet for academic recognition and role modeling. This provides a possible contributing factor to the under representation of women in academic medicine, and an area that can be systematically targeted to promote equity.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Has open data arrived at the British Medical Journal (BMJ)? An observational study

Objective: To quantify data sharing policy compliance at the BMJ by analysing the rate of data sharing practices, and investigate attitudes and examine barriers towards data sharing. Design: Observational study. Setting: The BMJ research archive. Participants: 160 randomly sampled BMJ research articles, excluding meta-analysis and systematic reviews. Main outcome measures: Percentages of research articles that indicated the availability of their raw datasets in their data sharing statements and those that provided their datasets upon request. Results: Fifty out of 160 (31%) research articles indicated the availability of their datasets. Twelve used publicly available data and the remaining 38 were sent email requests to access their datasets. Only 1 publicly available dataset could be accessed and only 6 out of 38 shared their data via e-mail. So only 7/160 research articles shared their datasets, 4.4% (95% confidence interval: 1.8% to 8.8%). Conclusions: Despite the BMJ's strong data sharing policy, sharing rates are low. Possible explanations for low data sharing rates could be: the wording of the BMJ data sharing policy, which leaves room for individual interpretation and possible loopholes; that our email requests ended up in researchers spam folders; and, that researchers are not rewarded in the scientific community for sharing their data. It might be time for a more effective data sharing policy and better incentives for health and medical researchers to share their data.

Data from: Perfusion index in newborns during critical congenital heart disease screening at 24 hours in healthy newborns: retrospective observational study from the United States

Objective: To describe the distribution of Perfusion Index (PI) in asymptomatic newborns at 24 hours of life when screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease (CCHD) using an automated data selection method. Design: This is a retrospective observational study. Setting: Newborn nursery in a California public hospital with 3500 to 4000 deliveries annually. Methods: We developed an automated program to select the PI values from CCHD screens. Included were term and late preterm infants who were screened for CCHD from November 2013 to January 2014 and from May 2015 to July 2015. PI measurements were downloaded every 2 seconds from the pulse oximeter and median PI were calculated for each oxygen saturation screen in our cohort. Results: We included data from 2768 oxygen saturation screens. Each screen had a median of 29 data points (interquartile range 17 to 49). The median PI in our study cohort was 1.8 (95% confidence interval 1.8 to 1.9) with interquartile range 1.2 to 2.7. The median pre-ductal PI was significantly higher than the median post-ductal (1.9 vs. 1.8, p = 0.03) although this difference may not be clinically significant. Conclusion: Using an automated data selection method, the median PI in asymptomatic newborns at 24 hours of life is 1.8 with a narrow interquartile range of 1.2 to 2.7. This automated data selection method may improve accuracy and precision compared to manual data collection method. Further studies are needed to establish external validity of this automated data selection method and its clinical application for CCHD screening.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Comparison of the validity of the checklist assessment in the cardiac arrest simulations with the app in an academic hospital in Taiwan: a retrospective observational study

Background: Robust assessment is a crucial component in Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) training to determine whether participants have achieved learning objectives with little or no variation in their overall outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate resuscitation performance by real-time logs. We hypothesized that instructors may not be able to evaluate time-sensitive parameters, namely, chest compression fraction, time to initiating chest compression, and time to initiating defibrillation efficiently in a subjective manner. Methods: Video records and formal checklist-based test results of Megacode scenarios for the ACLS certification examination at several hospitals in Taipei were examined. For the study interest, three time-sensitive parameters were measured via video review assisted by a mobile phone application, and were used for evaluation. We evaluated if the pass/fail results made by instructors via checklists were correlated with these parameters. Results: A total of 185 Megacode scenarios were eligible for the final analysis. Among the three parameters, good chest compression fraction was statistically significant with higher odds ratio (OR) of passing (OR = 3.65; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.36-9.91; P = 0.01). In 112 participants with one parameter that did not meet the criteria, 25 were graded as fail, making the specificity 22.3% (95% CI: 15.0-31.2%). Conclusions: Visual observation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance is not accurate when evaluating time-sensitive parameters. Objective results should be offered for training outcome evaluation, and also for feedback to participants.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Prospective, observational study comparing automated and visual point-of-care urinalysis in general practice

Objective Point-of-care testing (POCT) urinalysis might reduce errors in (subjective) reading, registration and communication of test results, and might also improve diagnostic outcome and optimise patient management. Evidence is lacking. In the present study, we have studied the analytical performance of automated urinalysis and visual urinalysis compared with a reference standard in routine general practice. Setting The study was performed in six general practitioner (GP) group practices in the Netherlands. Automated urinalysis was compared with visual urinalysis in these practices. Reference testing was performed in a primary care laboratory (Saltro, Utrecht, The Netherlands). Primary and secondary outcome measures Analytical performance of automated and visual urinalysis compared with the reference laboratory method was the primary outcome measure, analysed by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) and Cohen's κ coefficient for agreement. Secondary outcome measure was the user-friendliness of the POCT analyser. Results Automated urinalysis by experienced and routinely trained practice assistants in general practice performs as good as visual urinalysis for nitrite, leucocytes and erythrocytes. Agreement for nitrite is high for automated and visual urinalysis. κ's are 0.824 and 0.803 (ranked as very good and good, respectively). Agreement with the central laboratory reference standard for automated and visual urinalysis for leucocytes is rather poor (0.256 for POCT and 0.197 for visual, respectively, ranked as fair and poor). κ's for erythrocytes are higher: 0.517 (automated) and 0.416 (visual), both ranked as moderate. The Urisys 1100 analyser was easy to use and considered to be not prone to flaws. Conclusions Automated urinalysis performed as good as traditional visual urinalysis on reading of nitrite, leucocytes and erythrocytes in routine general practice. Implementation of automated urinalysis in general practice is justified as automation is expected to reduce human errors in patient identification and transcribing of results.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Plasma pro-atrial natriuretic peptide to indicate fluid balance during cystectomy: a prospective observational study

Objectives: During surgery the volume of administered fluid is debated. Pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (proANP) is released by atrial distension, and we evaluated the relationship between changes in proANP associated with perioperative fluid balance. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: One university/tertiary centre. Participants: The study included patients who underwent radical cystectomy. Plasma for determination of proANP was obtained before surgery, after resection of the bladder, and at the end of surgery for 20 robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) and 20 open radical cystectomy (ORC) procedures. Results: The blood loss was 1871 (95% CI 1267 to 2475) vs 589 mL (378 to 801) in the ORC and RARC groups (p=0.001), respectively, and fluid balance was positive by 1518 mL (1215 to 1821) during ORC, and by 1858 mL (1461 to 2255) during RARC (p=0.163). Yet, at the end of ORC, plasma proANP was reduced by 23% (14% to 32%, p=0.001), while plasma proANP did not change significantly during RARC. Thus, plasma proANP was associated both with the perioperative blood loss (r= −0.475 (0.632 to −0.101), p=0.002), and with fluid balance (r=0.561 (0.302 to 0.740), p=0.001), indicating that a stable plasma proANP required a fluid surplus by 2.4 L (2.0 to 2.7). Conclusions: There was a correlation between intraoperative haemorrhage and a decrease in plasma proANP and, taking plasma proANP to indicate filling of the heart, about 2.5 L surplus volume of lactated Ringer's solution appears to maintain cardiac preload during cystectomy.

Data from: Association between COL11A1 (rs1337185) and ADAMTS5 (rs162509) gene polymorphisms and lumbar spine pathologies in Chinese Han population: an observational study

Objectives: A previous study identified a significant association between several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) in Indians. To validate the association between these SNPs and specific lumbar spine pathologies, we performed a case-control study in Chinese Han population. Design: An observational study. Setting: University Hospital in Nanning, China. Participants: This study included 428 LDD patients and 400 normal controls. Outcome measures: LDD Patients were classified into 4 subgroups, including disc herniation only (Subgroup 1), discopathies or/and osteochondrosis associated with disc herniation (Subgroup 2), spinal stenosis or/and spondylolisthesis (Subgroup 3), and degenerative scoliosis (Subgroup 4). This study was conducted by examining 2 aspects: environmental factors and SNP genotyping. The environmental factors were evaluated with a questionnaire survey including questions about BMI, smoking habits, the physical demands of their job and exposure to vibrations. Rs1337185, rs5275, rs5277, rs7575934, rs3213718 and rs162509 were genotyped using a PCR-based Invader assay. Results: The physical workload was significantly higher in patients with lumbar spine pathologies than in the normal controls (P=0.035). The genotype and allele frequencies of rs1337185 and rs162509 were significantly different between the LDD patients and the normal controls. In rs1337185, a significant association was found between the C allele (risk allele) and the presence of disc herniation (OR=1.80; 95%CI= 1.21-2.68; P=0.003, adjusted P=0.012), and the presence of spinal stenosis and spondylolisthesis (OR=1.92; 95%CI=1.29-2.89; P= 0.001, adjusted P=0.004). In rs162509, the G allele represented 1.58-fold increased risk to suffer from disc herniation (OR=1.58; 95%CI=1.20-2.09; P=0.001, adjusted P=0.004). Conclusions: The SNPs rs1337185 in COL11A1 and rs162509 in ADAMTS5 are associated with susceptibility to LDD. The C allele of rs1337185 is risky for patients who are affected by lumbar pathologies such as disc herniation, stenosis and spondylolisthesis. The G allele of rs16250 represents a risk factor for the development of disc herniation.

Data from: Observational study of hemostatic dysfunction and bleeding in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Objective: Evaluate the relationship between initial haemostatic parameters and the frequency and severity of bleeding in neonates with hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). Design: Retrospective observational cohort study. Setting: 2 academically affiliated level III neonatal intensive care units in Atlanta, Georgia. Participants: 98 neonates with moderate-to-severe HIE who underwent haemostatic testing within 12 hours of birth and were born from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2013. Primary and secondary outcome measures: Initial haemostatic dysfunction was defined as one or more of the following: prothrombin time (PT) ≥18 s, platelet count <100×103/μL or fibrinogen <150 mg/dL. Bleeding assessed using the Neonatal Bleeding Assessment Tool and graded according to the WHO bleeding scale. The robust Poisson regression was used to evaluate the independent association between components of initial haemostatic dysfunction and bleeding. Results: Among the 98 neonates evaluated, the prevalence of initial haemostatic dysfunction was 69% (95% CI 59% to 78%). 27 neonates (28%; 95% CI 19% to 38%) had abnormal bleeding events and 56 (57%) received at least 1 blood product transfusion. 3 neonates died from bleeding complications. The most common products transfused were fresh-frozen plasma (71%), followed by packed red blood cells (24%) and platelets (21%). In multivariable analysis, fibrinogen <150 mg/dL (adjusted relative risk 2.41, 95% CI 1.09 to 5.36) and platelet count <100×103/μL (adjusted relative risk 2.59, 95% CI 1.30 to 5.16), but not initial PT, were associated with an increased risk of bleeding. The most severe bleeding occurred in neonates with a fibrinogen <150 mg/dL. Conclusions: Among neonates with moderate-to-severe HIE, haemostatic dysfunction is prevalent and associated with an increased risk of bleeding and high transfusion burden. Further studies are needed to determine the appropriate transfusion approaches in this population to prevent bleeding.

Data from: Predictive value of apelin-12 in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients with different renal function: a prospective observational study

Objectives: To investigate the factors predicting the onset of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. Background: apelin-12 has been regarded acting essential role in cardiovascular homeostasis. However, current knowledge of the optimal prognostic predictive value is limited. Methods: 464 STEMI patients (63.0±11.9 years, 355 men) who underwent successful pPCI were enrolled. Patients were followed-up for 2.5 years. Multivariate cox regression analyses and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were performed to determine the factors predicting MACEs. Results: There were 118 patients (25.4%) who experienced MACEs in the follow-up period. Multivariate cox regression analysis demonstrated that low apelin-12 (HR=0.132, 95% CI=0.060-0.292, p<0.001), low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (HR=0.965, 95% CI=0.941-0.991, p=0.007), low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (HR=0.985, 95% CI=0.977-0.993, p<0.001), Killip's classification>I (HR=0.610, 95% CI=0.408-0.912, p=0.016) and pathological Q-wave (HR=1.536, 95% CI=1.058-2.230, p=0.024) were independent predictors of 2.5 MACEs. Low apelin-12 could also predict worse in-hospital prognosis and showed advantage in predicting 2.5 year MACEs compared with Δapelin-12 (p=0.0115)and eGFR (p=0.0071) among patients with eGFR>90 mL/min1.73m2. Further analysis prompt Δapelin-12<20% was usually associated with MACEs in patients whose apelin-12 admission below 0.76 ng/ml (p=0.0075). Conclusions: STEMI patients receiving pPCI with lower apelin-12 are more likely to suffer MACEs in hospitalization and 2.5-year follow-up, especially for those with normal level of eGFR.