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Fig. 9 in Systematics and paleobiology of Carnivora and Hyaenodonta from the lower Miocene of Buluk, Kenya

Fig. 9. Bivariate plot of comparative m1 and m2 sizes of large African species of Cynelos Jourdan, 1862. Data for specimens not from Buluk were taken from Morlo et al. (2019).

Fig. 8 in Systematics and paleobiology of Carnivora and Hyaenodonta from the lower Miocene of Buluk, Kenya

Fig. 8. Amphicyonid Cynelos jitu sp. nov. from the lower Miocene of Buluk, Kenya. A. KNMWS 12661, left mandible in two pieces well connecting on the lingual side ([i2–i3], c, root of p2, p3, roots of p4, m1talonid, roots of m2, and [m3]) in buccal (A1), occlusal (A2), and lingual (A3) views.

Fig. 6 in Systematics and paleobiology of Carnivora and Hyaenodonta from the lower Miocene of Buluk, Kenya

Fig. 6. Amphicyonid Cynelos jitu sp. nov. from the lower Miocene of Buluk, Kenya. A. KNMWS 12663, upper dentition of holotype, isolated fragment with root of right M2 and talon of M3 in occlusal (A1) and buccal (A2) views; isolated fragment of the snout and parts of the right maxilla (left and right [I1–I2], [left I3], fragment of right I3, [right C], root of right P1, alveoli of P2, P3, and anterior root and buccal wall of lingual alveoli of P4) in occlusal view (A3). Brackets indicate alveoli (see Methods).

Fig. 2. Hyaenodonts Hyainailouros sulzeri Biedermann, 1863 in Systematics and paleobiology of Carnivora and Hyaenodonta from the lower Miocene of Buluk, Kenya

Fig. 2. Hyaenodonts Hyainailouros sulzeri Biedermann, 1863 (A–F) and Hyainailouros cf. napakensis (G), from the lower Miocene of Buluk, Kenya. A. KNMWS 12624, isolated right P1 in buccal (A1), lingual (A2), and occlusal (A3) views. B. KNMWS 12626, isolated left P2 in buccal (B1), lingual B2), and occlusal (B3) views. C. KNMWS 12628, posterior fragment of a right P3 in occlusal view. D. KNMWS 12662, isolated left P4 in buccal D1), lingual (D2), and occlusal (D3) views, notice size difference between P3 and P4 and different shape of lingual cingulum indicated by the arrow. E. KNMWS 65874, isolated left p3 in in buccal (E1), lingual (E2), and occlusal (E3) views. F. KNMWS 12627, proximal left femur in anterior view, notice low condyle, indicated by the arrow, being about as high as femoral head. G. KNMWS 12622, right lower canine in buccal (G1), posterior (G2), and mesial (G3) views, notice basal enamel border, indicated by the arrow, concave towards the tip of the tooth.

Fig. 7 in Systematics and paleobiology of Carnivora and Hyaenodonta from the lower Miocene of Buluk, Kenya

Fig. 7. Amphicyonid Cynelos jitu sp. nov. from the lower Miocene of Buluk, Kenya. A. KNMWS 49461, right mandibular fragment with m1 in buccal (A1), occlusal (A2), and lingual (A3) views. B. KNMWS 49509, right m2 in buccal (B1), occlusal (B2), and lingual (B3) views. C. KNMWS 101033, isolated right m3 in buccal (C1), occlusal (C2), and lingual (C3) views. D. KNMWS 49495, isolated left P2 in D1 buccal (D1), occlusal (D2), and lingual (D3) views. E. KNMWS 49481 isolated left m3 in buccal (E1), occlusal (E2), and lingual (E3) views. F. KNMWS 65651, distal phalanx in lateral (F1) and ventral (F2) views.

Fig. 3. Hyaenodonts Hyaenodonta indet. A in Systematics and paleobiology of Carnivora and Hyaenodonta from the lower Miocene of Buluk, Kenya

Fig. 3. Hyaenodonts Hyaenodonta indet. A, size of Leakitherium Savage, 1965 (A, B) and Hyaenodonta indet. B, size of Sectisodon Morales and Pickford, 2017 (C), from the lower Miocene of Buluk, Kenya. A. KNMWS 12619, fragment of left ulna in anterior (A1) and lateral (A2) views, arrows point to very low anterior olecranon ridge. B. KNMWS 12584, distal end of left tibia in anterior (B1), posterior (B2), and distal (B3) views. C. KNMWS 65730, right edentulous jaw with broken alveoli of m1, alveoli of m2, and roots of m3 in buccal (C1) and occlusal (C2) views, notice length of molars increasing distally.

Fig. 4 in Systematics and paleobiology of Carnivora and Hyaenodonta from the lower Miocene of Buluk, Kenya

Fig. 4. Amphicyonid Cynelos macrodon (Savage, 1965) from the lower Miocene of Buluk, Kenya. A. KNMWS 65465, right m2 in: buccal (A1), occlusal (A2), and lingual (A3) views. B. KNMWS 65407, left m2 in occlusal view. C. KNMWS 65418, left m2 in occlusal view. D. KNMWS 49476, right m2 in occlusal view. E. KNMWS 49485, left M1 in occlusal view. F. KNMWS 65315, left M3 in buccal (F1) and occlusal (F2) views.

Fig. 5 in Systematics and paleobiology of Carnivora and Hyaenodonta from the lower Miocene of Buluk, Kenya

Fig. 5. Amphicyonid Cynelos jitu sp. nov. from the lower Miocene of Buluk, Kenya. A. KNMWS 12663, holotype, skull in dorsal (A1), lateral (A2), and ventral (A3) views, notice separate snout fragment only shown in A1 and A3.

Fig. 8 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 8. Reconstructions of cranidia (A1–E1) and pygidia (A2–E2) of different members of the subfamily Pilekiinae. A. Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2008). B. Parapilekia olesnaensis (Růžička, 1935), based on Mergl (2006). C. Tesselacauda depressa Ross, 1951, based on Adrain and Karim (2019). D. Landyia elizabethae Jell, 1985, based on Jell (1985). E. Macrogrammus rafi Edgecombe, Chatterton, Vaccari, and Waisfeld, 1999, based on Edgecombe et al. (1999).

Fig. 2 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 2. Cheirurid trilobites Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco (A, B) and Lehua vinculum (Barrande, 1852) from the Dobrotivá Formation, upper Darriwilian to lowermost Sandbian, Zaječov-Svatá Dobrotivá, Czech Republic (C–E). A. YPM 522182, part, complete holaspid with hypostome impressed. B. YPM 530933, complete holaspid. C. NM L19066, complete holaspid. D. NM L19075, complete cranidium. E. JV1607, anterior half of an holaspid specimen. Specimens in C–E covered by ammonium chloride.

Fig. 9 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 9. Biramous appendages reconstruction for the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai, showing the anterior (A) and the posterior (B) morphology. Dashed lines indicate inferred proximal parts of the appendages.

Fig. 5 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 5. Endopodites of the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. A. Part of YPM 226573, general view (A1), close-up of the endopodites (A2) and explanatory drawing (A4), close-up of the distal claw (A3) and explanatory drawing (A5). B. Counterpart of YPM 226573, general view (B1), close up of the endopodites (B2) and explanatory drawing (B3), close up of the endopodites (B4) and explanatory drawing (B5), close up of the area pointed out in B4 (B6), arrows showing long endites on podomere 2 and 3. Numbers represent podomere number. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring.

Fig. 7 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 7. Exopodities of the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) (YPM 517074) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. Photographs: general view (A1), close-up of the exopodites (A2) and explanatory drawing (A3), close up to the ninth exopodite (A4) and explanatory drawing (A5). Scale bars 1 mm. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring; ex, exopodite.

Fig. 1 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 1. Cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. A. MGL 102179, complete specimen (A1) and anterior region of the counterpart (A2); arrow pointing the antennae. B. MGL 102170, close-up of the posterior region of the trunk; arrow pointing the disarticulated pygidium. C. ML20-269198, latex cast of the counterpart. D. YPM 525125, close up of the posterior region of the trunk; arrow pointing the articulation between the thorax and the pygidium. Specimens in A1 and C coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 6. Cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) (MGL 102172) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. Photographs under alcohol: general view (A1), close-up of the exopodites A2) and explanatory drawing (A3). Scale bars 1 mm. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring.

Fig. 11 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 11. Ordovician diversity of Cheiruridae species across individual time slices, as defined in Adrain (2013). The dashed line represents the boundary between Tremadocian and Floian; blue, members of the subfamily Pilekiinae; red, members of the rest of Cheiruridae subfamilies excluding pilekiids. Data based on Adrain (2013, personal communication 2020).

Fig. 10 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 10. Trilobite exopodite reconstructions grouped by geological age. A. Eoredlichia intermediata (Lu, 1940), based on Ramsköld and Edgecombe 1996). B. Hongshiyanaspis yiliangensis Zhang and Lin in Zhang et al., 1980, based on Zeng et al. (2017). C. Redlichia rex Holmes, 2019, based on Holmes et al. (2019). D. Olenoides serratus (Rominger, 1887), based on Whittington 1980). E. Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007). F. Ceraurus pleurexanthemus Green, 1832, based on Størmer (1951). G. Triarthrus eatoni (Hall, 1838), based on Whittington and Almond (1987). H. Cryptolithus bellulus (Ulrich, 1879), based on Campbell (1975). I. Chotecops ferdinandi Kayser, 1880), based on Bruton and Haas (1999).

Fig. 3 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 3. Juveniles of the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. A. MGL 104146, late meraspid stage. B. MGL 102153, early holaspid stage. C. MGL 104533, early holaspid stage. Specimens in B, C covered by ammonium chloride. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 4 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 4. Endopodites of the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. A. MGL 103863, photograph under alcohol with polarized light (A1), explanatory drawing with podomere numbers (A2). B. MGL 102225, photograph under alcohol with polarized light (B1), explanatory drawing with endopodite numbers (B2). Scale bars 1 mm. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring.