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1,245 results for “hypothesis”
Figure 4 from: Cumming RT, Tirant SL (2021) Drawing the Excalibur bug from the stone: adding credibility to the double-edged sword hypothesis of coreid evolution (Hemiptera, Coreidae). ZooKeys 1043: 117-131. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.67730
Figure 4 Ferriantenna excalibur gen. et sp. nov. holotype A extended labium with stylet exposed to the right B head, pronotum, and mesonotum, dorsal C left tarsi and distal ends of the tibiae D legs on the left side, dorsolateral.
Data from: The influence of fledgling location on adult provisioning: a test of the blackmail hypothesis
One theory to explain the existence of conspicuous solicitation is that it is a way for young to 'blackmail' care-givers into provisioning them, by threatening their own destruction. Fledgling birds offer a unique opportunity to investigate the 'blackmail theory', as their mobility enables them to influence the predation risk they face. We investigated a novel solicitation behaviour in fledgling pied babblers (Turdoides bicolor), where fledglings use their location to influence provisioning rates. We show that fledglings face a trade-off: the ground is a much more profitable location in terms of provisioning rate from adult care-givers, but they are at greater risk from predators due to their limited flying ability and slow response to alarm calls. Young babbler fledglings move to the ground when hungry, signalling their state, and this stimulates adults to increase their provisioning rates. Once satiated, fledglings return to the safety of cover. By experimentally increasing terrestrial predation risk, we found that adults increased their provisioning rate to terrestrial but not arboreal fledglings. Thus, by moving to a riskier location, fledglings revealed their need and were able to manipulate adults to achieve higher provisioning rates. These results provide support for the 'blackmail theory'.
Data from: A new phylogenetic hypothesis of turtles with implications for the timing and number of evolutionary transitions to marine lifestyles in the group
Evolutionary transitions to marine habitats occurred frequently among Mesozoic reptiles. Only one such clade survives to the present: sea turtles (Chelonioidea). Other marine turtles originated during the Mesozoic, but uncertain affinities of key fossils have obscured the number of transitions to marine life, and the timing of the origin of marine adaptation in chelonioids. Phylogenetic studies support either a highly‐inclusive chelonioid total‐group including fossil marine clades from the Jurassic and Cretaceous (e.g. protostegids, thalassochelydians, sandownids) or a less inclusive chelonioid total‐group excluding those clades. Under this paradigm, these clades belong outside Cryptodira, and represent at least one additional evolutionary transition to marine life in turtles. We present a new phylogenetic hypothesis informed by high resolution computed tomographic data of living and fossil taxa. Besides a well‐supported Chelonioidea, which includes protostegids, we recover a previously unknown clade of stem‐group turtles, Angolachelonia, which includes the Late Jurassic thalassochelydians, and the Cretaceous–Palaeogene sandownids. Accounting for the Triassic Odontochelys, our results indicate three independent evolutionary transitions to marine life in non‐pleurodiran turtles (plus an additional two‐three in pleurodires). Among all independent origins of marine habits, a pelagic ecology only evolved once, among chelonioids. All turtle groups that independently invaded marine habitats in the Jurassic–Cretaceous (chelonioids, angolachelonians, bothremydid pleurodires) survived the Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction event. This highlights extensive survival of marine turtles compared to other marine reptiles. Furthermore, deeply‐nested clades such as chelonioids are found by the middle Early Cretaceous, suggesting a rapid diversification of crown‐group turtles during the Early Cretaceous.
FIGURE 4 in A new spiny, prehensile-tailed species of Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Peninsular Malaysia with a preliminary hypothesis of relationships based on morphology
FIGURE 4. Subcaudal region of the holotype of Cyrtodactylus durio sp. nov. (ZRC 2.9606).
FIGURE 3 in A new spiny, prehensile-tailed species of Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Peninsular Malaysia with a preliminary hypothesis of relationships based on morphology
FIGURE 3. Precloacal region of the holotype of Cyrtodactylus durio sp. nov. (ZRC 2.9606).
FIGURE 1 in A new spiny, prehensile-tailed species of Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Peninsular Malaysia with a preliminary hypothesis of relationships based on morphology
FIGURE 1. Location of Cyrtodactylus durio sp. nov. at Sungai Sedim, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia.
FIGURE 21 in On the genus Hermippus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Zodariidae, Zodariinae) in India with the description of three new species from the Western Ghats and proposing a new biogeographical hypothesis for the distribution of the genus
FIGURE 21. Map showing current distribution of all the described Oriental Hermippus species.
FIGURE 27 in The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes
FIGURE 27. Distribution of locality records for Neosatyrus species and Neomaniola euripides.
Data of A Study on the Presentation of China's COVID-19 News in American Mainstream Media: Party Logic and Mirror Image Effect Hypothesis
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Fig. 18 in Larval Morphology Of Agabetes Crotch (Coleoptera: Adephaga: Dytiscidae): The Hypothesis Of Sister-Group Relationship With The Subfamily Laccophilinae Revisited
Fig. 18. Bootstrap consensus tree of 12 most parsimonious trees reconstructed for
Figs 7–9 in An instance of intergeneric copulation in the family Rhopalidae (Heteroptera): structure, functioning and congruence of the genitalia in two different species from the standpoint of the lock-and-key hypothesis
Figs 7–9. Aedeagus of Corizus hyoscy- ami, sequential stages of inflation. 7, most initial stage; 8, intermediate stage; 9, final stage of complete inflation. Wet (7, 8) and dry (9) preparations in ventral (7) and dorsal (8, 9) views. a.p.v, apical part of vesica; ar.s, articular sclerite; d-l.l, dorso-lateral lobes of conjunctiva; ej.r, ejaculatory reservoir; l.l.v, left lobe of basal part of vesica; r.l.v, right lobe of basal part of vesica; s.gp, secondary gonopore. Scale bar: 0.14 mm.
Supplementary material 1 from: Heger T, Mietchen D, Jeschke JM (2024) Template for a Hypothesis Description paper. Research Ideas and Outcomes 10: e119808. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.10.e119808
Template for a Hypothesis Description paper
Implications for the mesopelagic microbial gardening hypothesis as determined by experimental fragmentation of Antarctic krill faecal pellets
<p>1. Detritivores need to upgrade their food to increase its nutritional value. One method is to fragment detritus promoting the colonisation of nutrient-rich microbes, which consumers then ingest along with the detritus; so-called microbial gardening. Observations and numerical models of the detritus-dominated ocean mesopelagic zone have suggested microbial gardening by zooplankton is a fundamental process in the ocean carbon cycle leading to increased respiration of carbon-rich detritus. However, no experimental evidence exists to demonstrate that microbial respiration rates are higher on recently fragmented sinking detrital particles.</p> <p>2. Using aquaria-reared Antarctic krill faecal pellets we showed fragmentation increased microbial particulate organic carbon (POC) turnover by 1.8x, but only on brown faecal pellets, formed from the consumption of other pellets. Microbial POC turnover on un-and fragmented green faecal pellets, formed from consuming fresh phytoplankton, was equal. Thus, POC content, fragmentation, and potentially nutritional value together drive POC turnover rates.</p> <p>3. Mesopelagic microbial gardening could be a risky strategy, as the dominant detrital food source is settling particles. Even though fragmentation decreases particle size and sinking rat, it is unlikely that an organism would remain with the particle long enough to nutritionally benefit from attached microbes. We propose 'communal gardening' occurs whereby additional mesopelagic organisms nearby or below the site of fragmentation consume the particle and the colonised microbes.</p> <p>4. To determine how fragmentation impacts the remineralisation of sinking carbon-rich detritus, and to parameterise microbial gardening in mesopelagic carbon models, three key metrics from further controlled experiments and observations are needed; how particle composition (here, pellet colour/krill diet) impacts the response of microbes to the fragmentation of particles; the nutritional benefit to zooplankton from ingesting microbes after fragmentation along with identification of which essential nutrients are being targeted; how both these factors vary between physical (shear) and biological particle fragmentation.</p>
Male wing spot morphology and physiological responses do not coincide with the good-gene hypothesis
<p><span>Wings play an important role in dipteran life. Wing characteristics like size, coloration, and interference were found to be associated with male fitness. Many species in the genus <em>Drosophila </em>develop a male-specific wing pattern. These patterns appear as spots on the wings. In this work, we expose a set of recently collected out-bred lines of <em>Drosophila biarmipes </em>to a range of environmental stresses. The aim of this work was to find an association between wing pigmentation and stress response. We further looked the results with respect to the 'good gene' hypothesis. Males with higher wing-spot pigmentation did not associate with better stress handling. Interestingly, a majority of the traits showed negative or no trends where presence of a darker wing-spot could be associated to better handling of stressful environments. Contrary to this, desiccation tolerance and body size were found positively associated with darker wing-spot pigmentation. This work exposes the complexities behind secondary sexual characteristics and their association with male fitness and directs to relook the body size role in mate choice. </span></p>
Hypothesis testing the difference between two Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiencies (NSEs) for comparing the hydrologic model performance
<p>There are data and raw code for testing the hypothesis testing the difference between two Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiencies (<em>NSEs</em>) in our research</p>
Images from the slug migration assay (Testing Coordination Hypothesis)
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FIGURE 18 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)
FIGURE 18. Detailed images of the EFS of the SMA 0087 "Chris" samples. A, EFS of SMA0087 "Chris" femur (r), in which a cycle of faster growth is included (indicated by arrow). B, EFS of SMA 0087 "Chris" tibia (r), in which a cycle of faster growth is present (indicated by arrow). C, EFS of SMA 0087 "Chris" fibula (r), which possesses a cycle of faster growth (indicated by arrow). Images taken under plane-polarized light.
FIGURE 17 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)
FIGURE 17. Images of all samples taken from SMA 0087 "Chris". A, femur (r). B, tibia (r). C, fibula (r). For all samples, the bone tissue types are indicated to the left, and the number and patterns of the visible growth cycles are indicated to the right. Abbreviations; E: Bone tissue type E, EFS: External fundamental system, F: Bone tissue type F, MC: Medullary cavity, RA: Remodeled area.
FIGURE 7 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)
FIGURE 7. Images of all samples taken from SMA 0015 "David". A, femur (l). B, tibia (l). C, fibula (l). For all samples, the bone tissue types are indicated to the left, and the number and patterns of the visible growth cycles are indicated to the right. Abbreviations; E: Bone tissue type E, EFS: External fundamental system, F: Bone tissue type F, MC: Medullary cavity, RA: Remodeled area.
FIGURE 5 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)
FIGURE 5. Images of all samples taken from SMA 0002 "E.T." A, humerus (r). B, femur (l). C, tibia (l). For all samples, the bone tissue types are indicated to the left, and the number and patterns of the visible growth cycles are indicated to the right. Abbreviations; E: Bone tissue type E, EFS: External fundamental system, F: Bone tissue type F, G: Bone tissue type G, MC: Medullary cavity, RA: Remodeled area.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.