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Figure 3 in Description of a new jumping spider, Artabrus aurantipilosus sp. nov. (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina), from Banda Neira, Indonesia

Figure 3. Frontal view of an adult ♂ Artabrus erythrocephalus from Bandung, West Java, 26 AUG 2018 (Ng 2018). 2, Detailed view of mouthparts. Note the prominent promarginal tooth at the base of each fang. There is also a prominent retromarginal tooth at the base of each fang, figured in the description by Simon (2003). Photo credits: 1-2, Yongi Ng, used with permission.

Figure 11 in Respiration by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 11. Reconstruction of the tracheal system of an adult female Phidippus clarus from serial (10 μm) transverse sections (after Hill 1977a, 2008a). 1, Reconstruction of the flattened, branching air sac and connected tracheae from the anterior spinnerets (at bottom) to the pedicel (at top). Not all distal terminations of the tracheae in the opisthosoma are shown. Several transverse sections of tracheal bundles are shown in the anterior opisthosoma, where they merge to form a single bundle that enters the prosoma above the opisthosomal nerves. 2, Reconstructed horizontal section of the air sac, with terminations of the bundles of tracheae that emerge from this sac. Horizontal lines correspond to the location of the transverse sections that are presented to either side of the main figure. The lack of a cuticular mesh near the wide tracheal spiracle (at bottom) allows this to be closed completely, but we know little of how this is used. 3, Ventral view of a feeding adult female Phidippus clarus. 4, Detail of ventral opisthosoma, from (3). 5, Position of the tracheal system in the opisthosoma of P. clarus. Compare with (4).

Figure 3 in Respiration by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 3. Transverse sections through segment VIII (opisthosomal segment II) of spiders, showing the direction of hemolymph flow from medial (medioventral) sinuses through the air pockets of each book lung to the lateral (pulmopericardial) sinuses leading to the pericardium and heart. 1, Diagram based on a section of Pholcus drawn by Willem (1918). 2, Schematic diagram, colored to indicate the oxygenation of hemolymph as it passes through the book lungs. The color here is only schematic, as spider hemolymph, including circulating hemocyanins and hemocytes, is essentially transparent. Simple one-way valves (ostia) only permit flow in one direction, from the pericardium into the heart, during diastole. When the heart contracts (systole) they close. In the pericardial cavity, the heart is suspended by many ligaments.

Figure 9 in Respiration by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 9 (continued from previous page). SEM images of the cryofractured opisthosoma of an adult male Phidippus audax. 13, Hemocytes in a medial sinus (at bottom) and air sacs with struts separated by wide hemolymph channels (top). 14, Transverse fracture of anterior opisthosoma through book lung. 15, Inset (14) showing bundles of tracheae and associated nerves that pass through the pedicel to the prosoma. 16, Inset (15). 17, More tracheae near nerves. 18, Detail from inset (17) showing cytoplasm around the tracheae, and nearby pulmonary air sac. Abbreviations: as, pulmonary air sac; ls, lateral sinus; m, muscle; t, tracheae.

Figure 9 in Respiration by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 9 (continued from previous page, continued on next page). SEM images of the cryofractured opisthosoma of an adult male Phidippus audax. 7-12, Book lung. 7, Thin air sacs with fixed air space separated by wide hemolymph channels near a medial sinus (at bottom). 8, Transition from struts to pegs (see Figure 4 for detail). 9, Wide, pegged air sacs. 10, Detail of pegs showing smooth, rounded apices and buttressing. 11-12, Two partly dislodged pillars separating narrower air sacs with struts.

Figure 10.5 in Respiration by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 10.5. Expansion with up-and-down movement of the pegged, flexible portion of the air sacs. This allows for less elastic pillars between the fixed, medial air spaces. I have not found images showing pillars between the pegged parts of the air sacs, but if these were present (as shown at left) they could undergo some compression.

Figure 8 in Description of a new jumping spider, Artabrus aurantipilosus sp. nov. (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina), from Banda Neira, Indonesia

Figure 8. Type locality for Artabrus aurantipilosus, sp nov., on Banda Neira. 1, Location (inset) of the Banda Islands south of Seram in the Wallacean biogeographic province. 2, Detail of the larger Banda Islands showing Banda Neira just to the east of the live volcano, Gunung Api (Banda Api). 3, Further detail in contour map of the central Banda Islands, showing the type locality (small red circle) in the more settled part of Banda Neira, near sea level. Image credits: 1-2, NASA/USGS Landsat; 3, © OpenStreetMap contributors, base map and data from OpenStreetMap and the OpenStreetMap Foundation.

Figure 10.4 in Respiration by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 10.4. Expansion of the pegged, flexible portion of the air sacs in association with accordion-like expansion of the stack. Like (10.1), this model requires elastic pillars.

Figure 10 in Description of a new jumping spider, Artabrus aurantipilosus sp. nov. (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina), from Banda Neira, Indonesia

Figure 10. Artabrus aurantipilosus, sp nov. 1-3, Adult male with missing legs I and II, found on hotel balcony (Figure 15:6) but not collected. 4-8, Ventral views of holotype ♂ (specimen HC-BN2m) in alcohol. 7-8, Pedipalps, including mirror image of right pedipalp (7).

Figure 10.3 in Respiration by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 10.3. Expansion of the pegged, flexible portion of the air sacs with limited vertical movement of each sac. This model corresponds to earlier diagrams of the hypothetical hemolymph bellows (Hill 1977b, 2006a, 2008b; Foelix 2011), but does not account for the observed up-and-down movement of the lateral margin of each sac.

Figure 7 in Respiration by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 7. Another schematic transverse view showing the relationship of air sacs to hemolymph channels in the book lung. This drawing is closer to the actual proportions of these structures, which are relatively thin and closely stacked.

Figure 8 in Respiration by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 8 (continued on next page). Serial sections (10 μm) of a female Phidippus clarus Keyserling 1885, stained with a modified Masson Trichrome stain (Hill 2006b). 1-5, Parasagittal sections through the book lung. The medial sections (1-2) show the atrium (a), lined with a cuticular mesh on both sides. 6, Transverse section through a book lung. Other abbreviations: d, digestive gland; ls, lateral sinus; m, muscle; ms, medial sinus; op, operculum (detached by fixation); ps, pulmonary spiracle; s, silk gland.

Figure 2 in Conspecific oophagy by the jumping spider Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) in Karnataka, India

Figure 2 (continued from previous page). Intact female Brettus cingulatus occupying the nest (1-4) and later feeding on the eggs of its previous inhabitant (5-10). 8-10, At dusk few eggs remained. Note the engorged abdomen of this spider.

Figure 1 in Description of a new jumping spider, Artabrus aurantipilosus sp. nov. (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina), from Banda Neira, Indonesia

Figure 1. Known distribution of the two Artabrus species in the East Indies. A. erythrocephalus (green circles) ranges from the southern end of the Malay Peninsula to Sumbawa. A. aurantipilosus sp. nov. (red circle) has only been found far to the east, on one small island, Banda Neira, to the south of Seram. Numbers in circles correspond to records in Table 1. Unnumbered records for A. erythrocephalus are based on validated reports posted on iNaturalist.

Figure 2 in Description of a new jumping spider, Artabrus aurantipilosus sp. nov. (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina), from Banda Neira, Indonesia

Figure 2. Ventral views of Artabrus erythrocephalus ♂ specimens. 1-3, ♂ (HC-Ba1) from Bali. 2-3, Two views of the left pedipalp of (HC-Ba1). 4, Simon's (1903) drawing of the right pedipalp, shown here in mirror image to appear as a left pedipalp for purposes of comparison. Unlike subsequent drawings published with descriptions, Simon missed the recurvature or loop of the embolus at its origin on the medial side of the embolus. Photo credits: 1-3, D. E. Hill.

Figure 2 in Conspecific oophagy by the jumping spider Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) in Karnataka, India

Figure 2 (continued on next page). Intact female Brettus cingulatus occupying the nest (1-4) and later feeding on the eggs of its previous inhabitant (5-10).

Figure 22 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India

Figure 22. Moulting by orb-weaver spiders (Araneidae). 1, Female Nephila Leach 1815 moulting from dragline. 2, Detail of (1) showing smaller male in mating position. The genus Nephila is sometimes placed in the Nephilidae. 3-4, Neoscona Simon 1864 moulting from dragline. 5-6, Parawixia F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1904 moulting from dragline. 7-8, Male Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli 1772) waiting for a moulting female (7) and then mating with that female (8) as she was hanging beneath her exuvium before her cuticle darkened or hardened. The condition of a newly-moulted female may reduce the vulnerability of the male to her attack (Uhl et al. 2015). Photos 1-2 by Vipin Baliga (Karnataka). Photos 3-6 by Abhijith A. P. C. (Karnataka). Photos 7-8 by Uhl et al. (2015), adapted and used under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 21 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India

Figure 21. Moulting by wandering spiders. 1, Female Phidippus putnami (Peckham & Peckham 1883) (Salticidae). The thick moulting sac was opened to observe this spider. 2, cf. Carrhotus Thorell 1891 (Salticidae) with exuvium in thin moulting sac. 3-4, Two different Epeus Peckham & Peckham 1886 (Salticidae) with exuviae, in thin moulting sacs under leaves. 5, Heteropoda Latreille 1804 (Sparassidae) moulting from dragline. 6, Olios milleti (Pocock 1901) (Sparassidae) moulting from dragline. 7, Hamadruas Deeleman-Reinhold 2009 (Oxyopidae) with exuvium beneath leaf. 8-11, Sequence showing Oxyopes shweta Tikader 1970 (Oxyopidae) molting from dragline. Photo (1) by David E. Hill (South Carolina). Photos (2-11) by Abhijith A. P. C. (Karnataka).

Figure 20 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India

Figure 20. Observations of Vailimia sp. indet. in Goa. 1-2, Two views of spider resting on its silk platform. 3, Spider after it has separated itself from the exuvium by descending on its dragline. The exuvium maintained its hold on the dragline with legs IV. 4-5, Closer views from (3). 6, Detail showing this spider extending and inflating its legs while suspended. All observations and photographs by Aditya Naik, used with permission.

Figure 19 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India

Figure 19 (continued from previous page). 3-14, 31-34, Two sets of sequential frames showing how this spider turned around the hub of its orb-web to deposit the silk that comprised its resting platform (only visible in 32). Extension of the spinnerets can be seen in some of these frames (6, 8, 10, 12). This construction activity resembles the early stages of construction of an araneid orb-web (proto-hub and proto-radii).