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FIGURE 72 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURE 72. Lough Inchicronan, Co. Clare (a) the type locality of Encyonopsis hibernica showing the shallow littoral (b) and closeup of epilithic habitat (c) with associated macroscopic colonies of Chaetophora F.Schrank and Dichothrix G.Zanardini ex É.Bornet & C.Flahault, also with some minor calcification.

FIGURE 28 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURE 28. Lough Carra, Co. Mayo. Shoreline at Pleasure Island (a) the type locality of Encyonopsis carraensis with an extensive deposit of submerged (b) and exposed (c) marl precipitating cyanobacteria over boulders.

FIGURE 531 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURE 531. Comparison of valve morphometry for Encyonopsis taxa. A. PCA plot showing positions of Encyonopsis taxa in relation to first and second principal component axes. B. Data fitted to convex hulls with the morphological variables measured in SEM displayed as arrows (inset). Taxon codes are equivalent to Fig. 530.

FIGURES 29–71 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURES 29–71. Encyonopsis hibernica sp. nov. Figs 29–60. LM. Fig. 44. Holotype specimen. Figs 29–60. Valves showing morphological range and size variation in several populations. Figs 61–71. SEM. Fig. 61. External view. Fig. 62. Internal view. Figs 63–71. Variation in valve outline. Scale bar in Fig. 60 = 10 μm for all LM figures except holotype specimen. Scale bar in all SEM micrographs = 1 μm and = 2 μm in Figs 65–70.

FIGURES 3–27 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURES 3–27. Encyonopsis carraensis sp. nov. Figs 3–20. LM. Fig. 11. Holotype specimen. Figs 3–20. Valves showing morphological range and size variation in populations. Figs 21–27. SEM. Fig. 21. External view. Figs 22–23. Internal view. Figs 24–27. Variation in valve outline. Scale bar in Fig. 20 = 10 μm for all LM figures. Scale bar in all SEM micrographs = 1 μm.

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURE 2. SEM of Encyonopsis external valve view indicating location where measurement of valve length (a) valve width (b) and counting of dorsal (c) and ventral (d) striae and areolae density (e) was determined.

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURE 1. Ireland. Map illustrating locations where Encyonopsis was present (+) or absent (-) at ≥ 1% abundance in lake and rivers. Named waterbodies refer to the location of type lakes or rivers referred to in the text.

FIGURES 481–510 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURES 481–510. Encyonopsis neerlandica Van de Vijver, Verweij, Van der Wal & Mertens. Figs 481–501. LM. Figs 481–501. Valves showing morphological range and size reduction series in populations from Irish lakes. Figs 502–510. SEM. Figs 502 & 504–506. External view showing variation in size and shape of apices. Figs 507–510. Internal view. Figs 507–509. Variation in valve outline and shape of apices. Fig. 510. Detail of valve apex and helictoglossa. Scale bar in Fig. 490 = 10 μm for LM figures 481–490. Scale bar in Fig. 501 = 10 μm for LM figures 491–501. Scale bar in all SEM micrographs = 1 μm.

FIGURES 405–416 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURES 405–416. Encyonopsis sp. 3 Figs 405–412. LM. Figs 405–412. Valves showing morphological range and size variation. Figs 413–416. SEM. Figs 413 & 415. External view. Figs 414 & 416. Internal view. Scale bar in Fig. 412 = 10 μm for all LM figures. Scale bar in all SEM micrographs = 2 μm.

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FIGURE 1. Type specimen, Pedicularis husainiana P. Agnihotri, D. Husain, D. Sahoo & S.K in A new species and typification in Pedicularis series Curvipes (Orobanchaceae)

FIGURE 1. Type specimen, Pedicularis husainiana P. Agnihotri, D. Husain, D. Sahoo & S.K. Barik sp. nov.

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FIGURE 1. A. Didymoplexis siamensis var. amamiana from the type locality. B in New combinations in the genus Didymoplexis (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Gastrodieae), with a new variety of D. siamensis from Amami-Oshima Island, Japan

FIGURE 1. A. Didymoplexis siamensis var. amamiana from the type locality. B. Didymoplexis siamensis var. siamensis from Amami- Ohshima Island. Photograph by Hidekazu Morita.

FIGURES 153–156 in Examination of type specimens for the genera Odontella and Zygoceros (Bacillariophyceae) with evidence for the new family Odontellaceae and a description of three new genera

FIGURES 153–156. Details of two species currently placed in Cerataulus but with characters associated with Trieres and Parodontella. Figs 153,155.Cerataulus strelnikovae P.A. Sims and D.M. Williams, sp. nov. (Vema Cruise 17, core 107, 175cm). Fig. 152. Valve exterior, broadly lanceolate valve with apical elevations lying in opposing directions, 5 stout subcentral spines, the openings of rimoportulae surrounding a central annulus; scale bar = 10 μm. Fig. 155. Detail of transapical rows of irregularly arranged fine poresr within annulus, linked spinules covering annulus (sternum); scale bar = 1 μm. Figs 154–156. Cerataulus granulata (Roper) P.A. Sims & D.M. Williams, comb. nov. ("Wunderluss", locality unknown, ex Brigger colln, BM). Fig. 154. Valve exterior, lanceolate valve with elevations in opposing directions, an ocellus on summit, 2 stout hollow spines, the openings of rimoportulae lying centrally in a subpolar position on opposing sides of a central sternum; scale bar = 10 μm. Fig. 155. Detail of valve exterior with transapical quadruple rows of fine pores meeting annulus (sternum) extending between rimoportulae; scale bar = 1 μm.

FIGURES 148–152 in Examination of type specimens for the genera Odontella and Zygoceros (Bacillariophyceae) with evidence for the new family Odontellaceae and a description of three new genera

FIGURES 148–152. Ralfsiella smithii (=Cerataulus smithii Ralfs in Pritchard) (Beaufort, South Carolina, USA). Fig. 148. Circular valve face with opposing narrow submarginal elevations; positioned midway submarginal hollow spines, the exterior openings of rimoportulae; valve surface covered in a mostly radial pattern of false pseudoloculi, valve mantle slightly indented where it joins narrow hyaline valve margin; scale bar = 10 μm. Fig. 149. Summit of elevation with rimmed ocellus; scale bar = 2 μm. Fig. 150. Frustule with attached girdle bands, flat valve face merging into rounded mantle, barely raised elevations; scale bar = 10 μm. Fig. 151. Irregular false pseudoloculi, basal layer with a single poroid areola occluded by a simple raised cribrum; scale bar = 1 μm.

FIGURES 139–143 in Examination of type specimens for the genera Odontella and Zygoceros (Bacillariophyceae) with evidence for the new family Odontellaceae and a description of three new genera

FIGURES 139–143. Pseudictyota bicorne (Cleve) P.A. Sims & D.M. Williams (Thursday Island, Queensland, Australia). Fig. 139. Rhombic valve exterior with elevations at opposing narrow apices, valve margin expanded midway between elevations; valve covered in irregular pattern of false pseudoloculi, mantle incurved and attached to expanded hyaline valve margin by costae; scale bar = 10 μm. Fig. 140. Valve and attached valvocopula tilted showing interior with regular uninterrupted radial rows of poroid areolae; scale bar = 10 μm. Fig. 141. Mantle view with barely raised elevations, an ocellus on summit and raised valve centre; scale bar = 3 μm. Fig. 142. Detail of false pseudoloculi, basal layer with poroid areolae most occluded by cribra with a specialised pore (arrow) in most sectors; scale bar = 1 μm. Fig. 143. Interior, midway between elevations, opening from submarginal rimoportula (arrow) and expanded pars interior of valvocopula (typical of the genus); scale bar = 1 μm.

FIGURES 133–138 in Examination of type specimens for the genera Odontella and Zygoceros (Bacillariophyceae) with evidence for the new family Odontellaceae and a description of three new genera

FIGURES 133–138. Pseudictyota dubium (Brightwell) P.A. Sims & D.M. Williams (Clarence River, New South Wales, Australia). Fig. 133. Hexagonal valve exterior with attached valvocopula, alternate apices with short elevations an ocellus at each summit, irregular pattern of false pseudoloculi covering valve, those at valve centre larger, valve margin expanded with costae linking valve mantle to mantle; scale bar = 10 μm. Fig. 134. Valve interior with uninterrupted radial rows of poroid areolae and openings from three submarginal rimoportulae positioned within apices alternating with elevations; scale bar = 10 μm. Fig. 135. Irregular false pseudoloculi, basal layer with poroid areolae most occluded by raised cribra with larger specialised pore (arrow) in most sectors; scale bar = 3 μm. Fig. 136.Elevation with ocellus facing outwards, costae with branched ends linking mantle to outer edge of expanded valve margin; scale bar = 5 μm. Fig. 137. Alternate angle with opening from rimoportula (arrow); scale bar = 5 μm. Fig.138. Internal view with uninterrupted rows of poroid areolae and opening from rimoportula (arrow); scale bar = 4 μm.

FIGURES 122–128 in Examination of type specimens for the genera Odontella and Zygoceros (Bacillariophyceae) with evidence for the new family Odontellaceae and a description of three new genera

FIGURES 122–128. Pseudictyota plana (A. Schmidt) P.A. Sims & D.M. Williams (Port Shepstone, Natal, South Africa). Fig. 122. Exterior bipolar valve with barely raised elevations at apices and irregular network of false pseudoloculi covering valve face and mantle; scale bar = 10 μm. Fig. 123. Interior with attached valvocopula, transapically aligned uninterrupted rows of poroid areolae becoming radially aligned at apices meeting a short central sternum; scale bar = 10 μm. Fig.124.. Reproduction of pl. 121, fig. 7 for Biddulphia plana A.Schmidt (1888). Fig. 125. Ocellus at summit of elevation with buttressed opening of rimoportula at base; scale bar = 10 μm. Fig. 126. Irregular pattern of false pseudoloculi, basal poroid areolae mostly occluded by cribra with a specialised pore (arrow) in most sectors; scale bar = 2 μm. Fig. 127. Tripolar valve exterior with irregular arrangement of false pseudoloculi and barely raised elevation with rimmed ocellus at apices; scale bar = 10 μm. Fig.128.False pseudoloculi with basal layer of poroid areolae mostly occluded by cribra with occasional specialised pore; scale bar = 1 μm.

FIGURES 129–132 in Examination of type specimens for the genera Odontella and Zygoceros (Bacillariophyceae) with evidence for the new family Odontellaceae and a description of three new genera

FIGURES 129–132. Pseudictyota moreirae (Fernandes & Souza-Mosimann) P.A. Sims & D.M. Williams (Thursday Island, Queensland, Australia). Fig. 129. Triangular valve exterior with barely raised elevations capped by ocelli at apices, the opening from a rimoportula at each base and irregular network of false pseudoloculi covering valve; scale bar = 10 μm. Fig. 130. False pseudoloculi, papillae on outer wall, basal layer of poroid areolae most occluded by cribra, a specialised pore (arrow) in most sectors; scale bar = 1 μm. Fig. 131. Mantle view with attached girdle bands, rounded mantle incurved where it links to expanded valve margin by costae, surface ridged spinules; scale bar = 10 μm. Fig. 132. Ocellus with hyaline rim, irregular network of false pseudoloculi with surface papillae; scale bar = 2 μm.

FIGURES 117–121 in Examination of type specimens for the genera Odontella and Zygoceros (Bacillariophyceae) with evidence for the new family Odontellaceae and a description of three new genera

FIGURES 117–121. Pseudictyota reticulata (Roper), P.A.Sims & D.M. Williams. nov. sp. Fig. 117. Reproduction of plate 2, figs 13–15 for Biddulphia reticulata from Roper (1859) (not to scale). Fig. 118. Thursday Island, Queensland. Bipolar valve with elevations at apices and irregular network of false pseudoloculi covering valve face and mantle; scale bar = 10 μm. Fig.119. Ambrin, New Hebrides [Ambrym, Vanuatu]. Ocellus at summit of elevation, note expanded hyaline valve margin with raised border and openings from two rimoportulae; scale bar = 1 μm. Fig. 120. Philippines. Mantle view with attached girdle bands; valve covered with ridged spinules; scale bar = 25 μm. Fig. 121. Hog Harbour, New Hebrides [Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu]. False pseudoloculi; basal layer of poroid areolae mostly occluded by raised cribra with a specialised pore (arrow) in most sectors; scale bar = 2 μm.

FIGURES 144–147 in Examination of type specimens for the genera Odontella and Zygoceros (Bacillariophyceae) with evidence for the new family Odontellaceae and a description of three new genera

FIGURES 144–147. Hobaniella longicruris (Greville) P.A. Sims & D.M. Williams (Culture ECT 25v 112–11A, Hunting Island, South Carolina, USA. ex Matt Ashworth). Fig. 144. Circular valve exterior with opposing marginal elevations, two long hollow spines, the openings of rimoportulae lying off the raised valve centre, directed outwards midway between elevations; scale bar = 10 μm. Fig. 145. Detail rimmed ocellus at summit of long elevation, poroid areolae occluded by raised vela with central spinule; scale bar = 4 μm. Fig. 146. Mantle view with long central spine with forked opening, two substantial elevations and broad hyaline valve margin with raised border; note interior with uninterrupted radial rows of poroid areolae; scale bar = 10 μm. Fig. 147. Segment of elevation with occluded poroid areolae and opening from specialised pore (?) (arrow); scale bar = 2 μm.

FIGURES 111–116 in Examination of type specimens for the genera Odontella and Zygoceros (Bacillariophyceae) with evidence for the new family Odontellaceae and a description of three new genera

FIGURES 111–116. Odontella rostrata (Hustedt) Simonsen (Redfish Bay, Aransas County, Texas, USA, ECT 3828 TX). Fig. 111. Valve exterior flat with elevations at apices, a rimmed ocellus on summit; valve face with raised circular valve centre and two opposing transapically aligned hollow spines off centre; spinules covering valve, some linking valve centre to foot of elevations and mantle; a broad hyaline expanded valve margin with a raised border surrounds the valve face; scale bar = 2 μm. Fig. 112. Valve with radial rows of poroid areolae mostly occluded by raised cribra with occasional specialised pores (arrow); scale bar = 1 μm. Fig. 113. Valve interior with broad hyaline valve margin; scale bar = 1 μm. Fig. 114. Detail of valve interior with openings from two rimoportulae; scale bar = 1 μm. Fig. 115. Mantle view of valve with attached girdle bands showing indented valve mantle and an outwardly directed elevation at each pole; scale bar = 2 μm. Fig. 116. Valve tilted with two long hollow spines off valve centre, the exterior openings of rimoportulae; scale bar = 1 μm.