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Figures 31–37 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation

Figures 31–37. Asphondylia monacha, larva: 31, head and prothorax; 32–34, spatula of spring-generation larvae; 35– 37, spatula of summer-generation larvae. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figures 45–49 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation

Figures 45–49. Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov.: 45, male head; 46, female head; 47, female flagellomeres 10–12; 48, male terminalia, dorsal; 49, male hypoprocts showing intraspecific morphological diversity. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figures 28–30 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation

Figures 28–30. Asphondylia monacha, male terminalia: 28, dorsal; 29, ventral; 30, lateral. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figures 23–27 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation

Figures 23–27. Asphondylia monacha: 23, male flagellomere 5; 24, female flagellomere 5; 25, female flagellomeres 10– 12; 26, female abdomen; 27, male abdomen. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figures 1–6 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation

Figures 1–6. Asphondylia bud galls: 1, 2, Asphondylia monacha spring galls on Solidago altissima sprouts; 3, Asphondylia monacha summer-generation gall on Solidago juncea; 4, Asphondylia monacha summer-generation gall on Solidago erecta; 5, Asphondylia sp. gall on Solidago sempervirens (photo: Charley Eiseman); 6, Asphondylia sp. gall on Solidago bicolor.

Figures 15–22 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation

Figures 15–22. Galls: 15, Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov. inflorescence gall on Euthamia graminifolia; 16, Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov. snap gall on Euthamia graminifolia; 17, Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov. rosette galls on Euthamia graminifolia; 18, Asphondylia sp. from Solidago sp. (photo: Tom Murray); 19, 20, Asphondylia silva sp. nov. galls on Solidago caesia; 21, Clinodiplosis comitis sp. nov. larvae around Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov. bud gall; 22, Galeopsomia haemon 'internal galls' inside Asphondylia pseudorosa sp. nov. bud gall.

Figures 7–14 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation

Figures 7–14. Galls: 7, 8, Asphondylia solidaginis snap galls on Solidago altissima; 9, Asphondylia solidaginis snap galls on Solidago gigantea; 10, Asphondylia solidaginis pupa in snap gall on Solidago altissima – gall was cut open to show pupa in fungus-lined chamber; 11, 12, Asphondylia rosulata sp. nov. snap galls on Solidago rugosa; 13, Asphondylia solidaginis rosette gall on Solidago altissima; 14, Asphondylia rosulata sp. nov. rosette gall on Solidago rugosa.

Figure 9 in New records of non-indigenous Branchiomma and Parasabella species (Sabellidae: Annelida) in South Australia highlight the continuing challenges for sabellid taxonomy

Figure 9. Parasabella sp. 1, micrographs of preserved specimens detailing (a) inferior thoracic chaetae; and (b) thoracic uncini with companion chaetae. From micrographs, line drawings detailing shapes of (c) inferior chaetae; and (d) thoracic uncini. AM W.49870.001. AM: Australian Museum voucher number.

Figure 6 in New records of non-indigenous Branchiomma and Parasabella species (Sabellidae: Annelida) in South Australia highlight the continuing challenges for sabellid taxonomy

Figure 6. Parasabella sp. 1, live specimen. (a) whole body; (b) detail of radiolar crown. AM W.49870.001. AM: Australian Museum voucher number.

Figure 7 in New records of non-indigenous Branchiomma and Parasabella species (Sabellidae: Annelida) in South Australia highlight the continuing challenges for sabellid taxonomy

Figure 7. Parasabella sp. 1, drawing of cross section of radiole showing supporting vacuolated cells (with nuclei). Upper side of drawing shows outer margin of radiole, with columnar epithelial cells indicated in grey. Pinnules shown at the base of the image, with blood vessel in black.

Figure 4 in New records of non-indigenous Branchiomma and Parasabella species (Sabellidae: Annelida) in South Australia highlight the continuing challenges for sabellid taxonomy

Figure 4. Branchiomma sp. B, scanning electron microscope images. (a) anterior thoracic chaetigers and radiolar crown, dorsal view. (b) same, ventral view. (c) thoracic chaetigers showing ventral shield in contact with neuropodial tori. (d) same, lateral view. (e) detail of unpaired basal stylodes, ventral view. (f) detail of radiolar appendages of dorsal lips. (g) radioles with paired strap-like macrostylodes. (h) mid-thoracic chaetae, narrowly hooded. (i) row of mid-thoracic uncini. (j) detail of mid-thoracic uncini showing 2–3 rows of teeth. (k) abdominal uncini showing 3 rows of teeth. a, b, f–h: AM W.49867.001; d, k: AM W.49868.001. c, e, i, j: AM W.49869.001. AM: Australian Museum voucher number.

Figure 5 in New records of non-indigenous Branchiomma and Parasabella species (Sabellidae: Annelida) in South Australia highlight the continuing challenges for sabellid taxonomy

Figure 5. Branchiomma sp. B. (a) micrograph of preserved specimens detailing thoracic uncini; (b) from micrographs, line drawing detailing shape of thoracic uncini. AM W.49869.001. AM: Australian Museum voucher number.

Figure 8 in New records of non-indigenous Branchiomma and Parasabella species (Sabellidae: Annelida) in South Australia highlight the continuing challenges for sabellid taxonomy

Figure 8. Parasabella sp. 1, scanning electron microscope images. (a) anterior thoracic chaetigers and base of radiolar crown, dorsal view. (b) same, lateral view. (c) same, ventral view, with ventral shields in contact with neuropodial tori. (d) collar chaetae, narrowly hooded. (e) mid-thoracic chaetae, narrowly hooded superior notochaete and broadly hooded inferior. (f) detail of mid-thoracic uncini. (g) mid-thoracic chaetae row with companion chaetae. (h) detail of companion chaetae. (i) complete row of uncini and chaetae in abdominal notopodia. (j) detail of abdominal uncini. a: AM W.49871.001. b–j: AM W.49870.001. AM: Australian Museum voucher number.

Figure 2 in New records of non-indigenous Branchiomma and Parasabella species (Sabellidae: Annelida) in South Australia highlight the continuing challenges for sabellid taxonomy

Figure 2. Maximum likelihood topologies. (a) of internal transcribed spacer fragment (ITS1) of Branchiomma and related species; (b) A, of ITS1 of Parasabella and related species; (c) Cytochrome oxidase I (cox1). Bootstrap supports shown on nodes if>50. Species clades have been collapsed for simplification. SA: South Australia. Scale bar: average of nucleotide substitutions per site.

Figure 1 in New records of non-indigenous Branchiomma and Parasabella species (Sabellidae: Annelida) in South Australia highlight the continuing challenges for sabellid taxonomy

Figure 1. Idealised drawings of morphological features showing measurements taken for species comparison. (a) chaeta (A, shaft width; B, hood maximum width; C, hood total length). (b) uncini (D, length of main fang; E, length of neck; F, breast length; G, distance of breast to main fang; H, length of handle).

Figure 3 in New records of non-indigenous Branchiomma and Parasabella species (Sabellidae: Annelida) in South Australia highlight the continuing challenges for sabellid taxonomy

Figure 3. Branchiomma sp. B, live specimen. (a) AM W.49868.001, anterior ventral view of thorax and radiolar crown; (b) AM W.49869.001, detail of radiolar pigmentation and macrostylodes. AM: Australian Museum voucher number.

Figure 103 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation

Figure 103. Phylogenetic tree of Asphondylia species associated with goldenrods based on Bayesian analysis of partial sequence of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochondrial gene. Support values are shown next to nodes.

Figures 96–101 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation

Figures 96–101. Youngomyia podophyllae: 96, male terminalia, dorsal; 97, male terminalia, inset, ventral; 98, female post-abdomen; 99, proximal part of larval spatula with associated papillae; 100, larval head and prothorax; 101, pupal exuviae, head. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figure 104 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation

Figure 104. Phylogenetic tree of Asphondylia species associated with goldenrods based on combined Bayesian analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochondrial and elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) genes. Support values are shown next to nodes. Colours refer to host-plant species; icons on branches refer to galled plant organ. Rectangular brackets on right indicate species boundaries.

Figures 88–95 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Asphondylia species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of North American goldenrods: challenging morphology, complex host associations, and cryptic speciation

Figures 88–95. Youngomyia podophyllae: 88, head; 89, female flagellomere 3; 90, female flagellomere 12; 91, acropod (second tiny tooth on claw not shown); 92, wing; 93, male flagellomere 3; 94, male flagellomere 8; 95, male flagellomere 12. Scale bars: 0.1 mm, except 1 mm for wing.