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opencc-by-4.0May 2020View details →

Figure 1 in Variation in glyphosate effects and accumulation in emergent macrophytes

Figure 1. Representative replicates of the control treatment (tap water) and glyphosate (Roundup WeatherMAX® formulation) concentrations of 8% (43.2 g L-1) and 5% (27.0 g L-1) on day 4, 11 and 27 post-exposure. Each replicate (blue bucket) contained one pot of Typha latifolia (in the back), one pot of Typha × glauca (in the front), and one pot of Phragmites australis (on the left), and was sprayed with 50 mL of the respective treatment solution evenly covering aboveground plant tissues. Photos by Verena Sesin.

Figure 5 in It's a Trap! An evaluation of different passive trap types to effectively catch and control the invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in streams of the Santa Monica Mountains

Figure 5. Mean crayfish counts by size (cm) class across twelve trap types with standard error bars.

Figure 2 in It's a Trap! An evaluation of different passive trap types to effectively catch and control the invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in streams of the Santa Monica Mountains

Figure 2. Six standard, base trap types used in this study; a = Steel silver Gee Minnow trap, b = Vinyl coated black Promar Minnow trap, c = Mountain Restoration Trust custom design pyramid trap, d = Collapsible red square mesh Promar 501 trap, e = Colapsible cylindrical black mesh Promar 503 trap, and f = Mountain Restoration Trust custom PVC tube/refuge traps. Specific modifications to these traps to create the 12 types tested are provided in Table 1.

Figure 1 in It's a Trap! An evaluation of different passive trap types to effectively catch and control the invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in streams of the Santa Monica Mountains

Figure 1. Placement of traps compared in study in Las Virgenes Creek within Malibu Creek State Park. Inset shows specific study location within a regional context. Section locations were selected based on their representativeness of habitat types occurring over the entire reach (i.e. amount of riffle, runs and pools being comparable) and presence of suitable habitat for trap placement and visual observance of crayfish, tadpoles and native chub.

Figure 7 in It's a Trap! An evaluation of different passive trap types to effectively catch and control the invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in streams of the Santa Monica Mountains

Figure 7. Mean catches by stream habitat type. Differences in mean catches between stream Pools vs. Runs was evaluated using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. * P-value <0.05.

Figure 3 in It's a Trap! An evaluation of different passive trap types to effectively catch and control the invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in streams of the Santa Monica Mountains

Figure 3. Mean catch per trap type with standard errors. Letters indicate significantly different mean counts within groups.

Figure 6 in It's a Trap! An evaluation of different passive trap types to effectively catch and control the invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in streams of the Santa Monica Mountains

Figure 6. Mean chub counts by size class across twelve trap types with standard error bars. Size classes include small as ≤ 60mm, medium as 61–89 mm, and large as 89–150mm as described by O'Brien et al. (2011).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2019View details →

Figure 1 in Effects of Palmer Amaranth (Amoronthus polmeri) Establishment Time and Distance from the Crop Row on Biological and Phenological Characteristics of the Weed: Implications on Soybean Yield

Figure 1. Schematic representation of the experimental setup depicting the distance of Amoronthus polmeri (AMAPA) from the crop (i.e., 0, 24, and 48 cm from the soybean row) and the sequence of A. polmeri establishment time (i.e., 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 wk after soybean emergence [WAE] or AMAPA-0, AMAPA-1, AMAPA-2, AMAPA-4, AMAPA-6, and AMAPA-8, respectively). Each treatment combination (i.e., establishment time × distance from the crop) was applied only to one randomly selected experimental plot per replication.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2016View details →

Fig. 2 in Effect of the height and distribution pattern of pheromone-baited traps on the capture of Scyphophorus acupunctatus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) on blue agave (Asparagales: Asparagaceae)

Fig. 2. Mean (+ SE) numbers and sex ratios of Scyphophorus acupunctatus weevils captured per trap with various distribution pattern of traps in the field. Treatments with similar letters are not significantly different (Tukey's test, a = 0.05).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2016View details →

Fig. 1 in Effect of the height and distribution pattern of pheromone-baited traps on the capture of Scyphophorus acupunctatus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) on blue agave (Asparagales: Asparagaceae)

Fig. 1. Distribution and arrangement of traps in the experiment of distribution pattern of traps, using 4 treatments: 1) traps placed in a triangle pattern with an inter-trap distance of 100 m; 2) traps placed a square with an inter-trap distance of 100 m; 3) traps placed in a triangle with an inter-trap distance of 200 m; and 4) traps placed in a square with an inter-trap distance of 200 m.

opencc-by-nc-3.0Jun 2023View details →

FTIR Microscopy for Direct Observation of Conformational Changes on Immobilized ω-Transaminase: Effect of Water Activity and Organic Solvent on Biocatalyst Performance

Enzyme immobilization is a key strategy to expand the scope of enzyme applications and to enable the recycling of biocatalysts, resulting in greener and more cost-efficient processes. The full exploitation of the technology advantages is strictly connected to the optimal selection of the carriers and the rational development of the immobilization protocol. The present study achieved such objectives by investigating the activity of a ω-transaminase in organic solvent (toluene) upon immobilization on commercially controlled porosity glass carriers (EziG™) with diverse porosity and surface functionalization. In addition to more conventional wet-chemistry approaches and confocal microscopy, infrared microspectroscopy and imaging were exploited to highlight the enzyme distribution in a label-free manner and provide details on the immobilized enzyme's conformation with respect to the native form. Contrary to what could be expected, the highest activity of the enzyme in organic solvent was achieved for the immobilization protocol on the most hydrophilic support that more severely affects the enzyme secondary structure, promoting a beta-sheet rich folding. Experimental data show that values of water activity above 0.90 in the reaction system had a positive effect on the efficiency of the transaminase reaction. The present study represents the first example of rational development of immobilization protocols relying on direct observation of the enzyme conformation upon immobilization, shedding light on the mutual interaction between the diverse process parameters and the carrier properties.

Figure 3 in Effect of Vicia sativa L. on Motility, Mortality and Expression Levels of hsp Genes in J2 Stage of Meloidogyne hapla

Figure 3: Influence of Vicia sativa cv. Ina diffusate treatment on Hsp gene expression in Meloidogyne Hapla J2 stage. Each value represents the mean ± s.d. of three biological replicates. The expression levels are indicated as the fold-change normalized to the control (untreated diffusate), normalized to the value of 1 (dashed line). Values were expressed as the mean fold difference, and statistically significant differences between treated and control samples are shown; *p≤0.01 based on t-Student test.

Figure 2 in Effect of Vicia sativa L. on Motility, Mortality and Expression Levels of hsp Genes in J2 Stage of Meloidogyne hapla

Figure 2: Distribution of 36 combinations of temperatures, cultivars, and variants in the space of the first two canonical variables.

Figure 1 in Effect of Vicia sativa L. on Motility, Mortality and Expression Levels of hsp Genes in J2 Stage of Meloidogyne hapla

Figure 1: Dendrogram of the nearest neighbour cluster grouping of combinations of temperature, cultivars, and variants on the basis of four traits.

Figure 3 in Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and their Effects on Ornamental Plants: A Review

Figure 3: Hot water dipping tank (A) and the interior of the tank (B) at a commercial nursery in Michigan.

Figure 2 in Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and their Effects on Ornamental Plants: A Review

Figure 2: Light micrograph of an adult male (A) and head (B) of Aphelenchoides spp. extracted from Heliopsis spp. leaves. Angular lesions (C,D) on the leaves of two varieties of Heliopsis spp. infected with Aphelenchoides spp.

Figure 1 in Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and their Effects on Ornamental Plants: A Review

Figure 1: Light micrograph of Meloidogyne hapla second-stage juvenile (A) extracted from a daylily field at a commercial nursery in Michigan. Daylily roots were taken from the same field showing galling and stunting due to M. hapla infection (B) compared to healthy roots (C).

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Figure 1 in Soybean Cyst Nematode Population Development and Its Effect on Pennycress in a Greenhouse Study

Figure 1: Influence of inoculation level and crop treatment on final SCN egg population density in the greenhouse evaluation experiment. Soybean-S was soybean genotype 'Sturdy'; PC-MN103 was pennycress genotype 'MN103'; PC-MN106 was pennycress genotype 'MN106'; and PC-MN108 was pennycress genotype 'MN108'. The genotypes were sourced from the University of Minnesota pennycress and soybean breeding programs. Error bars denote standard error. Within an inoculation level, bars with the same lowercase letter did not differ in SCN population density using Tukey–Kramer least-square means (P <0.05). SCN, soybean cyst nematode.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

Spectroscopic data of the compounds published in "The Effect of Selenium-Based Ligands on Tungsten Acetylene Complexes"

Here, the uploaded data are associated with the manuscript "The Effect of Selenium-Based Ligands on Tungsten Acetylene Complexes" published in Inorg. Chem. under the following doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01636 The .dpt files represent IR spectra of the compounds published in the manuscript. The .scv files represent NMR spectra of the compounds and reactions published in the manuscript. The labeling of the compounds and reactions follows the one in the published manuscript.