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Figure 3 in Abrupt boundaries between mountain meadows and forests separate ground-dwelling invertebrate communities: a case study from South Tyrol, Italy

Figure 3. Boxplots with jitter of ground-dwelling macro-invertebrate activity densities from montane meadows and mixed forests in South Tyrol, Italy. Each data point represents a pitfall trap along a linear transect starting from extensively managed hay meadows ('MM' and 'M') across an abrupt ecotone ('E') towards mixed forest stands ('F' and 'FF'). Significant differences between the habitat plots (i.e. on the X-axes) according to GLM and Tukey's HSD post-hoc tests are indicated with different letters at top of each plot.

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Figure 2 in Sexual dimorphism in Trachylepis vittata (Olivier, 1804) (Sauria: Scincidae) in the Zagros Mountains, western Iran

Figure 2. Ordination of male and female specimens of Trachylepis vittata on the first 2 principal components. Note the relatively high degree of separation along PC1.

Fig. 12 in Two New Species of Testate Amoebae from Mountain Forest Soils of Japan and Redescription of the Genus Deharvengia Bonnet, 1979

Fig. 12. Assulina discoides: broad (left) and lateral (right) views. 1–4 – characters of the test measured (see Table 2).

Figs 7–10 in Two New Species of Testate Amoebae from Mountain Forest Soils of Japan and Redescription of the Genus Deharvengia Bonnet, 1979

Figs 7–10. Light microscopical (LM) micrographs of Deharvengia japonica. 7 – ventral view; 8 – ventro-lateral view; 9 – apertural view; 10 – lateral view.

Figs 3–6 in Two New Species of Testate Amoebae from Mountain Forest Soils of Japan and Redescription of the Genus Deharvengia Bonnet, 1979

Figs 3–6. Scanning electron microscopical (SEM) micrographs of Deharvengia japonica. 3–4 – dorsal view; 5 – dorsal view of the apertural cap; 6 – flat clavate spines on the side of the test.

Fig. 2 in Two New Species of Testate Amoebae from Mountain Forest Soils of Japan and Redescription of the Genus Deharvengia Bonnet, 1979

Fig. 2. Outline of Deharvengia japonica: ventral (left) and lateral (right) views. 1–7 – characters of the test measured (see Table 1).

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Figure 2 in Faunistic review and description of a new species of Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from the Strandzha Mountains (Bulgaria and Turkey)

Figure 2. Bryaxis fronticornis sp. nov. (holotype male): a) habitus (scale: 0.75 mm); b) head (scale: 0.43 mm); c) left scapus in dorsal view (scale: 0.1 mm); d, e) abdominal tergite VIII – ventral and posteroventral views (scale: 0.17 mm); f, g) aedeagus – dorsal and lateral view (scale: 0.14 mm).

Fig. 20 A in New Trees Identified In The Petrified Forest Of Middle Miocene From Zarand, Apuseni Mountains, Romania.

Fig. 20 A transect by the reconstructed Badenian forest of Zarand (from Iamandei, S., 2002). identified tree species allow a phytoecological analysis, structure. Also, the structure of fibro-vascular bundles revealing the plants' thermal tolerance, the soil and air may suggest the current group of palm trees as extant relatives (Tomlinson, 1961, 1990). humidity, the palaeoaltitude, the relationships and inter- The sclerenchyma cap of "lunaria" type (Stenzel, 1904), actions within the biocoenosis, the palaeophytocoenosis the f/v ratio less than 1, the sieved plate of undivised itself, the succession of phenophases in a mixed conifertype, the metaxylem vessels in number of 5-7, of which ous forest, and the dynamics of the local vegetation durtwo are larger and laterally arranged, the group of 7-11 ing the Late Badenian. The paleoclimate analysis is relatsmaller protoxylem vessels with thickened walls, protect- ed to the neighborhood of the Paratethys, where the ed by a sheath of parenchyma whose the marginal cells Zarand Basin evolved. That forest was a mixed mesoare thickened and sclerified walls, the absence of the tab- phytic forest, attitudinally storied, with remains of preular parenchyma could suggest some resemblance to our Miocene sempervirent vegetation of paratropical or subspecimen with a current Sabaloid Palms. tropical climate, suggesting a Miocene pluvial mixed The comparison with fossil taxa described until now mesophytic forest of warm-temperate climate. shows a possible resemblance to the form described by This mixed mesophytic forest with Lauraceae and Coni- Grambast (1962), but since the longitudinal sections are fers, include the following genera: Tetraclinoxylon, Thunot very revealing and due to the xylotomical similitudes joxylon, Chamaecyparixylon, Cupressinoxylon, Taxodiof our specimen with the current Sabaloid Palms, we oxylon, Sequoioxylon, Pinuxylon, Magnolioxylon, Cinname it Rhizopalmoxylon sp. aff. sabaloides. namomoxylon, Spiroplatanoxylon (not Icacinoxylon), Liquidambaroxylon, Eucaryoxylon, Rhysocaryoxyton, CONCLUSIONS Pterocaryoxylon (?), Fagoxylon, Quercoxylon, Alnoxylon, Populoxylon, Salicoxylon, Nyssoxylon, Pa- Twenty years ago we started the study of the Middle Mi- raphyllanthoxylon, Piranheoxylon, Aceroxylon, Fraxocene Petrified Forest from Zarand, Apuseni Mountains, inoxylon, and Rhizopalmoxylon, taking into account new and it still remained an important topic of further re- palaeoxylotomical identifications. searches even after many field trips in the region. Thus, In this paper we present some newly identified woods or many hundreds of petrified wood samples collected from reattributed to other taxon as new combinations from the there were prepared and studied, and much of them are Mid-Miocene Zarand Petrified Forest of Zarand that will still in various stages of study. Their identification in- complete the upward list with 15 new taxa, as it follows. crease the number of fossil trees from the Badenian forest Conifers: Cupressinoxylon sp., Thujoxylon sp., of the Tălagiu island. Chamaecyparixylon sp., Taxodioxylon taxodii Gothan, This study could support a more precise palaeoenviron- Sequoioxylon gypsaceum (Goepp.) Greguss, Sequoioxymental and palaeoclimatic reconstruction. The geological lon multiseriatum Ramanujam et Stewart, comb.nov. evolution of the Tălagiu caldera allowed the best condi- Agiosperms: Liquidambaroxylon speciosum Felix, Fagtions for silicification of the remains of the Mid-Miocene oxylon subcaucasicum Privé et Brousse, Fagoxylon crisforest occurring on the slopes of the volcano. Over 40 tallophorum van der Burgh, Quercoxylon sarmaticum Starostin & Trelea, Paraphyllanthoxylon botarii sp. nov.,

Fig. 18 in New Trees Identified In The Petrified Forest Of Middle Miocene From Zarand, Apuseni Mountains, Romania.

Fig. 18 Aceroxylon pravalense sp.nov. a - cross section: semi-ring-porous wood, solitary vessels, fine to broad rays, less distinct ring boundary - x50; b, c - cross-section: fine and multiseriate rays, solitary vessels, less distinct ring boundary - x100; d, e, f - tangential section: fine and multiseriate fusiform rays, vessels with almost horizontal simple perforated plates - x100; g, h, i - radial section: simple perforations (g), bad preserved opposite pitting (h) cystalliferous cross-field (i) - x200.

Fig. 15 in New Trees Identified In The Petrified Forest Of Middle Miocene From Zarand, Apuseni Mountains, Romania.

Fig. 15 Piranheoxylon perfectum sp. nov. a - cross section: diffuse-porous to semi-ring-porous wood, solitary and grouped vessels - x50; b, c - cross-section: 2-3-seriate rays with obvious dilations at the ring boundary, solitary vessels, thick-walled fibres - x100; d - tangential section: biseriate rays, tall - x100; Photos e-f - tangential section: scalariform intervascular pitting - x200; g - radial section: storeyed scalariform perforations - x100; h, i - radial section: scalariform perforation (h), crossfields with numerous scalariform piting - x200.

Fig. 14 in New Trees Identified In The Petrified Forest Of Middle Miocene From Zarand, Apuseni Mountains, Romania.

Fig. 14 Paraphyllanthoxylon botarii sp. nov. a, b - cross section: semi-ring-porous wood, solitary and grouped vessels, 1-3- seriate rays, parenchyma as short tangential lines - x50; c - cross-section: solitary vessels, thick-walled fibres - x100; d-f - tangential section: 2-3-seriate fusiform, parenchyma, septate fibers, alternate, numerous intervascular pitting - x100; g, h, i - radial section: simple perforations, cross-fields with numerous simple pitting - x200.

Fig. 11 in New Trees Identified In The Petrified Forest Of Middle Miocene From Zarand, Apuseni Mountains, Romania.

Fig. 11 Fagoxylon subcaucasicum Privé et Brousse, 1969. a, b - cross section: difuse-porous wood, two sized rays, ray dilation at ring boundary - x50; Photo c - cross-section: distinct ring boundary, diffuse porous structure - x100; d, e - tangential section: broad fusiform rays, vessels - x100; f - tangential section: badly preserved pitting - oval horizontal opposite pits to scalariform - x200; g, h - radial section: simple perforation, and scalariform piting on vessels - x200; i - radial section: scalariform cross fields with vessels - x200.

Fig. 7 Taxodioxylon taxodii Gothan, 1906. a in New Trees Identified In The Petrified Forest Of Middle Miocene From Zarand, Apuseni Mountains, Romania.

Fig. 7 Taxodioxylon taxodii Gothan, 1906. a - cross section: distinct growth-ring boundary - x50; b, c - cross-section: distinct growth boundary thick-walled tracheids in late wood, dispersed parenchyma - x100; d - tangential section: tracheids few pitted, parenchyma with resin content - x200; e, f - tangential section: tracheids few spaced pitted, parenchyma with resin content (e) and end horizontal denticulate walls (f) - x200; g-i - radial section: radial pitting on tracheids, cross-fields with 2-4 pits on two storeys - x200.

Fig. 6 in New Trees Identified In The Petrified Forest Of Middle Miocene From Zarand, Apuseni Mountains, Romania.

Fig. 6 Chamaecyparixylon sp. a, b - cross section: not very distinct growth-ring boundary, since early wood disorganization, very thick-walled tracheids in late-wood - x100; c - detail in the early wood disorganization - x200; d - very thick-walled tracheids in late-wood - x200; e - tangential section: uniseriate rays - x200; f-i – radial section: radial uniseriate pits on tracheids, cross-fields pits - x200.

Fig. 5 in New Trees Identified In The Petrified Forest Of Middle Miocene From Zarand, Apuseni Mountains, Romania.

Fig. 5 Thujoxylon sp. a, b - cross section: distinct growth-ring boundary, linear rays, very thick-walled tracheids in late-wood - x100-x200; c, d - tangential section: high uniseriate rays - x100; e, f - tangential section: rare small tangential pits on tracheids - x200; g, h - radial section: uniseriate spaced pitting - x200; i - radial section: cross-field pitting - x200.

Fig. 4 in New Trees Identified In The Petrified Forest Of Middle Miocene From Zarand, Apuseni Mountains, Romania.

Fig. 4 Cupressinoxylon sp. a, b - cross section: distinct growth-ring boundary, thick-walled tracheids in late-wood - x100- x200; c - tangential section: uniseriate rays, striated tracheids - x100; d - radial section: pits and striations on tracheids, crossfields - x100; e, f - radial section: striations on tracheids, cupressoid cross-fields - x200; g - radial section: 2-3 seriate pits and striations on tracheids, cupressoid cross-fields - x100; h, i - radial section: 2-3 seriate pits with crassulae on striated tracheids, cupressoid cross-fields - x200.

Fig. 2 in New Trees Identified In The Petrified Forest Of Middle Miocene From Zarand, Apuseni Mountains, Romania.

Fig. 2 Stratigraphical position of the plant remains in Zarand Mountains (from Berbeleac et al., 1984, modified).

Fig. 3 in New Trees Identified In The Petrified Forest Of Middle Miocene From Zarand, Apuseni Mountains, Romania.

Fig. 3 Samples of fossil wood from Mid-Miocene Petrified Forest of Zarand hosted in the National Geological Museum from Bucharest (photo, Iamandei, 2002).

Fig. 1 a in New Trees Identified In The Petrified Forest Of Middle Miocene From Zarand, Apuseni Mountains, Romania.

Fig. 1 a Geological sketch of Romania, with location of Tălagiu caldera in the Apuseni Mountains (Geological Institute editor); b Detail of Tălagiu caldera with the studied area, in rectangle (Excerpt from Geological Map of Romania, Scale 1:200,000 - Sheet 17-Brad, Geological Institute editor).