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Fig. 13 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 13. Pholcophora mazatlan Huber sp. nov., female from Mexico, Guerrero, 2 km N of Mazatlán (ZFMK Mex209). A. Prosoma, frontal view. B. Epigynum, ventral view. C. Spinnerets; asterisk: PMS. D. Anterior lateral spinneret. E. Tarsal organ and slit sensillum on tarsus 3. F. Metatarsus-tarsus 1 joint with lyriform organ, dorsal view. G. Tip of right tarsus 3, prolateral view. H. Comb hair (arrow) on tarsus 4, prolateral view. Abbreviations: ep = epigynum (main epigynal plate); pep = posterior epigynal plate. Scale bars: A–B = 100 µm; C = 20 µm; D, F–H = 10 µm; E = 2 µm.
Fig. 10 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 10. Pholcophora mazatlan Huber sp. nov.; male holotype from Mexico, Guerrero, N of Mazatlán (LATLAX). A–B. Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. C–E. Left palpal tarsus and procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. F–H. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Abbreviations: dp = dorsal process; vf = ventral flap. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.
Fig. 21. Pholcophora texana Gertsch, 1935 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 21. Pholcophora texana Gertsch, 1935, female from Mexico, Hidalgo, SW of Jacala (ZFMK Ar 23952), epigynum. A. Ventral view. B. Lateral view. Scale bar = 0.3 mm (both at same scale).
Fig. 6. Pholcophora americana Banks, 1896, females. A–B in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 6. Pholcophora americana Banks, 1896, females. A–B. From USA, California, Inyo Nat. Forest (ZFMK G089). C–D. From Colorado, near Golden (ZFMK USA16). Epigyna, ventral and lateral views. Abbreviations: ep = epigynum (main epigynal plate); pep = posterior epigynal plate. Scale bar = 0.3 mm (all at same scale).
Fig. 12 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 12. Pholcophora mazatlan Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Guerrero, N of Mazatlán (ZFMK Ar 23943), cleared female genitalia. A, D. Ventral views. B, E. Dorsal views. C, F. Detail of median internal structures. Scale bars: A–B, D–E = 0.2 mm; C, F = 0.1 mm.
Fig. 19. Pholcophora texana Gertsch, 1935 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 19. Pholcophora texana Gertsch, 1935, male from Mexico, Hidalgo, SW of Jacala (ZFMK Ar 23952). Left palp, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrows point at unique brush of modified hairs. Scale bar = 0.3 mm.
Fig. 15 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 15. Pholcophora papanoa Huber sp. nov., male paratype from Mexico, Guerrero, S of Papanoa (ZFMK Ar 23945). A–B. Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. C–E. Left palpal tarsus and procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. F–H. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Abbreviation: dp, dorsal process. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.
Fig. 4. Pholcophora americana Banks, 1896 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 4. Pholcophora americana Banks, 1896, male from USA, Colorado, near Golden (ZFMK Kra55). Left palp, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; co = coxa; fe = femur; p = procursus; pa = patella; ta = tarsus; ti = tibia; tr = trochanter. Scale bar = 0.3 mm.
Fig. 11 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 11. Pholcophora mazatlan Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Guerrero, N of Mazatlán (ZFMK Ar 23943). Epigyna, ventral and lateral views. Scale bar = 0.3 mm (all at same scale).
Fig. 24. Pholcophora texana Gertsch, 1935 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 24. Pholcophora texana Gertsch, 1935, female from Mexico, Hidalgo, 2.5 km SW of Jacala (ZFMK Mex341). A. Detail of femur 2, retrolateral view. B. Detail of tibia 4, retrolateral view. C. Patella-tibia 1 joint, retrolateral view. D. Metatarsus-tarsus 2 joint, retrolateral view. E. Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1. F. Detail of tarsus 1, showing pseudosegmentation. G. Tip of tarsus 2, retrolateral view. H. Tip of tarsus 4, prolateral view, showing comb-hair (arrow). Scale bars: A–B, D–H = 10 µm; C = 20 µm.
Fig. 14 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 14. Pholcophora papanoa Huber sp. nov., male paratype from Mexico, Guerrero, S of Papanoa (ZFMK Ar 23945). Left palp, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Scale bar = 0.3 mm.
Fig. 32 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 32. Pholcophora? "Cu12-325", female from Cuba, Santiago de Cuba, Siboney (ZFMK Cu12-325). A–B. Habitus, dorsal and lateral views. C–D. Abdomen, ventral and lateral views. E. Cleared female genitalia, ventral view. F. Detail of median internal structures, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B = 1 mm; C–D = 0.3 mm; E–F = 0.1 mm.
Fig. 8. Pholcophora americana Banks, 1896 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 8. Pholcophora americana Banks, 1896, female from USA, Colorado, near Golden (ZFMK USA16). A. Prosoma, frontal view. B. Right spinnerets. C. Anterior lateral spinneret. D. Detail of tibia 1. E. Detail of metatarsus 4. F. Tarsal organ on tarsus 1. G. Tarsal organ and slit sensillum on tarsus 3. H. Tarsal organ on tarsus 4. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B–E, G = 10 µm; F, H = 2 µm.
Fig. 18 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 18. Pholcophora papanoa Huber sp. nov., female from Mexico, Guerrero, S of Papanoa (ZFMK Mex216). A. Ocular area, frontal view. B. Right chelicera, lateral view, showing absence of stridulatory file. C. Epigynum, posterior view. D. Spinnerets. E. Palpal tarsal organ (and base of 'regular' hair). F. Prolateral trichobothrium on tibia 2. Abbreviations: ep = epigynum (main epigynal plate); pep = posterior epigynal plate. Scale bars: A, C = 100 µm; B, F = 20 µm; D = 10 µm; E = 2 µm.
Fig. 17 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 17. Pholcophora papanoa Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Guerrero, S of Papanoa (ZFMK Ar 23945), cleared female genitalia. A, D. Ventral views. B, E. Dorsal views. C, F. Detail of median internal structures. Scale bars: A–B, D–E = 0.2 mm; C, F = 0.05 mm.
Fig. 26 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 26. Pholcophora tehuacan Huber sp. nov., male paratype from Mexico, Puebla, SE of Tehuacan (ZFMK Ar 23949). A–B. Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. C–E. Left palpal tarsus and procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. F–G. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Abbreviations: dp = distal process; rda = retrolateral-dorsal apophysis. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
Fig. 1 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 1. Relationships of Pholcophora Banks, 1896 and Tolteca Huber, 2000 derived from analysis of molecular data using IQ-Tree and the ClipKIT gappy trimming strategy. Newly generated CO1 sequences (codes starting with N) were combined with data from Eberle et al. (2018) (all other codes). Numbers on the branches are SH-aLRT supports (%). The tree shows only the ingroups and the Ninetinae outgroups. Clade colours are as in Figs 2 and 35. For the complete tree, and for clade support using different alignment strategies, see Supp. file 1: Fig. S76. Photos on the right from top to bottom: Tolteca manzanillo Huber sp. nov.; Papiamenta savonet Huber, 2000; Pholcophora papanoa Huber sp. nov.
Fig. 22. Pholcophora texana Gertsch, 1935 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 22. Pholcophora texana Gertsch, 1935, females from Mexico, Hidalgo, SW of Jacala (ZFMK Ar 23952). A–B. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. C–D. Detail of median internal structures in two different specimens (slightly different angles of view). Scale bars: A–B = 0.2 mm; C–D = 0.1 mm.
Sixty-years of community-science data suggest earlier fall migration and short-stopping of several species of waterfowl in North America
<p>Worldwide, migratory phenology and movement of many bird species are shifting in response to anthropogenic climate and habitat changes. However, due to variation among species and a shortage of analyses, changes in waterfowl migration, particularly in the fall, are not well understood. Fall migration phenology and movement patterns dictate waterfowl hunting success and satisfaction, with cascading implications on economies and support for habitat management and securement. Using 60 years of band recovery data for waterfowl banded in the Canadian Prairie Pothole Region (PPR), we evaluated whether fall migration timing and/or distribution changed in Mallard (<em>Anas</em> <em>platyrhynchos</em>), Northern Pintail (<em>A. acuta</em>), and Blue-winged Teal (<em>Spatula</em> <em>discors</em>) between 1960 and 2019. We found that in the Midcontinent Flyways, Mallards and Blue-winged Teal migrated faster in more recent time periods, while Northern Pintail began fall migration earlier. In the Pacific Flyway, Mallards began fall migration earlier. Both Mallards and Northern Pintails showed evidence of short-stopping in the Midcontinent Flyways. Indeed, the Mallard and Northern Pintail distribution of band recovery data shifted 180 km and 226 km north respectively from 1960 to 2019. Conversely, Blue-winged Teal recovery distributions were consistent across years. Mallards and Northern Pintails also exhibited an increased proportion of band recoveries in the Pacific Flyway in recent decades. We provide clear evidence that the timing and routes of fall migration have shifted over the past six decades, but these phenological and spatial shifts differ among species. We suggest that using community-science data collected by hunters themselves to explain one of the group's major concerns (changes in duck abundance at traditional hunting grounds), within the environmental lens of climate change, may help lead to further engagement and two-way dialogue to support effective waterfowl management for these culturally and ecologically important species. </p>
Herbarium-Derived Phenological Data in North America
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