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5,666 results for “Social”
Phenotypic architecture of sociality and its associated genetic polymorphisms in zebrafish
<p>Sociality is often seen as a single phenotypic trait, but it relies on motivational and cognitive components implemented by specific causal mechanisms. Hence, these components may have evolved independently, or may have been linked by phenotypic correlations driven by a shared selective pressure for increased social competence. Furthermore, these components may be domain-specific or of general domain across social and non-social contexts. Here we have characterized the phenotypic architecture of sociality in zebrafish, which has been increasingly used as a model organism in social neuroscience. For this purpose, we have behaviorally phenotyped zebrafish from different wild type lines in four tests: social tendency, social and non-social recognition, and open-field test. Our results indicate that: (1) sociality has two main components that are independent from each other (social tendency and social recognition), hence not supporting the occurrence of a sociality syndrome; (2) both social traits are phenotypically linked to non-social traits (non-social exploration and non-social memory, respectively), forming two general behavioral modules, general inspection and general recognition, and suggesting that sociality traits have been co-opted from general-domain motivational and cognitive traits. Moreover, the study of the association between genetic polymorphisms (i.e. single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) and each behavioral module further supports this view, since several SNPs from a list of candidate "social" genes, are statistically associated with the general inspection (motivational), but not with a general recognition (cognitive), behavioral module. The SNPs associated with general inspection are widespread across different chromosomes and include neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and synaptic plasticity genes, suggesting that this behavioral module is regulated by multiple genes, each of them with small effects. Together, these results support the occurrence of general domain motivational and cognitive behavioral modules in zebrafish, which have been co-opted for the social domain.</p>
Exploring the needs of institutional stakeholders involved in the cultural heritage and social innovation sectors
<p>This data set was produced to gather information and lessons learnt from institutional stakeholders directly or indirectly involved in cultural approaches and/or promoting social integration of disadvantaged groups in order to understand what they need to facilitate participatory and inclusive initiatives. </p> <p>The data was gathered across Europe in early 2019 and consists of 90 surveys administered and 17 interviews. 90 surveys were administered to actors working at the intersection of cultural heritage and social innovation. The survey’s goal was to gather insights about the barriers these actors face in the implementation of participatory approaches and the measures adopted to overcome them. Semi-structured interviews (n=17) expanded upon the survey data and were carried out through an opportunistic sample of the survey respondents. The findings provided relevant insights in relation to the configuration of approaches for participatory projects, the main faced barriers, and the achieved level of impact.</p> <p>The original dataset has been processed by removing details and parts that might compromise the anonymity of the participant. </p> <p>This work is supported by the European Union’s Horizon2020 project CultureLabs: Recipes for Social Innovation, under Grant Agreement 770158. The sole responsibility of this work lies with the authors. The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.</p> <p> </p>
Ecology drives the evolution of diverse social strategies in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
<p><span>Bacteria often cooperate by secreting molecules that can be shared as public goods between cells. Because the production of public goods is subject to cheating by mutants that exploit the good without contributing to it, there has been great interest in elucidating the evolutionary forces that maintain cooperation. However, little is known on how bacterial cooperation evolves under conditions where cheating is unlikely of importance. Here we use experimental evolution to follow changes in the production of a model public good, the iron-scavenging siderophore pyoverdine, of the bacterium <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. After 1200 generations of evolution in nine different environments, we observed that cheaters only reached high frequency in liquid medium with low iron availability. Conversely, when adding iron to reduce the cost of producing pyoverdine, we observed selection for pyoverdine hyper-producers. Similarly, hyper-producers also spread in populations evolved in highly viscous media, where relatedness between interacting individuals is increased. Whole-genome sequencing of evolved clones revealed that hyper-production is associated with mutations involving genes encoding quorum-sensing communication systems, while cheater clones had mutations in the iron-starvation sigma factor or in pyoverdine biosynthesis genes. Our findings demonstrate that bacterial social traits can evolve rapidly in divergent directions, with particularly strong selection for increased levels of cooperation occurring in environments where individual dispersal is reduced, as predicted by social evolution theory. Moreover, we establish a regulatory link between pyoverdine production and quorum-sensing, showing that increased cooperation with respect to one trait (pyoverdine) can be associated with the loss (quorum-sensing) of another social trait.Bacteria often cooperate by secreting molecules that can be shared as public goods between cells. Because the production of public goods is subject to cheating by mutants that exploit the good without contributing to it, there has been great interest in elucidating the evolutionary forces that maintain cooperation. However, little is known on how bacterial cooperation evolves under conditions where cheating is unlikely of importance. Here we use experimental evolution to follow changes in the production of a model public good, the iron-scavenging siderophore pyoverdine, of the bacterium <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. After 1200 generations of evolution in nine different environments, we observed that cheaters only reached high frequency in liquid medium with low iron availability. Conversely, when adding iron to reduce the cost of producing pyoverdine, we observed selection for pyoverdine hyper-producers. Similarly, hyper-producers also spread in populations evolved in highly viscous media, where relatedness between interacting individuals is increased. Whole-genome sequencing of evolved clones revealed that hyper-production is associated with mutations involving genes encoding quorum-sensing communication systems, while cheater clones had mutations in the iron-starvation sigma factor or in pyoverdine biosynthesis genes. Our findings demonstrate that bacterial social traits can evolve rapidly in divergent directions, with particularly strong selection for increased levels of cooperation occurring in environments where individual dispersal is reduced, as predicted by social evolution theory. Moreover, we establish a regulatory link between pyoverdine production and quorum-sensing, showing that increased cooperation with respect to one trait (pyoverdine) can be associated with the loss (quorum-sensing) of another social trait.</span></p>
Resource limitation, intragroup aggression, and brain neuropeptide expression in a social wasp
<p>1. Nourishment can have profound effects on social behavior, including aggressive interactions between individuals. However, how nutritional resource availability and limitation affects intraspecific aggression remains somewhat contested. The prevailing theoretical and empirical understanding is that when nutritional resources are limited, inter-individual competition and aggression will increase. However, findings from several social animals suggest that limited nutrition can lead to increased cooperation, including by a reduction in inter-individual aggression.</p> <p>2. We suggest that in social insect colonies, where nourishment is often important in determining differences between the reproductive and non-reproductive worker behavioral castes, the link between an individual's nourishment and their future reproductive potential may be a key missing element of models that predict how nutritional resource availability affects inter-individual aggression.</p> <p>3. We investigated how nourishment influenced intra-colony aggression and its molecular correlates in colonies of the social paper wasp <i>Polistes fuscatus</i>, which workers that maintain flexible reproductive potential as adults. We subjected colonies to either a high or low feeding treatment, and examined subsequent effects on behavior, physiology, and brain gene expression.</p> <p>4. We found that nutritional restriction reduced aggressive interactions, suggesting increased social cohesion when resources are limiting. Thus, individual worker paper wasps appear to have the capacity to adjust their behavior (e.g., reduced aggression) in response to nutritional stress, investing nutritional resources in the colony when resources are limiting, and in the self when resources are abundant.</p> <p>5. Differential brain gene expression results implicate two well-known neuropeptides associated with aggression and/or nutrient signaling across taxa, <i>Tachykinin </i>and <i>Neuropeptide-F</i>, as possible mediators of nutritionally-dependent intra-colony aggression. This adds to a growing understanding that deeply conserved genes associated with core, conserved behaviors such as feeding and aggression in solitary insects can play a role in the regulation of social plasticity in more highly social species.</p>
Barbier et al., 2021_Diagnosis of the structure of the social representations of organ donation (test of context independance)
<p>Abstract</p> <p><em>Introduction.</em> – On 1<sup>st</sup> January 2017, the updated presumed consent for organ donation was widely communicated in France. From a social psychological point of view, this may have changed the shared meanings people associate with organ donation.</p> <p><em>Objective</em>. –First, this study aimed to identify the content and structure of the social representation of organ donation. Second, it aimed to account for social anchoring and see how the processes of social anchoring participate in the arrangement of structured sets of the social representation of organ donation.</p> <p><em>Method. –</em> The study consisted of filling in a self-reported online survey disseminated through Facebook. In total, 778 French people participated (393 women, 381 men, <em>M</em>age = 37.02 yrs, <em>SD</em> = 12.60). A two-step methodology from exploratory to confirmatory analysis was applied.</p> <p><em>Results. –</em> In line with our assumptions, findings showed: changes in the content of representation that may have occurred in response to the legislative update, in particular; a dichotomy that structures the social representations of organ donation, intrinsically linked to the donor/non-donor variable; effects of gender and age on content of the social representations of organ donation. Contrary to our preliminary expectations, findings showed: no effects of gender and age on structure of the social representations of organ donation; no effect of religious affiliation on content nor on structure, suggesting that the role of religion is not orientating social thinking about organ donation, but rather, legitimising social practices related to organ donation.</p> <p><em>Conclusion. –</em> These results are discussed in relation to the identity issues facing organ donation, in the sense that the shared meaning associated with organ donation reveal ideological positions. We suggest avenues for future research likely to find interesting applications in the organ donation field.</p>
Barbier et al., 2021_Collection of the content of the social representations of organ donation
<p>Abstract</p> <p><em>Introduction.</em> – On 1<sup>st</sup> January 2017, the updated presumed consent for organ donation was widely communicated in France. From a social psychological point of view, this may have changed the shared meanings people associate with organ donation.</p> <p><em>Objective</em>. –First, this study aimed to identify the content and structure of the social representation of organ donation. Second, it aimed to account for social anchoring and see how the processes of social anchoring participate in the arrangement of structured sets of the social representation of organ donation.</p> <p><em>Method. –</em> The study consisted of filling in a self-reported online survey disseminated through Facebook. In total, 778 French people participated (393 women, 381 men, <em>M</em>age = 37.02 yrs, <em>SD</em> = 12.60). A two-step methodology from exploratory to confirmatory analysis was applied.</p> <p><em>Results. –</em> In line with our assumptions, findings showed: changes in the content of representation that may have occurred in response to the legislative update, in particular; a dichotomy that structures the social representations of organ donation, intrinsically linked to the donor/non-donor variable; effects of gender and age on content of the social representations of organ donation. Contrary to our preliminary expectations, findings showed: no effects of gender and age on structure of the social representations of organ donation; no effect of religious affiliation on content nor on structure, suggesting that the role of religion is not orientating social thinking about organ donation, but rather, legitimising social practices related to organ donation.</p> <p><em>Conclusion. –</em> These results are discussed in relation to the identity issues facing organ donation, in the sense that the shared meaning associated with organ donation reveal ideological positions. We suggest avenues for future research likely to find interesting applications in the organ donation field.</p>
FIG. 15. – Traces d in Les objets de parure associés au dépôt funéraire mésolithique de Grosse Ofnet: implications pour la compréhension de l'organisation sociale des dernières sociétés de chasseurs-cueilleurs du Jura Souabe
FIG. 15. – Traces d'usure à la surface des C. rustica. Echelle 1 mm
FIG. 1 in Les objets de parure associés au dépôt funéraire mésolithique de Grosse Ofnet: implications pour la compréhension de l'organisation sociale des dernières sociétés de chasseurs-cueilleurs du Jura Souabe
FIG. 1. – Localisation du gisement de Grosse Ofnet. M, bassin de la Mayence; S, bassin de Stenheim.
FIG. 4 in Les objets de parure associés au dépôt funéraire mésolithique de Grosse Ofnet: implications pour la compréhension de l'organisation sociale des dernières sociétés de chasseurs-cueilleurs du Jura Souabe
FIG. 4. – Variables métriques et morphologiques enregistrées sur les craches de cerf.
FIG. 12 in Les objets de parure associés au dépôt funéraire mésolithique de Grosse Ofnet: implications pour la compréhension de l'organisation sociale des dernières sociétés de chasseurs-cueilleurs du Jura Souabe
FIG. 12. – Stries de découpe observées sur la racine et la couronne des canines. Echelles: 1 mm.
FIG. 3 in Les objets de parure associés au dépôt funéraire mésolithique de Grosse Ofnet: implications pour la compréhension de l'organisation sociale des dernières sociétés de chasseurs-cueilleurs du Jura Souabe
FIG. 3. – Dessin des deux amas de crânes du niveau VII de Grosse Ofnet (Schmidt 1912).
FIG. 2 in Les objets de parure associés au dépôt funéraire mésolithique de Grosse Ofnet: implications pour la compréhension de l'organisation sociale des dernières sociétés de chasseurs-cueilleurs du Jura Souabe
FIG. 2. – Coupe stratigraphique de Grosse Ofnet (Modifié d'après Schmidt 1912).
Fig. 1 in Social wasps of Wetland Kerkini, northern Greece (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespinae, Polistinae)
Fig. 1: A schematic map of Wetland Kerkini and its position in Greece.
Observational Data for: Polarized information ecosystems can reorganize social networks via information cascades
<p><strong>General Information</strong></p> <p>This contains the observational data for the publication:</p> <blockquote> <p>Tokita, Guess, and Tarnita (2021). Polarized information ecosystems can reorganize social networks via information cascades. <em>Proceedings of the National Academies of Science of the United States.</em></p> </blockquote> <p>Please see the above peer-reviewed article that resulted from this data for more details.</p> <p>Please see the <em>o</em><em>bservational/ </em>directory in the Github repository <a href="http://%28https//github.com/christokita/information-cascades)">https://github.com/christokita/information-cascades</a> for the code that analyzes the Twitter data and generates derived data. Data directly pertaining to the four news sources of interest are in the <em>data/</em> directory, while data that is related to the 4,000 monitored news followers are in the <em>data_derived/</em> directory.</p> <p>The main data file is in a zipped file. We also included a read me with a description of each directory and subdirectory of the data.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>For each of our four news sources of interest (CBS News, USA Today, Vox, and the Washington Examiner), we used the Twitter API to sample 3,000 random Twitter users that followed that news source's account. We then used the <em>tweetscores</em> R package to estimate the ideology of each of the 12,000 sampled users.</p> <p>From the original pool of approximately 12,000 sampled users who follow a news outlet of interest, we monitored the follower networks of 1,000 liberal followers of CBS News, 1,000 conservative followers of USA Today, 1,000 liberal followers of Vox, and 1,000 conservative followers of the Washington Examiner. When selecting the 1,000 random users to monitor for a given news outlet, we first conducted filters based on self-reported geolocation and other Twitter profile attributes to reasonably filter down to US-based users who primarily tweet in English. We then pulled the complete follower network of each of our 4,000 monitored users at the beginning and end of a 6-week period from August to September 2020, allowing us to assess who unfollowed these users over this period of time. Finally, using the initial follower networks of each monitored user, we estimated the ideology of up to 50 random followers to create a baseline for the ideological composition of each user’s follower network. </p> <p>Using the initial and final follower networks of each individual, we calculated the rate of unfollows by opposite-ideology users in their follower network. To determine whether an unfollow event was breaking a cross-ideology social tie, users and their unfollowers were classified simply as either liberal (ideology score < 0) or conservative (ideology score > 0). We excluded from analysis unfollowers for whom we could not estimate ideology, either because the account had been suspended, deleted, or made private, or because they did not follow any of the political, news, or cultural accounts needed to do the estimation. We then compared the proportion of unfollowers that were of the opposite ideology (i.e., conservative unfollowers if the focal user is liberal) against the estimated proportion of opposite-ideology followers in the focal user’s initial follower network. This allowed us to account for the fact that many user’s follower networks were not ideologically balanced and set the baseline expectation that if unfollows were random then the proportion of unfollows by opposite-ideology users should match the proportion of followers that were of the opposite ideology.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Abstract (for main paper)</strong></p> <p>The precise mechanisms by which the information ecosystem polarizes society remain elusive. Focusing on political sorting in networks, we develop a computational model that examines how social network structure changes when individuals participate in information cascades, evaluate their behavior, and potentially rewire their connections to others as a result. Individuals follow proattitudinal information sources but are more likely to first hear and react to news shared by their social ties and only later evaluate these reactions by direct reference to the coverage of their preferred source. Reactions to news spread through the network via a complex contagion. Following a cascade, individuals who determine that their participation was driven by a subjectively “unimportant” story adjust their social ties to avoid being misled in the future. In our model, this dynamic leads social networks to politically sort when news outlets differentially report on the same topic, even when individuals do not know others’ political identities. Observational follow network data collected on Twitter support this prediction:We find that individuals in more polarized information ecosystems lose cross-ideology social ties at a rate that is higher than predicted by chance. Importantly, our model reveals that these emergent polarized networks are less efficient at diffusing information: Individuals avoid what they believe to be “unimportant” news at the expense of missing out on subjectively “important” news far more frequently. This suggests that “echo chambers”—to the extent that they exist—may not echo so much as silence.</p>
Species divergence in gut-restricted bacteria of social bees
<p>Data and code for comparative analysis of the bee gut restricted bacteria, <em>Gilliamella</em> and <em>Snodgrassella</em> genomes. In the paper, we (1) annotated the genomes; (2) performed ortholog assignment and constructed phylogenetic trees; (3) measured gene flow based on PopCOGenT, and (4) performed functional enrichment analysis using anvi'o. </p> <p>Details about the analysis can be found: https://github.com/lyy005/bee_gut_bacteria/</p>
Fig. 8 in On ''Molecular Phylogeny of Vespidae (Hymenoptera) and the Evolution of Sociality in Wasps''
Fig. 8. Screen display of first step in realignment. See text for explanation of gap insertion.
Fig. 9 in On ''Molecular Phylogeny of Vespidae (Hymenoptera) and the Evolution of Sociality in Wasps''
Fig. 9. Screen display of second step in realignment. See text for explanation of gap insertion.
Fig. 1. Cladogram for the 16S in On ''Molecular Phylogeny of Vespidae (Hymenoptera) and the Evolution of Sociality in Wasps''
Fig. 1. Cladogram for the 16S mtrDNA alignment of Schmitz and Moritz (1998). The length is
Fig. 19 in Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Nocturnal Social Wasp Genus, Apoica Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Epiponini)
Fig. 19. Habitus of the lone specimen and holotype of Apoica ellenae. Scale bar 5 5.0 mm.
Fig. 2 in Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Nocturnal Social Wasp Genus, Apoica Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Epiponini)
Fig. 2. Eye hairs: A, Apoica thoracica, absent; B, Apoica pallida, present. Scale bars 5 0.5 mm.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.