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Figure 2 in Character mapping and cladogram comparison versus the requirement of total evidence: does it matter for polychaete systematics?

Figure 2. Example of the error of character mapping. A, phylogenetic hypotheses are inferred for a set of characters. Numbers on cladogram 'nodes' indicate population-splitting events relevant to the various hypotheses of character origin/fixation within ancestral populations (not shown; cf. fig. 1). B, a different set of characters are 'mapped' onto the branches of the cladogram in 'A'. C, the 'mapped' characters in 'B' actually refer to phylogenetic hypotheses inferred separately from the hypotheses implied by the cladogram in 'A' and 'B'. D, explaining observations in accordance with the requirement of total evidence, correcting the problem in 'B' and 'C'. See text for further discussion.

Figure 3 in Systematics, evolution and phylogeny of Annelida - a morphological perspective

Figure 3. General organization of an annelid exemplified with Trypanosyllis coeliaca (Errantia, Syllidae). A. Entire animal. B. Enlargement of head region; arrowhead: pigmented eyes; arrow: pharynx tooth. C. Posterior end with growth zone (arrow). - ac = anal cirrus, dc = dorsal cirrus, dtc = dorsal tentacle cirrus, i = intestine, la = lateral antenna, ma = median antenna, pa = palp, pt = pharyngeal tube, pv = proventricle. Micrographs of living specimen.

Figure 2 in Systematics, evolution and phylogeny of Annelida - a morphological perspective

Figure 2. Phylogenetic hypotheses of annelid relationships. A. Cladistic analysis based on morphological data (modified from Rouse and Fauchald 1997). B. Phylogenetic tree based on phylogenomic data (modified after Struck et al. 2011; Weigert et al. 2014).

Figure 1 in Systematics, evolution and phylogeny of Annelida - a morphological perspective

Figure 1. Examples of annelid diversity. A-D. Members of the basal radiation; A. Owenia fusiformis, Oweniidae, length about 100 mm, Inset: part of the tube. B. Chaetopterus variopedatus, Chaetopteridae, length about 250 mm. C. Sipunculus nudus, Sipuncula, length about 350 mm. D. Eurythoe complanata, Amphinomidae, length about 140 mm. E-F. Former Archiannelida; E: Protodriloides chaetifer, Protodrilida, length about 13 mm; F. Diurodrilus subterraneus, length about 440 µm. G-H. Errantia; G. Platynereis dumerilii, Nereididae, length about 100 mm. H. Microphthalmus similis, incertae sedis, length about 18 mm. I-M. Sedentaria. I. Fabricia stellaris, Sabellidae, length about 4 mm. J. Pygospio elegans, Spionidae, length about 25 mm. K. Ophelia rathkei, Opheliidae, length about 8 mm. L. Lanice conchilega, Terebellidae, juvenile, length up to 300 mm. M. Enchytraeus sp. Clitellata, length about 15 mm. Originals B, C, D: W. Westheide, Osnabrück.

Figure 8 in Systematics, evolution and phylogeny of Annelida - a morphological perspective

Figure 8. Macrochaeta clavicornis (Acrocirridae). 2nd pair of pigmented eye, typical multicellular adult eye with converse oriented photoreceptive processes (arrows), lens absent. Pigment cup formed by a layer pigmented supportive cells (psc) penetrated by processes of rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells (prc), pupil formed by unpigmented supportive cells (usc). Cu = cuticle, ep = epidermis, prc = photoreceptor cell, psc = pigmented supportive cell, smv = sensory microvilli, usc = unpigmented supportive cells. Original: I. Dykstra, Osnabrück.

Figure 6. Head appendages and innervation. A in Systematics, evolution and phylogeny of Annelida - a morphological perspective

Figure 6. Head appendages and innervation. A. Syllis sp. (Syllidae). Anterior end with palps (pa), median (ma) and lateral antennae (la), nuchal organs (no), tentacular cirri on the right broken off. B. Parapionosyllis labronica (Syllidae). Dorsal view, nervous system labelled with antibody against acetylated α-tubulin, appendages supplied with prominent nerves, depth coding. C. Saccocirrus sp. (Saccocirridae). Ventral view, note ventral ciliated band (arrowheads), palps (pa) supplied with numerous ciliated sensory cells. D, E. Nereis sp. (Nereididae). Palp. D. Palp composed of palpophore (pph) and palpostyle (ps) the latter with numerous sensory cilia. E. Longitudinal section showing musculature and coelomic cavity inside palpophore (pph) and connection of palp nerve (pn) with the brain (b). - b = brain, dc = dorsal cirrus, dln = dorsolateral nerve, dn = dorsal nerve, ey = eye, la = lateral antenna, ma = median antenna, no = nuchal organ, pa = palp, pn = palp nerve, pph = palpophore, pr = prostomium, ps = palpostyle, rm = retractor muscle, vc = ventral cirrus. A, C, D: SEM micrographs, Originals S. Raabe & W. Mangerich, Osnabrück; B: cLSM micrograph, original M. Kuper, Osnabrück; E: Azan staining.

Figure 9. Nuchal organs. A in Systematics, evolution and phylogeny of Annelida - a morphological perspective

Figure 9. Nuchal organs. A. Schematic representation of nuchal organ in Nerillidium troglochaetoides (Nerillidae). After TEM observations, modified from Purschke (1997). B. Eusyllis (?) sp. (Syllidae). Nuchal organs (encircled) visible as ciliary patches in the posterior region of the prostomium, micrograph from living animal. C. Saccocirrus sp. (Saccocirridae). Nuchal organs form oval patches (encircled). D. Myrianida prolifera (Syllidae). Nuchal epaulettes form u-shaped ciliary band extending posteriorly on peristomium and 1st chaetiger. - ey = eye, la = lateral antenna, ma = median antenna, mc = motile cilium, mv = microvillus, oc = olfactory chamber, pa = palp, pr = prostomium, rm = retractor muscle, sd = sensory dendrite, so = soma of receptor cell, suc = supportive cell. C, D: SEM micrographs, W. Mangerich, S. Raabe, Osnabrück.

Figure 4 in Systematics, evolution and phylogeny of Annelida - a morphological perspective

Figure 4. Cuticle ultrastructure of annelids. A-B. Eurythoe complanata (Amphinomidae). A. Cross section of cuticle on the trunk. Cuticle made up of layers of parallel collagen fibres (cf) traversed by microvilli (mv), which branch apically above the epicuticle (ec, arrowhead), epicuticle (ec) with dense bodies (db). B. Tangential section showing arrangement of collagen fibres and microvilli. C. Polygordius appendiculatus (Polygordiidae). Microvilli extend far above epicuticle (ec). D. Sphaerodoropsis minuta (Sphaerodoridae). Cuticle with irregularly arranged hardly visible collagen fibres (cf), covered by dark disk-like structures (arrowhead); cuticle traversed by cilium (ci) of receptor cell. E. Ophiodromus pallidus (Hesionidae). Cuticle without collagen fibres, microvilli branch above cuticle (arrowhead). – bc = basal cuticle, cf = collagen fibre, ci = cilium, db = dense body, ec = epicuticle, mv = micovillus. TEM micrographs.

Figure 5. Parapodia and chaetae. A in Systematics, evolution and phylogeny of Annelida - a morphological perspective

Figure 5. Parapodia and chaetae. A. Eunice pennata (Eunicidae); parapodium comprised of dorsal cirrus (dc), neuropodium (nep), ventral cirrus (vc) and branchia (br); acicula invisible. SEM micrograph. B. Scoloplos armiger (Orbiniidae). Cross section showing parapodium with supportive chaetae and chaetal sac; arrowheads point to sectioned chaetae. TEM micrograph. C. Syllidia armata (Hesionidae); notopodium restricted to dorsal cirrus and acicula (ac). D. Streptosyllis websteri (Syllidae). Aciculae (ac) extending outside parapodial lobe (arraowheads). E. Sphaerodopsis minuta (Sphaerodoridae). Acicula with chaetoblast (chb); arrowheads point to junctional complexes. F. Fabricia stellaris (Sabellidae). Parapodium of thorax with capillaries and uncini. G. Lanice conchilega (Terebellidae). Uncini. - ac = acicula, br = branchia, ch = chaeta, cm = circular muscle, coe = coelom, dc = dorsal cirrus, dlm = dorsal longitudinal muscle, ep = epidermis, dbv = dorsal blood vessel, fc = follicle cell, i = intestine, mv = microvillus, nep = neuropodium, obm = oblique muscle, pm = protractor muscle, rm = retractror muscle, snv = subneural blood vessel, vbv = ventral blood vessel, vc = ventral cirrus, vlm = ventral longitudinal muscle, vnc = ventral nerve cord. C, D, F, G: micrographs from living specimens, slightly squeezed.

Figure 11. Nervous system and brain. A in Systematics, evolution and phylogeny of Annelida - a morphological perspective

Figure 11. Nervous system and brain. A. Nervous system of the trunk with longitudinal and segmental circular nerves exemplified by Parapodrilus psammophilus (Dorvilleidae). Ventral cord consists of unpaired median (mn) and main paired nerves (mvn). B-D. Anti α-tubulin immunoreactivity; dotted lines indicate segment borders. B. Polygordius appendiculatus (Polygordiidae), ventral nerve cord (green) comprising three closely apposed neurite bundles, serotonergic perikarya (red) in a repetitive pattern although distinct ganglia are absent (medullary cord). Note high number of segmental nerves. C-D. Brania clavata (Syllidae); depth coding images. C. Brain (b) and ventral nerve cord in ventral view, ventral cord consists of several closely apposed nerves forming 3 bundles behind 1st ganglion (g1), 4 segmental nerves (arrowheads, ppn) in each segment; brain gives rise to several stomatogastric nerves (sn). D. Ventral cord in the trunk region. F. General diagram of the cephalic nervous system in polychaetes, numerals refer to palp nerve roots, somata stippled. E-H. Nereis sp. (Nereididae). E Ventral nerve cord in basiepithelial position (arrowheads refer to epidermal extracellular matrix). F. Parasagittal section with mushroom bodies (mb), note subepithelial position of brain; arrowheads point to cerebral ganglia. H Enlargement of anterior part of mushroom body with stalks of globuli cells (gc). – br = brain, cc = circumoesophageal connective, dcdr = dorsal commissure of drcc, dcvr = dorsal commissure of vrcc, dlln = dorsolateral longitudinal nerve, drcc = dorsal root of cc, ecm = extracellular matrix, ep = epidermis, g1 = 1st ganglion, gc = globuli cell, in = intestine, lln = lateral longitudinal nerve, mb = mushroom body, mn = median nerve of ventral cord, mvn = main nerve of ventral cord, nla = nerve of lateral antenna, nma = nerve of median antenna, no = nuchal organ, np = neuropil, obm = oblique muscle, pn = palp nerve, ppn = parapodial nerve, sn = stomatogastric nerve, so = somata of neurites, sog = suboesophageal ganglion, vbv = ventral blood vessel, vcdr = ventral commissure of drcc, vcvr = ventral commissure of vrcc, vlm = ventral longitudinal muscle, vrcc = ventral root of cc. A, F: modified from Müller and Orrhage (2005). Micrographs; B C: Lehmacher, C, D: M. Kuper, Osnabrück.

Figure 7. Pigmented eyes. A in Systematics, evolution and phylogeny of Annelida - a morphological perspective

Figure 7. Pigmented eyes. A. Platynereis dumerilii (Nereididae). Two pairs of adult eyes (ey) situated on the prostomium. B. Microphthalmus similis (Errantia, incertae sedis). Arrowheads point to small prostomial eyes. C. Nicolea zostericola (Terebellidae). Numerous small pigmented eyes below tentacular crown (arrowheads). D. Nereis sp. (Nereididae). Section showing pigmented eye with lens (le); arrowhead points to zone with rhabdomeres, arrow: marks layer of cell bodies of photoreceptor cells below pigment cell layer (psc). E. Piscicola geometra (Clitellata). Pigmented eye with phaosomous photoreceptor cells (prc), arrowhead points to phaosomes. F. Saccocirrus papillocercus (Saccocirridae). Small pigmented eye, structurally indistinguishable from larval eye; arrow indicates inverse orientation of photoreceptive structures, eye cup communicates with exterior via small pore (arrowhead). G. Gyptis propinqua (Hesionidae). Multicellular-pigmented eye with lens, arrows indicate converse orientation of photoreceptive processes. - br = branchia, cu = cuticle, ep = epidermis, ey = eye, la = lateral antenna, le = lens, pa = palp, prc = photoreceptor cell, psc = pigmented supportive cell, smv = sensory microvilli, tc = tentacular cirri, te = tentacle. A-C: micrographs from living animals; D, E: histological sections, Azan staining; F, G: TEM micrographs.

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Figure 1 in New species of Goreopagurus (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguridae) from Tasmania and reevaluation of sexual tubes in hermit crab systematics

Figure 1. Goreopagurus poorei sp. nov.: paratypes: a–c, f, male (3.9 mm), USNM 1007889; d, male (sl =2.6 mm), USNM 1007890; e, female (3.7 mm), USNM 1007889. a, gill lamella; b, shield and cephalic appendages, dorsal view; c, d, rostrum, dorsal view; e, female coxae, eight thoracic sternite, and first abdominal somite with paired pleopods, ventral view; f, telson, dorsal view.

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Figure 2 in New species of Goreopagurus (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguridae) from Tasmania and reevaluation of sexual tubes in hermit crab systematics

Figure 2. Goreopagurus poorei sp. nov.: a–c, f, paratype male (3.9 mm), USNM 1007890; d, e, holotype male (5.2 mm), J44757. a, merus, carpus and chela of right cheliped, dorsal view; b, carpus of same, lateral view; c, same, mesial view; d, carpus and chela of right cheliped, dorsal view; e, carpus of same, ventromesial view; f, merus, carpus and chela of left cheliped, dorsal view.

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Figure 3 in New species of Goreopagurus (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguridae) from Tasmania and reevaluation of sexual tubes in hermit crab systematics

Figure 3. Goreopagurus poorei sp. nov.: paratype male (3.9 mm), USNM 1007890. a, second right pereopod, lateral view; b, dactyl of same, mesial view; c, third right pereopod, lateral view; d, dactyl of same, mesial view; e, anterior lobe of sternite of third pereopods, ventral view; f, propodus and dactyl of left fourth pereopod, lateral view.

Figure 5. Uteropolystomoides multifalx n in Revision of the systematics of the Polystomoidinae (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea, Polystomatidae) with redefinition of Polystomoides Ward, 1917 and Uteropolystomoides Tinsley, 2017

Figure 5. Uteropolystomoides multifalx n. comb. (Stunkard, 1924). A: Full parasite; B: Genital bulb with genital spines; C: Sclerotized haptoral hooks. Abbreviations: Gb, genital bulb; Ha, haptor; Hm, hamulus; Hm1, hamulus 1; Hm2, hamulus 2; Mh1, marginal hooklet 1; Mo, mouth; Ph, pharynx; Su, sucker; Te, testis; Ut, Uterus with eggs; Va, vagina; Vi, vitellarium. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B = 200 µm; C = 50 µm.

Figure 4 in Revision of the systematics of the Polystomoidinae (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea, Polystomatidae) with redefinition of Polystomoides Ward, 1917 and Uteropolystomoides Tinsley, 2017

Figure 4. Bayesian tree inferred from the analysis of 28S sequences. Numbers at nodes indicate Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP). Only BPP » 0.95 are indicated. Scale bar reflects expected changes per site. * designates Hnuc20 haplotype that also characterizes specimens of Polystomoides multifalx (Stunkard, 1924) (see Table 3 for more details).

Figure 3 in Revision of the systematics of the Polystomoidinae (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea, Polystomatidae) with redefinition of Polystomoides Ward, 1917 and Uteropolystomoides Tinsley, 2017

Figure 3. Bayesian tree inferred from the analysis of COI sequences. Numbers at nodes indicate Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP). Only BPP » 0.95 are indicated. Scale bar reflects expected changes per site. * designates haplotypes characterizing specimens of Polystomoides multifalx (Stunkard, 1924) that were, for some of them, collected from Pseudemys concinna (Le Conte), for the others, from P. floridana (Le Conte) (see Table 3 for more details).

Figure 1. A in Revision of the systematics of the Polystomoidinae (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea, Polystomatidae) with redefinition of Polystomoides Ward, 1917 and Uteropolystomoides Tinsley, 2017

Figure 1. A: Non-lethal procedure for retrieving a polystome from the pharyngeal pouches of a freshwater turtle; B: polystome collected on wooden stem cotton swab.

Figure 2 in Revision of the systematics of the Polystomoidinae (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea, Polystomatidae) with redefinition of Polystomoides Ward, 1917 and Uteropolystomoides Tinsley, 2017

Figure 2. Micrograph of the reproductive system of Polystomoides multifalx (Stunkard, 1924). Abbreviations: Gb, genital bulb; Te, testis; Ut, Uterus with eggs; Va, vagina. Scale bar = 200 μm.