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2,952 results for “limb”
Adding a toe joint to a prosthetic foot: walking biomechanics, metabolic rate and user preference of individuals with unilateral transtibial limb loss
<p>See ReadMe.mat</p>
Fig. 1 in The reduced limbed lizards of the genus Bachia (Reptilia, Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae); biogeography, cryptic diversity, and morphological convergence in the eastern Caribbean
Fig. 1 The type localities for the Bachia taxa in the eastern Caribbean
Data from: Clade-specific evolutionary diversification along ontogenetic major axes in avian limb skeleton
The evolutionary diversification of birds has been facilitated by specializations for various locomotor modes, with which the proportion of the limb skeleton is closely associated. However, recent studies have identified phylogenetic signals in this system, suggesting the presence of historical factors that have affected its evolutionary variability. In this study, in order to explore potential roles of ontogenetic integration in biasing the evolution in the avian limb skeleton, evolutionary diversification patterns in six avian families (Anatidae, Procellariidae, Ardeidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Laridae, and Alcidae) were examined and compared to the postnatal ontogenetic trajectories in those taxa, based on measurement of 2641 specimens and recently collected ontogenetic series, supplemented by published data. Morphometric analyses of lengths of six limb bones (humerus, ulna, carpometacarpus, femur, tibiotarsus, and tarsometatarsus) demonstrated that: 1) ontogenetic trajectories are diverse among families; 2) evolutionary diversification is significantly anisotropic; and, most importantly, 3) major axes of evolutionary diversification are correlated with clade-specific ontogenetic major axes in the shape space. These results imply that the evolutionary variability of the avian limbs has been biased along the clade-specific ontogenetic trajectories. It may explain peculiar diversification patterns characteristic to some avian groups, including the long-leggedness in Ardeidae and tendency for flightlessness in Anatidae.
Analysis code and additional data associated with the manuscript entitled 'Interspecies transcriptome analyses identify genes that control the development and evolution of limb skeletal proportion'
<p>This dataset is associated with the research manuscript entitled ‘<em>Interspecies transcriptome analyses identify genes that control the development and evolution of limb skeletal proportion</em>’ (https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/754002v2).</p> <p>The folder ‘<strong>Zenodo_Saxena_etal_2021_AdditionalData_AnalysisCode</strong>’ contains:</p> <p>> Analysis code used for jerboas-mouse differential RNASeq analysis (<strong>saxena_Interspecies_DESEQ2_analysis.R</strong>).</p> <p>> A folder <strong>Mus_Jac_gtfDir</strong> with two gtf annotation files for 1:1 orthologs in Mouse (musAnno4_1To1Orthologs) and Jerboa (jerboaAnno4_1To1Orthologs) genomes generated with CESAR. This folder also contains two files with mouse or jerboa gene lengths in non-overlapping exons of each gene in the 1:1 orthologous GTF annotations (suffixed "*_exon_lengths_per_gene.txt"). A supporting R library required to run the analysis is provided in this folder (saxena_shared_library_v2.R).</p> <p>>A <strong>STAR_countsDir</strong> folder with STAR generated GeneCounts for mouse and jerboa samples (suffixed "*_SR50"). Subfolders contain metatarsal (MT) and Radius/ulna (RU) STAR Genecounts used in the primary (“*_n=3") and independent validation ("*_n=2") analyses.</p> <p>> A pdf file with <strong>Additional Figures 1 and 2</strong>. Fig 1 shows RNAScope <em>in situs </em>for <em>Galnt17</em> in jerboa and mouse postnatal day 5 cartilages. Fig 2 shows DESeq2 generated MA-plot for jerboa-mouse metatarsal comparisons (n=3).</p> <p>> <strong>Additional Data Tables_1to3</strong> with DESeq2 differential expression results for all of the 17,464 mouse and jerboa orthologs in the primary (n=3, Table1) and independent validation (n=2, Table2) analyses. r-log transformed gene counts for 17,464 mouse and jerboa 1:1 orthologs in metatarsal samples (n=3, Table3).</p>
Morphology of the limb, shell, and head explain the variation in performance and ecology across 14 turtle taxa (12 species)
<p>Because morphology directly influences an organism's ability to utilize its habitat and dietary resources, it also influences fitness. Comparing the relationship between morphology, performance, and ecology is fundamental to understand how organisms evolve to occupy a wide range of habitats and diets. In turtles, studies have documented important relationships between morphology, performance, and ecology, but none were field based or considered limb, shell, and head morphology simultaneously. We compare morphology, performance, and ecology of 14 turtle taxa (12 species) in Mexico that range in their affinity to water and in their diet. We took linear measurements of limb, shell, and head variables, measured maximum swimming speed, maximum bite force, how often turtles were encountered on land, and used stable isotopes to assess trophic position. We use these data to test three hypotheses. The first, that morphology, performance, and ecology covary. The second, that limb and shell variables, like hand length, correlate to swim speed and the percent time spent on land. The third, was that that head variables, like head width, correlate to bite force and stable isotopes. We find support for these hypotheses and provide the first evidence that morphology influences performance and ecology in turtles in the field.</p>
Figure 4 in Long-bone geometry in columnar-limbed animals: allometry of the proboscidean appendicular skeleton
Figure 4. Branch-length standardizations for the total sample of proboscideans. A, humerus (log transformed branch lengths, r = 0.025); B, ulna (cube root transformed branch lengths, r = 0.010); C, femur (Pagel's arbitrary transformation method, r = 0.052); D, tibia (square root transformed branch lengths, r = 0.028).
Figure 4. Right trunk limb 6 in The feeding mechanisms of Lynceus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata), with special reference to L. simiaefacies Harding
Figure 4. Right trunk limb 6, as seen from the outside, to show its general form and musculature. Only part of the armature of endites 2 and 3 is shown to indicate the arrangement of the grid setae and some of the spines. Only the distal armature of endites 4 and 5 and the endopodite is visible from this side. Further rows of scrapers are located more proximally on the hidden margins of these elements, whose location is indicated by a dashed line in each case. Some of these spines are visible distally on the margin of endite 4, but are omitted to avoid confusion in that region. Likewise, only a few of the gnathobasic setae, of which there are two rows anteriorly, are shown. The delicate exopodite is stippled to show its distinctness from the corm. The long setae with which both its dorsal and its ventral lobes are provided are omitted. The long, cylindrical epipodite is also stippled. Scale bar 250 Mm. EA, EB, EC, assistant extrinsic remotor muscles; ED, probable adjustor muscles; EP, extrinsic promoter muscles; ER, extrinsic remoter muscles; E2–E5, endites 2–5; En, endopodite; Ep, epipodite; Ex, exopodite; F, fibrous endoskeleton of gnathobase; GA, 'abductor' muscle of gnathobase; Gn, gnathobase; GS, grid setae; RF, region of flexibility; RS, retaining seta of gnathobase; TA, transverse apodeme; 1–14, intrinsic muscles (for probable roles see text); a–e, muscles of exopodite.
Figure 9 in Hind limb myology of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)
Figure 9. Common hippo pes in plantar view.
Figure 3 in Hind limb myology of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)
Figure 3. Muscle maps for the common hippo femur: A, cranial; B, lateral; C, caudal; D, medial.
Figure 6 in Hind limb myology of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)
Figure 6. Muscle maps for the common hippo pes: A, dorsal; B, plantar.
Figure 5 in Hind limb myology of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)
Figure 5. Common hippo leg in cranial view.
Figure 7. Leptestheria kawachiensis. A, trunk limb 19 in Comparative morphology among trunk limbs of Caenestheriella gifuensis and Leptestheria kawachiensis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata)
Figure 7. Leptestheria kawachiensis. A, trunk limb 19 of juvenile (1.9 mm ¥ 1.3 mm), asetose limb, anterior, 'd' is dorsal. B, trunk limb 18 of juvenile (1.9 mm ¥ 1.3 mm), asetose limb, anterior, 'd' is dorsal. C, trunk limb 19 of juvenile (2.5 mm ¥ 1.6 mm), initial setose limb, anterior. D, trunk limb 19 of juvenile (2.8 mm ¥ 1.7 mm), second setose limb, anterior. E, trunk limb 19 of adult (3.9 mm ¥ 2.3 mm), third setose limb, anterior. F, trunk limb 19 of adult (8.0 mm ¥ 4.7 mm), fourth setose limb, anterior; setae on enditic lobes 1–5 omitted. Abbreviations and symbols as for Fig. 6.
Figure 2 in Comparative morphology among trunk limbs of Caenestheriella gifuensis and Leptestheria kawachiensis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata)
Figure 2. Caenestheriella gifuensis adult female (8.7 mm ¥ 5.4 mm). A, trunk limb 13, anterior. B, trunk limb 2, enditic lobe 5 and endopod, anterior. Adult male (7.6 mm ¥ 4.9 mm). C, trunk limb 15, endopod and enditic lobes 4–5, anterior, with small palp bearing 2 setae. D, ventral face of enditic lobes 4–5 of trunk limb 15 showing position of palp, anterior setae (closed circles), and posterior setae (open circles). Scale bars: 0.1 mm. For A–C, ventral left, proximal up; in A, broken line indicates area of attachment to the body; enditic lobes 1–5 are numbered; EN, endopod; EX, exopod; P, palp; xt, exite.
Figure 5. Leptestheria kawachiensis. A, trunk limb 6 in Comparative morphology among trunk limbs of Caenestheriella gifuensis and Leptestheria kawachiensis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata)
Figure 5. Leptestheria kawachiensis. A, trunk limb 6, asetose limb, anterior, of nauplius (0.2 mm ¥ 0.2 mm), 'd' is dorsal. B, trunk limb 6, initial setose limb, anterior, of juvenile (0.7 mm ¥ 0.6 mm). Scale bars: 0.05 mm. Abbreviations and symbols as for Fig. 2.
Figure 8 in The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones
Figure 8. Section modulus ratio versus humeral cortical bone percentage in cross-section (at midshaft). Section modulus ratio is corrected for bone element length and natural log-transformed. Symbols and labels are as for Figure 2, except that X's denote hyperaerials.
Supplemental data for: Three-dimensional kinematics of euchelicerate limbs uncover functional specialisation in eurypterid appendages
<p>Sea scorpions (Eurypterida; Euchelicerata) explored the extreme limits of the aquatic euchelicerate body plan. Indeed, the group contains the largest known marine euarthropods. Inferences on eurypterid life modes—in particular walking and eating—are commonly made by comparing the group to horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura; Euchelicerata). However, no models have been presented to test these <span>hypotheses</span>. Here, we reconstruct prosomal appendages of two exceptionally well-preserved eurypterids <i>Eurypterus tetragonophthalmus</i> and <i>Pentecopterus decorahensis </i>and kinematically model the flexure and extension of these appendages in 3D. We compare these models to 3D kinematic models of <i>Limulus polyphemus</i> prosomal appendages. This comparison highlights that the examined eurypterid prosomal appendages could not have effectively moved prey items to the gnathal edges, and therefore would not have emulated the motion of a <i>L. polyphemus</i> walking leg. It seems that these eurypterid appendages were primarily used to walk or grab prey and other appendages would have moved prey for mastication. Such 3D kinematic modelling highlights how eurypterid appendage morphologies placed substantial limits on their function, suggesting a high degree of specialisation, especially when compared to horseshoe crabs. 3D kinematic modelling of these extinct groups also presents an innovative approach to understanding the position of these animals within their respective paleoecosystems.</p>
Biomechanical Effects of an Articulating Prosthetic Toe Joint During Stair Navigation for Individuals with Unilateral, Below-Knee Limb Loss
<p>See ReadMe.txt (Markdown Format)</p>
The Safety and Efficacy of Combined Microwave Ablation During Limb-sparing Surgery in High-risk Soft Tissue Sarcoma Patients
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06802510. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
PETRA: Pictorial Assessment of Task Occurrence and Upper Limb Avoidance Behaviors
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07031791. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
CSF Single-cell Sequencing and Proteomics of Chronic Postsurgical Pain in Patients With Lower Limb Fractures
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06126289. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 0. Publications: 10.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.