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Fig. 17.1 in Chapter 17: Gigantism, Dwarfism, and Cope's Rule: "Nothing in Evolution Makes Sense without a Phylogeny"

Fig. 17.1. Threetaxon statements illustrating the four kinds of bodysize change discussed in the text.

Fig. 7. A in Analyzing the impact of conflictive dental characters on the phylogeny of octodontoid rodents

Fig. 7. A. Strict consensus trees from analysis of Verzi et al. (2014). B. Strict consensus of 27 MPTs of 139 steps resulting from the cladistic analysis of data matrix given in SOM 1. C. Strict consensus of 45 MPTs of 142 steps that resulted from cladistic analysis of data matrix given in SOM 2. D. Strict consensus of 42 MPTs of 146 steps that resulted from cladistic analysis of data matrix given in SOM 3.

Fig. 5 in Analyzing the impact of conflictive dental characters on the phylogeny of octodontoid rodents

Fig. 5. Common mapping (union of the optimizations over MPT) of the character 68 on the consenus (according to outcome of cladistics analysis of Verzi et al. 2014), showing the occlusal patterns of terminals. Character states: 68-0 (green), 68-1 (blue), and ambiguity (red). Nodes P, Q, and N show clades as in Fig. 3. Node J clusters the traditionally recognized Octodontinae and Ctenomyinae with genera previously included in other taxa of Octodontoidea. Occlusal figures of terminals represent left m1 or m2 and were essentially modified from Verzi et al. (2014: fig. 8).

Fig. 6 in Analyzing the impact of conflictive dental characters on the phylogeny of octodontoid rodents

Fig. 6. Common mapping (union of the optimizations over MPT) of the character 69 on the consensus (according to outcome of cladistic analysis of Verzi et al. 2014), showing the occlusal patterns of terminals. Character states: 69-0 (green), 69-1 (blue), 69-2 (black). Occlusal pattern of Acaremys ( including Sciamys), showing adult m2 with transverse or slightly oblique lophids (see text), remarks the need to consider a polymorphic condition, character 69 [01], for this taxon. Occlusal figures of terminals represent left m1 or m2 and were essentially modified from Verzi et al. (2014: fig. 8).

Fig. 2 in Analyzing the impact of conflictive dental characters on the phylogeny of octodontoid rodents

Fig. 2. Character state coding of character 67 of Verzi et al. (2014), "Mesolophid of m1–2 or the corresponding spur" as scored by these authors for several octodontoid taxa. A. Myocastor, scored as 67-0 (i.e., present, at least during early ontogenetic stages). B. Acaremys (including Sciamys), scored as 67-0 (i.e., present, at least during early ontogenetic stages). C. Proechimys, scored as 67 [02], showing a specimen corresponding to character state 67-2 (i.e., fused to metalophulid II forming a complex crest). D. Neophanomys, scored as 67-1 (i.e., absent). E. Thrichomys, scored as "?". F. The tetralophodont Spaniomys, scored as "?". G. Sciamys, showing persistence of transverse lophids in an adult specimen (MLP 15- 218). Vertical and horizontal lines indicate essentially the same occlusal patterns that were differently scored.

Fig. 3 in Analyzing the impact of conflictive dental characters on the phylogeny of octodontoid rodents

Fig. 3. Common mapping (union of the optimizations over MPT) of the character 67 on the consensus (according to outcome of cladistic analysis of Verzi et al. 2014), showing the occlusal patterns of terminals. Character states: 67-0 (green), 67-1 (blue), 67-2 (black), and ambiguity (red). Node Q shows the clade comprising traditional octodontines and the optimization at this node (character state 67-0). Node P indicates clade that clusters Acaremys and traditional octodontines. Node K (supported by the character-state 67-1; see Verzi et al. 2014: som 1d) indicates the grouping of Protadelphomys– Willidewu–Sallamys, Chasicomys, Chasichimys, and traditional ctenomyines (node N). Occlusal figures of terminals represent left m1 or m2 and were essentially modified from Verzi et al. (2014: fig. 8).

Fig. 13 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 13. The tibia of multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 (IVPP V19030) from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. A. Right tibia in anterior (A1) and posterior (A2) views, proximal end in lateral (A3) and proximal (A4) views. B. Femur-tibia articulation in posterior (B1) and anterior (B2) views.

Fig. 10 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 10. Fragmentary pterygoid and middle ear cavity of multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. A. IVPP V19025, middle ear with part of the promontorium in ventral view; photograph (A1), explanatory drawing (A2). B. IVPP V19029, possible bony shell of the inflated vestibule in lateral (B1) and inside (B2) views. The anterior end of each element is toward upside.

Fig. 3 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 3. Multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 (IVPP V19025) from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. Partial right rostrum with I2–3 in lateral (A) and ventral (B) views. A2, B2, explanatory drawings; A3, B3 details of A1, B1.

Fig. 2 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 2. Multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 from the late Paleocene Gashato Formation at Shabarakh Usu, Mongolia. A. Holotype (AMNH 21736), the upper left M2 in occlusal, lingual and buccal views (A1–A3). B. Paratype (AMNH 21713), anterior part of a left m2 in occlusal view. C. Paratype (AMNH 21715), anterior parts of a left m1 in occlusal view. D. AMNH 21719.001, broken?M2 in occlusal ( D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. AMNH 21719.002, anterior parts of a left m1 in occlusal view.

Fig. 1 in Analyzing the impact of conflictive dental characters on the phylogeny of octodontoid rodents

Fig. 1. Hypotheses of correspondences for most anterior lophids of tetralophodont lower molars of octodontoids, after Candela and Rasia (2012: fig. 6E, F) (A, B) and Verzi et al. (2014) (C, D). A. Second lophid homologued to the metalophulid II. B. Second lophid homologued to the metalophulid II, and connected to the metalophulid I. C. Second lophid homologued to the mesolophid, identified in certain octodontoid taxa (see text). D. Second lophid corresponding to the mesolophid + metalophulid II, forming a complex crest (see text).Yellow and red colors indicate different homologies proposed for the second lophid in Octodontoid lower molars.

Fig. 1 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 1. Late Paleocene Gashatan localities for multituberculates in the Mongolian Plateau. A. Shabarakh Usu, Mongolia, where Sphenopsalis nobilis and Prionessus lucifer were first discovered. B. Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. Lambdopsalis bulla, P. lucifer, and Mesodmops tenuis were reported from Subeng (Missiaen and Smith 2008). L. bulla and P. lucifer were present in Nuhetingboerhe (Wang et al. 2010) and Bayan Ulan (Meng et al. 1998). L. bulla, S. nobilis, and P. lucifer were present in Haliut (Chow and Qi 1978) and Erden (Urtyn) Obo area (this study).

Fig. 6 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 6. Lower incisors of multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. A. IVPP V19025, symphysis of mandibles with partial incisors in lateral right (A1) and left (A2), dorsal (A3), and ventral (A4) views. B. IVPP V19034, right incisor in medial (B1) and lateral (B2) views.

Fig. 17 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 17. Phylogenetic position of Sphenopsalis nobilis within multituberculates. A. The strict consensus tree of 138 trees obtained in the PAUP search where 19 characters were ordered (see SOM). B. The 50% majority rule consensus tree with 19 characters ordered. See additional supporting data in the SOM.

Fig. 12 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 12. The femur of multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 (IVPP V19030) from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. A. Proximal portion of the left femur in anterior (A1), posterior (A2), and proximal end (A3) views. B. Right femur (with proximal end broken) in anterior (B1), posterior (B2), and distal end (B3) views.

Fig. 8 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 8. Occlusal views of molars of multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. A. IVPP V19037, right m2. B. IVPP V19030, left m2. C. IVPP V19028, right m2. D. IVPP V19029, right m2 (D1), right M1–2 (D2), left M1–2 (D3). E. IVPP V19025, right M1, which belongs to the same individual as in Fig. 4. F. IVPP V19027, a developing right m2? G. IVPP V19033, a deeply worn left m2. H. IVPP V19026, right M2. I. IVPP V19036, right m2.

Fig. 9 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 9. Skull fragments of multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. A. IVPP V19025, skull fragment showing the orbital crest in lateral (A1) and dorsal (A2, A3) views. B. IVPP V19029, skull fragment showing the temporal crest in lateral (B1) and dorsal (B2, B3) views. The anterior end of each element is toward upside. Photographs (A1, A2, B1, B2), explanatory drawings (A3, B3).

Fig. 11 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 11. Fragmentary scapula and humerus of multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. A. IVPP V19030, proximal portion of the right scapula in lateral (A1), medial (A2), and ventral (glenoid fossa) (A3) views. B. IVPP V19031, left humerus in anterior (B1), posterior (B2), lateral (B3), and medial (B4) views. Due to the breakage, the proximal (top) and distal (bottom) portions may not be displayed in their precise anatomical positions.

Fig. 5 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 5. Multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 (IVPP V19032) from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. Left upper molars (M1–2) from the same individual as the lower ones in Fig. 7 in occlusal (A), medial (B), and lateral (C) views. The arrow indicates the broken anterior root of the zygomatic arch. Photographs (A1–C1), SEM images (A2–C2).

Fig. 4 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 4. Multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 (IVPP V19025) from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. Partial left maxilla with M1 and M2 in occlusal (A), medial (B), and lateral (C) views. The arrow indicates the broken anterior root of the zygomatic arch; wear facets: 1, on buccal sides of the lingual cusps of M2; 2, on lingual sides of the medial cusps of M2; 3, on buccal sides of the medial cusps of M2; 4, on the cusp of the buccal (external) row, which is aligned with the buccal wear facets of medial cusps of M2. Photographs (A1–C1), SEM images (A2–C2).