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2,135 results for “stabling”
Data from: Structure and functioning of intertidal food webs along an avian flyway: a comparative approach using stable isotopes
Food webs and trophic dynamics of coastal systems have been the focus of intense research throughout the world, as they prove to be critical in understanding ecosystem processes and functions. However, very few studies have undertaken a quantitative comparison of entire food webs from a key consumer perspective across a broad geographical area, limiting relevant comparisons among systems with distinct biotic and abiotic components. We investigate the structure and functioning of food webs in four tidal ecosystems of international importance for migratory shorebirds along the East Atlantic Flyway: Tejo estuary in Portugal, Sidi Moussa in Morocco, Banc d'Arguin in Mauritania and Bijagós archipelago in Guinea-Bissau. Basal food sources, shorebirds and their prey (benthic invertebrates) were sampled in all areas, and Bayesian stable isotope mixing models and community-wide metrics were used in a comparative analysis among areas. Significant differences among study areas were found in the structure of food webs, as well as in the relative importance of basal resource pools supporting each food web. Overall, the food web of Banc d'Arguin was characterized by lower trophic diversity and higher functional redundancy than the other sites. This result might be explained by the low number of trophic pathways of organic matter transfer in this seagrass-dominated system which, as a fossil estuary, lacks inputs from both freshwater and nutrient-rich offshore oceanic waters. Structure of shorebird communities was consistent with the main organizational patterns found for each food web, highlighting the less diverse character of the community of Banc d'Arguin. At Banc d'Arguin and Bijagós archipelago, which displayed the smallest and largest isotopic niche widths in bird assemblage, respectively, mean niche overlap among species was low, suggesting high interspecific partitioning in resource use. Tropical systems typically offer comparatively lower harvestable prey biomass for shorebirds and might thus strengthen interspecific competition, leading to low niche overlap among species. Our study reveals relevant differences in the structure of food webs and shorebird communities in coastal areas along an avian flyway. While differences in trophic redundancy of food webs point to distinct levels of ecosystem resilience, contrasts in the organization of shorebird communities highlight the plasticity in the foraging behaviour of species inhabiting areas with distinct environmental conditions.
Data from: The stable isotope ecology of mycalesine butterflies: implications for plant-insect co-evolution
One of the most dramatic examples of biome shifts in the geological record is the rapid replacement of C3 vegetation by C4 grasses in (sub-) tropical regions during the Late Miocene–Pliocene. Climate-driven biome shifts of this magnitude are expected to have a major impact on diversification and ecological speciation, especially in grazing taxa. Mycalesine butterflies are excellent candidates to explore the evolutionary impact of these C3/C4 shifts on insect grazer communities. Mycalesine butterflies feed on grasses as larvae, have radiated spectacularly and occur in almost all extant habitats across the Old World tropics. However, at present, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the larval ecology of these butterflies and this hampers investigations of co-evolutionary patterns among the geographically parallel radiations of mycalesine butterflies and the remarkable evolutionary history of their host plants. By conducting several experiments under defined environmental conditions, we demonstrate that the feeding history of mycalesine larvae on C3 and C4 grasses can be traced by analysing δ13C in the organic material of the adult exoskeleton, while values of δ18O in the adult reflect atmospheric humidity during larval development. To show the power of these isotopic proxies for ecological studies, we analysed the isotopic composition of organic material obtained from adult butterflies sampled in two extensive longitudinal surveys. We observed strong associations among the larval ecology, habitat preferences of the adult butterflies and patterns of seasonality, such that mycalesine species that inhabit open environments are more opportunistic in their host plant choice but utilize C3 grasses more frequently during the dry season. Crucially, the ability to process the less palatable C4 grasses appears to be phylogenetically clustered within mycalesine species, suggesting that novel feeding adaptations may have evolved in response to the ecological dominance of C4 grasses in open savanna habitats.
Data from: High genetic diversity and stable Pleistocene distributional ranges in the widespread Mexican red oak Quercus castanea Née (1801) (Fagaceae)
<p>The Mexican highlands are areas of high biological complexity where taxa of Nearctic and Neotropical origin and different population histories are found. To gain a more detailed view of the evolution of the biota in these regions, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of historical tectonic and climate events on species. Here, we analyzed the phylogeographic structure, historical demographic processes, and the contemporary period, Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Last Interglacial (LIG) ecological niche models of Quercus castanea, to infer the historical population dynamics of this oak distributed in the Mexican highlands. A total of 36 populations of Q. castanea were genotyped with seven chloroplast microsatellite loci in four recognized biogeographic provinces of Mexico: the Sierra Madre Occidental (western mountain range), the Central Plateau, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB, mountain range crossing central Mexico from west to east) and the Sierra Madre del Sur (SMS, southern mountain range). We obtained standard statistics of genetic diversity and structure and tested for signals of historical demographic expansions. A total of 90 haplotypes were identified and 29 of these haplotypes were restricted to sngle populations. The within-population genetic diversity was high (mean hS = 0.72), and among-population genetic differentiation showed a strong phylogeographic structure (NST = 0.630 > GST = 0.266; P < 0.001). Signals of demographic expansion were identified in the TMVB and the SMS. The ecological niche models suggested a considerable percentage of stable distribution area for the species during the LGM and connectivity between the TMVB and the SMS. High genetic diversity, strong phylogeographic structure and potential distribution models suggest in situ permanence of Q. castanea populations with large effective population sizes. The complex geological and climatic histories of the TMVB help to explain the origin and maintenance of a large proportion of the genetic diversity in this oak species.</p>
Data from: Analysis of inbreeding depression in mixed-mating plants provides evidence for selective interference and stable mixed mating
Hermaphroditic individuals can produce both selfed and outcrossed progeny, termed mixed mating. General theory predicts that mixed-mating populations should evolve quickly toward high rates of selfing, driven by rapid purging of genetic load and loss of inbreeding depression (ID), but the substantial number of mixed-mating species observed in nature calls this prediction into question. Greater average ID reported for selfing than for outcrossing populations is consistent with purging and suggests that mixed-mating taxa in evolutionary transition will have intermediate ID. We compared the magnitude of ID from published estimates for highly selfing (r > 0.8), mixed-mating (0.2 < r > 0.8), and highly outcrossing (r < 0.2) plant populations across 58 species. We found that mixed-mating and outcrossing taxa have equally high average lifetime ID (d = 0.58 and 0.54, respectively) and similar ID at each of four life-cycle stages. These results are not consistent with evolution toward selfing in most mixed-mating taxa. We suggest that prevention of purging by selective interference could explain stable mixed mating in many natural populations. We identify critical gaps in the empirical data on inbreeding depression and outline key approaches to filling them.
Data from: Stable coexistence of genetically divergent Atlantic cod ecotypes at multiple spatial scales
Coexistence in the same habitat of closely related yet genetically different populations is a phenomenon that challenges our understanding of local population structure and adaptation. Identifying the underlying mechanisms for such coexistence can yield new insight into adaptive evolution, diversification, and the potential for organisms to adapt and persist in response to a changing environment. Recent studies have documented cryptic, sympatric populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in coastal areas. We analyzed genetic origin of 6483 individual cod sampled annually over 14 years from 125 locations along the Norwegian Skagerrak coast and document stable coexistence of two genetically divergent Atlantic cod ecotypes throughout the study area and study period. A 'fjord' ecotype dominated in numbers deep inside fjords while a 'North Sea' ecotype was the only type found in offshore North Sea. Both ecotypes coexisted in similar proportions throughout coastal habitats at all spatial scales. The size-at-age of the North Sea ecotype on average exceeded that of the fjord ecotype by 20% in length and 80% in weight across all habitats. Different growth and size among individuals of the two types might be one of several ecologically significant variables that allow for stable coexistence of closely related populations within the same habitat. Management plans, biodiversity initiatives, and other mitigation strategies that do not account for the mixture of species ecotypes are unlikely to meet objectives related to the sustainability of fish and fisheries.
Data from: Epistasis and allele specificity in the emergence of a stable polymorphism in Escherichia coli
Ecological opportunities promote population divergence into coexisting lineages. However, the genetic mechanisms that enable new lineages to exploit these opportunities are poorly understood except in cases of single mutations. We examined how two Escherichia coli lineages diverged from their common ancestor at the outset of a long-term coexistence. By sequencing genomes and reconstructing the genetic history of one lineage, we showed that three mutations together were sufficient to produce the frequency-dependent fitness effects that allowed this lineage to invade and stably coexist with the other. These mutations all affected regulatory genes and collectively caused substantial metabolic changes. Moreover, the particular derived alleles were critical for the initial divergence and invasion, indicating that the establishment of this polymorphism depended on specific epistatic interactions.
Data from: Bimodality of stable and plastic traits in plants
We challenged archived genetic mapping data for 36 fruit, seed, flower and yield traits in tomato and found an unexpected bimodal distribution in one measure of trait variability, the mean coefficient of variation, with some traits being consistently more variable than others. To determine the degree of conservation of this distribution among higher plants, we compared 18 homologous phenotypes, including yield and seed production, across different crop species grown in a common 'crop garden' experiment. The set included 32 varieties of tomato, eggplant, pepper, melon, watermelon, sunflower and maize. Estimates of canalization were obtained using a 'canalization replication' experimental design that generated multiple estimates of the coefficient of variation of traits, as well as their reaction norms in optimal and water-stressed field plots. A common pattern of bimodal distribution of stable and plastic traits was observed for all the varieties, and a wild weed (Solanum nigrum). We propose that canalization profiles of traits in a variety of taxa were ancestrally selected to maximize adaptation and reproductive success
Data from: Evolutionarily stable sex ratios and mutation load
Frequency-dependent selection should drive dioecious populations toward a 1:1 sex ratio, but biased sex ratios are widespread, especially among plants with sex chromosomes. Here, we develop population genetic models to investigate the relationships between evolutionarily stable sex ratios, haploid selection, and deleterious mutation load. We confirm that when haploid selection acts only on the relative fitness of X and Y-bearing pollen and the sex ratio is controlled by the maternal genotype, seed sex ratios evolve toward 1:1. When we also consider haploid selection acting on deleterious mutations, however, we find that biased sex ratios can be stably maintained, reflecting a balance between the advantages of purging deleterious mutations via haploid selection, and the disadvantages of haploid selection on the sex ratio. Our results provide a plausible evolutionary explanation for biased sex ratios in dioecious plants, given the extensive gene expression that occurs across plant genomes at the haploid stage.
Data from: Fog as a source of nitrogen for redwood trees: evidence from fluxes and stable isotopes
A defining feature of the redwood forest in coastal California is the presence of fog in the summer months, a time when there is typically little rainfall. Our goal was to determine the role of summer fog in canopy transformation of nitrogen, nitrogen uptake by trees and photosynthesis within a coastal redwood forest ecosystem. We measured horizontal and vertical inputs of nitrogen, the isotopic composition of nitrogen in a variety of atmospheric sources (summer fog, winter rain and throughfall throughout the year), nitrogen pools (soil solution) and plant tissue (roots and foliage), as well as rates of photosynthesis and nitrogen uptake by trees. Throughfall nitrogen fluxes were greater at the forest edge compared to the interior both within the canopy (sampled 10 m above-ground) and onto the forest floor (sampled 1 m above-ground; P < 0.05). Similarly, soil solution inline image and total inorganic nitrogen were greater at the forest edge compared to the interior (P = 0.0014 and 0.009, respectively). Whereas natural abundance δ15NO3 values were not significantly different between winter rain (measured as bulk precipitation) and summer fog water (average δ15N = −1.2 ± 0.680/00), δ15NH4 values were significantly greater in fog water (11.4 ± 2.70/00) compared to rain (1.2 ± 0.90/00). We found no difference in δ15N in roots from forest edge trees compared to interior trees. In contrast, nitrogen concentrations and δ15N in foliage from forest edge trees were significantly greater compared to interior trees (P < 0.0001), suggesting that the leaves of forest edge trees may be obtaining a greater proportion of their nitrogen from fog compared to those of the interior trees. Natural abundance 13C of leaf sugars and rates of photosynthesis were significantly higher at the forest edge compared to the interior during the fog season (P < 0.05), but not different between locations in the rain season (P > 0.05). Nitrification in the forest floor, rather than the canopy, is the primary source of inline image in these soils throughout the year. Synthesis. Summer fog provides nitrogen directly and indirectly to redwood trees, especially those at the forest edge, and affects the physiologic function of redwood trees.
Temporal and spatial variability of the stable isotopic composition of atmospheric molecular hydrogen: observations at six EUROHYDROS stations
<p>These are the H2 mixing ratio and deuterium content data used in: <br /> Batenburg, A. M., Walter, S., Pieterse, G., Levin, I., Schmidt, M., Jordan, A., Hammer, S., Yver, C., and Röckmann, T.: Temporal and spatial variability of the stable isotopic composition of atmospheric molecular hydrogen: observations at six EUROHYDROS stations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6985-6999, doi:10.5194/acp-11-6985-2011, 2011,http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/6985/2011/acp-11-6985-2011.html<br /> <br /> Please cite this ACP article when using these data in a publication, and kindly notify the first author (annekebatenburg'at'gmail.com).<br /> <br /> In the CSV files:<br /> - Mixing ratios are reduction gas analyzer results obtained at UHEI-IUP, MPI-BGC and LSCE.<br /> - dD(H2) data are obtained from analysis with the GC-IRMS system at the IMAU-APCG lab of Utrecht University. The estimated standard deviation/error in a single measurement is 4.5 permil, based on measurements of a laboratory working tank.<br /> - Outlier selection was based on visual inspection of the time series.<br /> - The "biased" or "downshifted" flag indicates dD measurements performed in a period where the dD results seemed to have a positive bias of approximately 9.5 permil. These samples were shown in the time series figure with the 9.5 permil subtracted, but excluded from the following quantitative analyses.<br /> - The last column indicates the number of succesfull repeat measurements of dD.<br /> <br /> More information can be found in the published, open-access article. Please do not hesitate to contact annekebatenburg'at'gmail.com if you have any questions.</p>
All-metallic magnetic Purcell enhancement in a thermally stable room-temperature maser
<p>This contains the experimental raw data:</p><ul><li>Model_SRRcluster.stl<ul><li>the 3D model of the clustered SRR<br> </li></ul></li><li>01_SRRcluster_ThersholdExperiment_RawData<ul><li>1,300 maser pulses recorded by oscilloscope along with gradually increased laser excitation energy</li><li>corresponding laser excitation energy</li><li>S11 parameter of the resonator measured using vector network analyzer (VNA)<br> </li></ul></li><li>02_SRRcluster_ThermalStabilityExperiment_RawData<ul><li>18,000 maser pulses recorded by oscilloscope:</li><li>corresponding laser excitation energy</li><li>S11 parameters of the resonator before and after the masing experiment, measured using vector network analyzer (VNA)<br> </li></ul></li><li>03_SrTiO3_ThermalStabilityExperiment_RawData<ul><li>12,000 maser pulses recorded by oscilloscope:</li><li>corresponding laser excitation energy</li><li>S11 parameters of the resonator before and after the masing experiment, measured using vector network analyzer (VNA)</li></ul></li></ul><p> </p>
A decade (2008-2017) of water stable-isotope composition of precipitation at Concordia Station, East Antarctica
<p>A ten-year record of oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of precipitation is here presented: from 2008 to 2017, 1483 daily precipitation samples were collected all-year round on a raised platform at Concordia Station, East Antarctica.</p> <p>The dataset is discussed in the following pubblication</p> <p>Dreossi, G., Masiol, M., Stenni, B., Zannoni, D., Scarchilli, C., Ciardini, V., Casado, M., Landais, A., Werner, M., Cauquoin, A., Casasanta, G., Del Guasta, M., Posocco, V., and Barbante, C.: A decade (2008–2017) of water stable-isotope composition of precipitation at Concordia Station, East Antarctica, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2813, 2023.</p>
Insights on the origin of oldhamite in enstatites meteorites from Ca stable isotopes
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Data for Triple Oxygen and Hydrogen Stable Isotope Composition of Water in Murchison Carbonaceous Chondrite
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Rapid and widespread expansion of invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides promoted by its high and stable nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium homeostasis
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Stable Strontium (δ88/86Sr) and Calcium (δ44/40Ca) isotope fractionation in coastal groundwater and implications for transport of dissolved cations to the oceans: Dataset
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Dataset of stable Strontium and Calcium isotopic compositions of multi-depth coastal aquifer of Sundarbans delta (version 1)
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Cu(II) and Ni(II) Phthalocyanine-Based Hole-Transporting Materials for Stable Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiencies Reaching 20.0%
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Dataset and Figure Files for "Evaluating Nitrogen Oxide and α-pinene Oxidation Chemistry: Insights from Oxygen and Nitrogen Stable Isotopes"
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Supplementary Data for "A Holocene n-alkane stable isotope sequence from Wonderwerk Cave, 1 South Africa and its implications for the Later Stone Age record"
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.