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Fig. 7 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 7. The pits with preserved phosphatic remnants on the shell of craspeditid ammonite Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) from the Late Volgian, Kachpurites fulgens Zone, Moscow region, Eganovo locality, Central Russia; MSU 118/1. A, B. Three pits with phosphatic filling on the well-preserved surface of the specimen. C, D. Transverse cross-sections of the two pits with phosphatic remnants located on the well-preserved part of the shell of the specimen. Note the thin outer prismatic and thick nacreous layers. The photos were taken using an optical binocular microscope.

Fig. 5 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 5. Craspeditid ammonite Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) from the Late Volgian, Kachpurites fulgens Zone, Moscow region, Eganovo locality, Central Russia; shell structure and chemical composition of the filling of pits, MSU 118/1. A, B. Aragonite layer of the shell. C. EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) analysis of the brown mineral in the pit on the surface of specimen (asterisk in B).

Fig. 8 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 8. Craspeditid ammonites Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) from the Late Volgian, Kachpurites fulgens Zone, Moscow region, Central Russia, Mnevniki (A) and Eganovo (B−E) locality; shells with pits. A. MSU 118/2, fully preserved body chamber with pits, which are clearly visible not far from the aperture; lateral view. B. MSU 118/3, shell with abnormal constriction on the body chamber; in ventral (B1) and lateral (B2) views. C. MSU 118/4, shell with fully preserved body chamber; in lateral (C1) and ventral (C2) views. There are abnormally small lateral attachment scars (on the top of the C1) and pits on the apertural part of the shell. D. MSU 118/5, shell without aperture and with pits which are located ventro-laterally; lateral view. E. MSU 118/6, body chamber fragment without aperture and phragmocone; ventral view (E1), enlarged view of the pit (E2). There is only one relatively large pit on this fragment.

Fig. 12 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 12. Clusters of pits on the surface of the craspeditid ammonite Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shell from the Late Volgian, Kachpurites fulgens Zone, Eganovo ocality, Moscow region, Central Russia, MSU 118/1. A. General view, three clusters which repeatedly occurred on the shell marked by lines: ventro-lateral and dorso-lateral clusters marked by dotted line, mid-lateral cluster marked by solid line. B. Two groups of pits on the anterior ventro-lateral portion of the shell. They are very similar to each other and likely were formed by the same epizoans during the subsequent stages of shell growth.

Fig. 3 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 3. Upper Volgian strata in Eganovo locality. Three subzones of Kachpurites fulgens Zone. The thickness of all layers is about 1.4 m. The traces on the surface of the layer have been left by the excavation knife.

Fig. 2 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic column of the localities. A. Mnevniki, Moscow. B. Eganovo, Moscow area. The braces mark the horizon from which the described ammonites have been collected. Ammonite zones (see Rogov and Starodubtseva 2014). The total thickness of the layers is about 2 m.

Fig. 4 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 4. The circular diagram of the frequency of the genera distribution in Kachpurites fulgens Zone.

Fig. 1 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 1. Map of Moscow area with localities: 1, Eganovo (55°32'08.28" N; 38°03'10.47" E); 2, Mnevniki (55°46'4.12" N; 37°28'4.67" E).

Fig. 8. Overgrowth type 3 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 8. Overgrowth type 3 (arrows in A, B) on the distal articular surface of the left manual phalanx IV-1 of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA; in anterior/dorsal (A) and distal (B) views, and CT scan of frontal slice (C), note the probable healed fracture (arrows). Photos taken by Rosemarie Roth (University of Zurich, Switzerland).

Fig. 3. Overgrowth type 1 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 3. Overgrowth type 1 (arrows) in right pedal unguals I (A) and III (B) of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA. Overgrowth projects proximally from the proximal articular surface. Note the medial to mediodorsal position of the overgrowths on the proximal articular surfaces. Unguals shown in dorsal (A1, B1), medial (A2, B2), proximal (A3, B3), and lateral (A4, B4) views. Photos taken by Esther Premru (Mönchaltorf, Switzerland) and modified from Tschopp et al. (2015).

Fig. 2. Overgrowth type 1 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 2. Overgrowth type 1 (arrow) in left pedal ungual I of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, HoweStephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA; in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and proximodorsal (C) views. Note the dorsal position of the overgrowth on the proximal articular surface, and how it fits in the notch in the distal articular surface of php I-1 (C, slightly displaced taphonomically). Abbreviations: mt, metatarsal; php, pedal phalanx. Not to scale, the proximodistal length of php I-1 is 45 mm.

Fig. 9. Overgrowth type 4 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 9. Overgrowth type 4 (arrow) on the laterodistal corner of the left pedal phalanx IV-1 of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA; in anterior/dorsal view. Abbreviation: php, phalanx of pedal digit.

Fig. 6. Overgrowth type 2 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 6. Overgrowth type 2 exemplified in a drawing (A, modified from Tschopp et al. 2015) and CT scan (B) of the left manual phalanx II-1 of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA. CT scan shows variable bone densities in the osteophyte, indicated by the different gray scales. Abbreviations: phm, phalanx of manual digit; mc, metacarpal.

Fig. 4 in A new Beneziphius beaked whale from the ocean floor off Galicia, Spain and biostratigraphic reassessment of the type species

Fig. 4. Vertex of the partial cranium of a beaked whale Beneziphius cetariensis sp. nov., holotype (SGHNMF MA0953) from the middle Miocene to early Pliocene of A Selva fishing ground, off the Galician coast, Spain, in dorsal view. Interpretive drawing (A) and photograph (B).

Fig. 3 in A new Beneziphius beaked whale from the ocean floor off Galicia, Spain and biostratigraphic reassessment of the type species

Fig. 3. Partial cranium of a beaked whale Beneziphius cetariensis sp. nov., holotype (SGHNMF MA0953) from the middle Miocene to early Pliocene of A Selva fishing ground, off the Galician coast, Spain, in anterior and slightly dorsal view.

Fig. 7 in A new Beneziphius beaked whale from the ocean floor off Galicia, Spain and biostratigraphic reassessment of the type species

Fig. 7. Simplified palaeogeographic map of NW Europe, showing coastlines and the limits of the continental shelf (light grey) during the Serravallian– Tortonian (late middle to early late Miocene). Black star is the type locality of Beneziphius cetariensis sp. nov. (A Selva fishing ground) and white star is the type locality of B. brevirostris (Antwerp, Belgium). Other fossil ziphiid species are listed whose corresponding genera are found in at least two regions. Map redrawn from Scotese (2014). Note that the North Atlantic–Mediterranean connection was probably more complex than illustrated in this schematic map (e.g., Kouwenhoven and van der Zwaan 2006).

Fig. 5 in A new Beneziphius beaked whale from the ocean floor off Galicia, Spain and biostratigraphic reassessment of the type species

Fig. 5. Detail of the results of the phylogenetic analyses of the family Ziphiidae for the "Messapicetus clade". A. Strict consensus of the heuristic search with equally-weighted characters, showing the unresolved relationships of Beneziphius cetariensis sp. nov. and B. brevirostris. B. Single most parsimonious tree of the heuristic search with downweighted homoplastic characters (k = 3), with B. cetariensis sp. nov. more stemward than B. brevirostris. Results for the other parts of the clade Ziphiidae follow Bianucci et al. (2016).

Fig. 1 in A new Beneziphius beaked whale from the ocean floor off Galicia, Spain and biostratigraphic reassessment of the type species

Fig. 1. Partial cranium of a beaked whale Beneziphius cetariensis sp. nov., holotype (SGHNMF MA0953) from the middle Miocene to early Pliocene of A Selva fishing ground, off the Galician coast, Spain, in dorsal (A) and left lateral (B) views. Interpretive drawings (A1, B1) and photographs (A2, B2).

Fig. 2 in A new Beneziphius beaked whale from the ocean floor off Galicia, Spain and biostratigraphic reassessment of the type species

Fig. 2. Partial cranium of a beaked whale Beneziphius cetariensis sp. nov., holotype (SGHNMF MA0953) from the middle Miocene to early Pliocene of A Selva fishing ground, off the Galician coast, Spain, in right lateral (A) and ventral (B) views.