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2,774 results for “Agent”
Data from: A meta-analysis of the agents of selection on floral traits
Floral traits are hypothesized to evolve primarily in response to selection by pollinators. However, selection can also be mediated by other environmental factors. To understand the relative importance of pollinator-mediated selection and its variation among trait and pollinator types, we analyzed directional selection gradients on floral traits from experiments that manipulated the environment to identify agents of selection. Pollinator-mediated selection was stronger than selection by other biotic factors (e.g. herbivores), but similar in strength to selection by abiotic factors (e.g. soil water), providing partial support for the hypothesis that floral traits evolve primarily in response to pollinators. Pollinator-mediated selection was stronger on pollination efficiency traits than on other trait types, as expected if efficiency traits affect fitness via interactions with pollinators, but other trait types also affect fitness via other environmental factors. In addition to varying among trait types, pollinator-mediated selection varied among pollinator taxa: selection was stronger when bees, long-tongued flies, or birds were the primary visitors than when the primary visitors were Lepidoptera or multiple animal taxa. Finally, reducing pollinator access to flowers had a relatively small effect on selection on floral traits, suggesting that anthropogenic declines in pollinator populations would initially have modest effects on floral evolution.
Data from: The contribution of marine aggregate-associated bacteria to the accumulation of pathogenic bacteria in oysters: an agent-based model
Bivalves process large volumes of water, leading to their accumulation of bacteria, including potential human pathogens (e.g., vibrios). These bacteria are captured at low efficiencies when freely suspended in the water column, but they also attach to marine aggregates, which are captured with near 100% efficiency. For this reason, and because they are often enriched with heterotrophic bacteria, marine aggregates have been hypothesized to function as important transporters of bacteria into bivalves. The relative contribution of aggregates and unattached bacteria to the accumulation of these cells, however, is unknown. We developed an agent-based model to simulate accumulation of vibrio-type bacteria in oysters. Simulations were conducted over a realistic range of concentrations of bacteria and aggregates and incorporated the dependence of pseudofeces production on particulate matter. The model shows that the contribution of aggregate-attached bacteria depends strongly on the unattached bacteria, which form the colonization pool for aggregates and are directly captured by the simulated oysters. The concentration of aggregates is also important, but its effect depends on the concentration of unattached bacteria. At high bacterial concentrations, aggregates contribute the majority of bacteria in the oysters. At low concentrations of unattached bacteria, aggregates have a neutral or even a slightly negative effect on bacterial accumulation. These results provide the first evidence suggesting that the concentration of aggregates could influence uptake of pathogenic bacteria in bivalves and show that the tendency of a bacterial species to remain attached to aggregates is a key factor for understanding species-specific accumulation.
Data from: Integrative taxonomy improves understanding of native beneficial fauna: revision of the Nearctic Peristenus pallipes complex (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and implications for release of exotic biocontrol agents
The Nearctic Peristenus pallipes complex (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) consists of two species groups that are further divided into nine species, separated largely using ecological rather than morphological differences. The species are re-examined with an integrative approach using morphometric multivariate ratios, molecular (COI and CytB), and ecological data to test the validity of the nine species. The data support only three valid species [P. dayi Goulet, P. mellipes (Cresson) and P. howardi Shaw] rather than nine. New synonymies include: P. braunae Goulet under P. dayi Goulet 2006 syn.n.; P. carcamoi Goulet, P. otaniae Goulet and P. pseudopallipes (Loan) under P. mellipes (Cresson) syn.n., and finally P. broadbenti Goulet 2006 and P. gillespiei Goulet 2006 under P. howardi Shaw 1999 syn.n. In light of these taxonomic revisions, the biology and distributions of the Nearctic P. pallipes complex are updated, resulting in three morphologically variable, widespread, multivoltine species rather than nine largely univoltine species with patchy distributions. The integrative taxonomic approach used here allowed for a more accurate delineation of native fauna and their potential to be competitively displaced by foreign biocontrol agents.
Data from: Wood ants produce a potent antimicrobial agent by applying formic acid on tree-collected resin
Wood ants fight pathogens by incorporating tree resin with antimicrobial properties into their nests. They also produce large quantities of formic acid in their venom gland, which they readily spray to defend or disinfect their nest. Mixing chemicals to produce powerful antibiotics is common practice in human medicine, yet evidence for the use of such "defensive cocktails" by animals remains scant. Here, we test the hypothesis that wood ants enhance the antifungal activity of tree resin by treating it with formic acid. In a series of experiments, we document that (i) tree resin had much higher inhibitory activity against the common entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum after having been in contact with ants, while no such effect was detected for other nest materials; (ii) wood ants applied significant amounts of endogenous formic and succinic acid on resin and other nest materials; and (iii) the application of synthetic formic acid greatly increased the antifungal activity of resin, but had no such effect when applied to inert glass material. Together, these results demonstrate that wood ants obtain an effective protection against a detrimental microorganism by mixing endogenous and plant-acquired chemical defenses. In conclusion, the ability to synergistically combine antimicrobial substances of diverse origins is not restricted to humans and may play an important role in insect societies.
Data from: De novo genome assembly of Geosmithia morbida, the causal agent of thousand cankers disease
Geosmithia morbida is a filamentous ascomycete that causes thousand cankers disease in the eastern black walnut tree. This pathogen is commonly found in the western U.S.; however, recently the disease was also detected in several eastern states where the black walnut lumber industry is concentrated. G. morbida is one of two known phytopathogens within the genus Geosmithia, and it is vectored into the host tree via the walnut twig beetle. We present the first de novo draft genome of G. morbida. It is 26.5 Mbp in length and contains less than 1% repetitive elements. The genome possesses an estimated 6,273 genes, 277 of which are predicted to encode proteins with unknown functions. Approximately 31.5% of the proteins in G. morbida are homologous to proteins involved in pathogenicity, and 5.6% of the proteins contain signal peptides that indicate these proteins are secreted. Several studies have investigated the evolution of pathogenicity in pathogens of agricultural crops; forest fungal pathogens are often neglected because research efforts are focused on food crops. G. morbida is one of the few tree phytopathogens to be sequenced, assembled and annotated. The first draft genome of G. morbida serves as a valuable tool for comprehending the underlying molecular and evolutionary mechanisms behind pathogenesis within the Geosmithia genus.
Data from: Validation of perfusion quantification with 3D gradient echo dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging using a blood pool contrast agent in skeletal swine muscle
The purpose of our study was to validate perfusion quantification in a low-perfused tissue by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) with shared k-space sampling using a blood pool contrast agent. Perfusion measurements were performed in a total of seven female pigs. An ultrasonic Doppler probe was attached to the right femoral artery to determine total flow in the hind leg musculature. The femoral artery was catheterized for continuous local administration of adenosine to increase blood flow up to four times the baseline level. Three different stable perfusion levels were induced. The MR protocol included a 3D gradient-echo sequence with a temporal resolution of approximately 1.5 seconds. Before each dynamic sequence, static MR images were acquired with flip angles of 5°, 10°, 20°, and 30°. Both static and dynamic images were used to generate relaxation rate and baseline magnetization maps with a flip angle method. 0.1 mL/kg body weight of blood pool contrast medium was injected via a central venous catheter at a flow rate of 5 mL/s. The right hind leg was segmented in 3D into medial, cranial, lateral, and pelvic thigh muscles, lower leg, bones, skin, and fat. The arterial input function (AIF) was measured in the aorta. Perfusion of the different anatomic regions was calculated using a one- and a two-compartment model with delay- and dispersion-corrected AIFs. The F-test for model comparison was used to decide whether to use the results of the one- or two-compartment model fit. Total flow was calculated by integrating volume-weighted perfusion values over the whole measured region. The resulting values of delay, dispersion, blood volume, mean transit time, and flow were all in physiologically and physically reasonable ranges. In 107 of 160 ROIs, the blood signal was separated, using a two-compartment model, into a capillary and an arteriolar signal contribution, decided by the F-test. Overall flow in hind leg muscles, as measured by the ultrasound probe, highly correlated with total flow determined by MRI, R = 0.89 and P = 10−7. Linear regression yielded a slope of 1.2 and a y-axis intercept of 259 mL/min. The mean total volume of the investigated muscle tissue corresponds to an offset perfusion of 4.7mL/(min ⋅ 100cm3). The DCE-MRI technique presented here uses a blood pool contrast medium in combination with a two-compartment tracer kinetic model and allows absolute quantification of low-perfused non-cerebral organs such as muscles.
Data from: Inner conflict in patients receiving oral anti-cancer agents: a qualitative study
Objectives: To explore the experiences of patients receiving oral anticancer agents. Design: A qualitative study using semistructured interviews with a grounded theory approach. Setting: A university hospital in Japan. Participants :14 patients with gastric cancer who managed their cancer with oral anticancer agents. Results: Patients with cancer experienced inner conflict between rational belief and emotional resistance to taking medication due to confrontation with cancer, doubt regarding efficacy and concerns over potential harm attached to use of the agent. Although they perceived themselves as being adherent to medication, they reported partial non-adherent behaviours. The patients reassessed their lives through the experience of inner conflict and, ultimately, they recognised their role in medication therapy. Conclusions: Patients with cancer experienced inner conflict, in which considerable emotional resistance to taking their medication affected their occasional non-adherent behaviours. In patient-centred care, it is imperative that healthcare providers understand patients' inner conflict and inconsistency between their subjective view and behaviour to support patient adherence.
Data from: Can longitudinal generalized estimating equation models distinguish network influence and homophily? an agent-based modeling approach to measurement characteristics
Background: Connected individuals (or nodes) in a network are more likely to be similar than two randomly selected nodes due to homophily and/or network influence. Distinguishing between these two influences is an important goal in network analysis, and generalized estimating equation (GEE) analyses of longitudinal dyadic network data are an attractive approach. It is not known to what extent such regressions can accurately extract underlying data generating processes. Therefore our primary objective is to determine to what extent, and under what conditions, does the GEE-approach recreate the actual dynamics in an agent-based model. Methods: We generated simulated cohorts with pre-specified network characteristics and attachments in both static and dynamic networks, and we varied the presence of homophily and network influence. We then used statistical regression and examined the GEE model performance in each cohort to determine whether the model was able to detect the presence of homophily and network influence. Results: In cohorts with both static and dynamic networks, we find that the GEE models have excellent sensitivity and reasonable specificity for determining the presence or absence of network influence, but little ability to distinguish whether or not homophily is present. Conclusions: The GEE models are a valuable tool to examine for the presence of network influence in longitudinal data, but are quite limited with respect to homophily.
Data from: Silver nanoparticles as a medical device in healthcare settings: a five-step approach for candidate screening of coating agents
Silver nanoparticle-based antimicrobials can promote a long lasting bactericidal effect without detrimental toxic side effects. However, there is not a clear and complete protocol to define and relate the properties of the particles (size, shape, surface charge, ionic content) with their specific activity. In this paper, we propose an effective multi-step approach for the identification of a 'purpose-specific active applicability window' to maximize the antimicrobial activity of medical devices containing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) (such as surface coaters), minimizing any consequent risk for human health (safety by design strategy). The antimicrobial activity and the cellular toxicity of four types of Ag NPs, differing in their coating composition and concentration have been quantified. Through the implementation of flow-field flow fractionation, Ag NPs have been characterized in terms of metal release, size and shape. The particles are fractionated in the process while being left unmodified, allowing for the identification of biological particle-specific contribution. Toxicity and inflammatory response in vitro have been assessed on human skin models, while antimicrobial activity has been monitored with both non-pathogenic and pathogenic Escherichia coli. The main benefit associated with such approach is the comprehensive assessment of the maximal effectiveness of candidate nanomaterials, while simultaneously indexing their properties against their safety.
FIGURES 1‒3 in Description of the mature larva and pupa of Anthonomus santacruzi Hustache (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), a biological control agent of Solanum mauritianum Scop. (Solanaceae), and remarks about its biology
FIGURES 1‒3. Anthonomus santacruzi: 1—adult, 2—mature larva, lateral, 3—pupa, lateral.
A Systematic Review on the Use of Multi Agent Coordination for Teleprotection Relays in Electrical Distribution Networks
<p>Data set for review on the coordination of relays.</p>
Comparison of Biological Potential between Aqueous Extracts of Rumex crispus Leaf and Root as Antibacterial, Synergistic Agents: A TLC-Bioautography and Cytotoxic Study
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Figure 3 from: Musfiroh I, Megawati G, Diah Herawati DM, Nama Putra O, Sylvia Nurrasjid E (2023) Molecular dynamic of omega-3 compounds as an anti-obesity agent into GPR-120 receptor. Pharmacia 70(4): 1541-1548. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.70.e115501
Figure 3 A. Visualization of interactions between docosahexaenoic acid and receptors (GPR120 (4GRV)) and B. Visualization of molecular docking between the receptor GPR120 (4GRV) and docosahexaenoic acid.
Figure 2 from: Musfiroh I, Megawati G, Diah Herawati DM, Nama Putra O, Sylvia Nurrasjid E (2023) Molecular dynamic of omega-3 compounds as an anti-obesity agent into GPR-120 receptor. Pharmacia 70(4): 1541-1548. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.70.e115501
Figure 2 A. Visualization of interactions between Neurotensin 8–13 and receptors (4GRV) and B. Visualization of molecular docking between the receptor 4GRV and natural ligand.
Figure 1 from: Musfiroh I, Megawati G, Diah Herawati DM, Nama Putra O, Sylvia Nurrasjid E (2023) Molecular dynamic of omega-3 compounds as an anti-obesity agent into GPR-120 receptor. Pharmacia 70(4): 1541-1548. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.70.e115501
Figure 1 A. Neurotensin receptor (4GRV) and B. Overlay of the docked pose of Neurotensin 8–13 with the co-crystallized ligand 4GRV.
Figure 4 from: Musfiroh I, Megawati G, Diah Herawati DM, Nama Putra O, Sylvia Nurrasjid E (2023) Molecular dynamic of omega-3 compounds as an anti-obesity agent into GPR-120 receptor. Pharmacia 70(4): 1541-1548. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.70.e115501
Figure 4 RMSD (a) and RMSF (b) value of docosahexaenoic acid (blue), eicosapentaenoic acid (maroon), and heneicosapentaenoic acid (green).
Figure 5 from: Musfiroh I, Megawati G, Diah Herawati DM, Nama Putra O, Sylvia Nurrasjid E (2023) Molecular dynamic of omega-3 compounds as an anti-obesity agent into GPR-120 receptor. Pharmacia 70(4): 1541-1548. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.70.e115501
Figure 5 SASA plot of docosahexaenoic acid (blue), eicosapentaenoic acid (maroon), and heneicosapentaenoic acid (green).
Supplementary material 1 from: Topping CJ, Duan X (2024) Managing large and complex population operations with agent-based models: The ALMaSS Population_Manager. Food and Ecological Systems Modelling Journal 5: e117593. https://doi.org/10.3897/fmj.5.117593
The code documentation for the ALMaSS Population_Manager class
Figure 7 from: Capela N, Duan X, Ziółkowska EM, Topping CJ (2024) Modelling foraging strategies of honey bees as agents in a dynamic landscape representation. Food and Ecological Systems Modelling Journal 5: e99103. https://doi.org/10.3897/fmj.5.99103
Figure 7 Results of implementing different scouting and foraging strategies on the performance of model colonies in pollen collection. Three different foraging strategies (i.e. distance, quality or random) were tested for each scouting strategy (i.e. distance, quantity and random). The total amount of collected pollen, the mean number of daily foraging flights, the number of foraging flights and their success were evaluated for all combinations of scouting and foraging strategies.
Figure 5 from: Capela N, Duan X, Ziółkowska EM, Topping CJ (2024) Modelling foraging strategies of honey bees as agents in a dynamic landscape representation. Food and Ecological Systems Modelling Journal 5: e99103. https://doi.org/10.3897/fmj.5.99103
Figure 5 Scout, recruit and foragers behaviour rules. Without private and social information, model bees become scout bees. When there is no private information because they never performed a foraging flight or because the flight was unsuccessful, model bees become recruits and will search for social information. If model bees have private information, they are considered forager bees even if no social information is available in the colony. In the presence of social information, scout and forager bees can change foraging locations (50% chance).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.