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Data from: Morphology and distribution of scales, dermal ossifications, and other non-feather integumentary structures in non-avialan theropod dinosaurs
<p class="MsoBodyText">Modern birds are typified by the presence of feathers, complex evolutionary innovations that were already widespread in the group of theropod dinosaurs (Maniraptoriformes) that include crown Aves. Squamous or scaly reptilian-like skin is, however, considered the plesiomorphic condition for theropods and dinosaurs more broadly. Here, we review the morphology and distribution of non-feathered integumentary structures in non-avialan theropods covering squamous skin and naked skin as well as dermal ossifications. The integumentary record of non-averostran theropods is limited to tracks, which ubiquitously show a covering of tiny reticulate scales on the plantar surface of the pes. This is consistent also with younger averostran body fossils, which confirm an arthral arrangement of the digital pads. Among averostrans, squamous skin is confirmed in<i> </i>Ceratosauria (<i>Carnotaurus</i>), Allosauroidea (<i>Allosaurus, Concavenator, Lourinhanosaurus</i>), Compsognathidae (<i>Juravenator</i>), and Tyrannosauroidea (<i>Santanaraptor, Albertosaurus, Daspletosaurus, Gorgosaurus, Tarbosaurus, Tyrannosaurus</i>), whereas dermal ossifications consisting of sagittate and mosaic osteoderms are restricted to <i>Ceratosaurus.</i> Naked, non-scale bearing skin is found in the contentious tetanuran <i>Sciurumimus</i>, possibly ornithomimosaurians (<i>Pelecanimimus</i>) and tyrannosauroids (<i>Santanaraptor</i>), and also on the patagia of scansoriopterygids (<i>Ambopteryx, Yi</i>). Scales are surprisingly conservative among non-avialan theropods compared to some dinosaurian groups (e.g., hadrosaurids); however, the limited preservation of tegument on most specimens hinders further interrogation. Scale patterns vary between and/or within body regions in <i>Carnotaurus</i>, <i>Concavenator</i> and <i>Juravenator</i>, and include polarised, snake-like ventral scales on the tail of the latter two genera. Unusual but more uniformly-distributed patterning also occurs in <i>Tyrannosaurus</i>, whereas feature scales are present only in <i>Albertosaurus</i> and <i>Carnotaurus.</i> Few theropods currently show compelling evidence for the cooccurrence of scales and feathers (e.g., <i>Juravenator,</i> <i>Sinornithosaurus</i>), although reticulate scales were probably retained on the mani and pedes of many theropods with a heavy plumage. Feathers and filamentous structures appear to have replaced widespread scaly integuments in maniraptorans<i>.</i> Theropod skin, and that of dinosaurs more broadly, remains a virtually untapped area of study and the appropriation of commonly-used techniques in other palaeontological fields to the study of skin holds great promise for future insights into the biology, taphonomy and relationships of these extinct animals.</p>
Fig. 25 in A Review of the Mongolian Cretaceous Dinosaur Saurornithoides (Troodontidae: Theropoda)
Fig. 25. Dorsal view of the posterior dermal roof of Troodon formosus (AMNH 6174).
Fig. 16 in A Review of the Mongolian Cretaceous Dinosaur Saurornithoides (Troodontidae: Theropoda)
Fig. 16. Right lateral view of the four preserved caudal vertebrae of Saurornithoides mongoliensis
Fig. 19 in A Review of the Mongolian Cretaceous Dinosaur Saurornithoides (Troodontidae: Theropoda)
Fig. 19. Proximal end of the left femur of Saurornithoides mongoliensis (AMNH FR 6516) in posterior
Fig. 17 in A Review of the Mongolian Cretaceous Dinosaur Saurornithoides (Troodontidae: Theropoda)
Fig. 17. Lateral view of the left pubis of Saurornithoides mongoliensis (AMNH FR 6516).
Fig. 1. A in Cranial Osteology of the Theropod Dinosaur Incisivosaurus gauthieri (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria)
Fig. 1. A map of Liaoning Province (shaded gray). Beipiao City is marked by an asterisk.
Fig. 2 in Cranial Osteology of the Theropod Dinosaur Incisivosaurus gauthieri (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria)
Fig. 2. Oblique view of the skull of the holotype of Incisivosaurus gauthieri (IVPP V 13326).
FIG. 12 in A new specimen of the ornithischian dinosaur Haya griva, cross-Gobi geologic correlation, and the age of the Zos Canyon beds
FIG. 12. Looking south toward Red Rum (arrow) at the intermediate white beds of Zos Canyon.
FIG. 13 in A new specimen of the ornithischian dinosaur Haya griva, cross-Gobi geologic correlation, and the age of the Zos Canyon beds
FIG. 13. The Red Rum sublocality, looking west-southwest.
FIG. 14 in A new specimen of the ornithischian dinosaur Haya griva, cross-Gobi geologic correlation, and the age of the Zos Canyon beds
FIG. 14. Looking northwest from the Red Rum sublocality toward the discovery site (arrow).
FIG. 11 in A new specimen of the ornithischian dinosaur Haya griva, cross-Gobi geologic correlation, and the age of the Zos Canyon beds
FIG. 11. Looking south at the basalmost fluvial red sands at Zos Canyon.
FIG. 7 in A new specimen of the ornithischian dinosaur Haya griva, cross-Gobi geologic correlation, and the age of the Zos Canyon beds
FIG. 7. Ventral view of the preserved dorsal vertebrae of IGM 100/3181. Anterior is to the right.
FIG. 5 in A new specimen of the ornithischian dinosaur Haya griva, cross-Gobi geologic correlation, and the age of the Zos Canyon beds
FIG. 5. The radius (top) and ulna (bottom) of IGM 100/3181.
FIG. 2. IGM 100 in A new specimen of the ornithischian dinosaur Haya griva, cross-Gobi geologic correlation, and the age of the Zos Canyon beds
FIG. 2. IGM 100/3181, a partial skeleton of Haya griva.
FIGURE 2 in The cranial pneumatic sinuses of the tyrannosaurid Alioramus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the evolution of cranial pneumaticity in theropod dinosaurs
FIGURE 2. Nasals in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views. Scale bar 45 mm.
FIG. 1 in Reappraisal of an ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island (Antarctica)
FIG. 1. — Location map of the holotype of Antarctopelta oliveroi n. gen., n. sp. (arrow).
Fig. 8 in An Early Ostrich Dinosaur and Implications for Ornithomimosaur Phylogeny
Fig. 8. Anterior caudal vertebrae of Shenzhousaurus orientalis.
Fig. 3 in An Early Ostrich Dinosaur and Implications for Ornithomimosaur Phylogeny
Fig. 3. The fossil locality.
Fig. 1. NGMC 974002 in An Early Ostrich Dinosaur and Implications for Ornithomimosaur Phylogeny
Fig. 1. NGMC 974002 before preparation.
Fig. 7 in An Early Ostrich Dinosaur and Implications for Ornithomimosaur Phylogeny
Fig. 7. Dorsal vertebrae of Shenzhousaurus orientalis.
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