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Dataset for: Interactive effects of tree species composition and water availability on growth and direct and indirect defences in Quercus ilex
<p>Plant diversity has often been reported to decrease insect herbivory in plants. Of the numerous mechanisms that have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, how plant diversity influences plant defences via effects on growth has received little attention. In addition, plant diversity effects may be contingent on abiotic conditions (e.g., resource and water availability). Here, we used a long-term experiment to explore the interactive effects of tree species composition and water availability on growth, direct (i.e. phenolics) and indirect (i.e. Volatile Organic Compounds – VOCs) defences and leaf herbivory in <em>Quercus ilex</em>. We quantified herbivory by chewing insects, phenolic compounds and VOCs in <em>Q. ilex</em> trees growing in stands differing in tree species composition (<em>Q. ilex</em>, <em>Q. ilex</em> + <em>Betula Pendula</em>, <em>Q. ilex</em> + <em>Pinus pinaster</em> and <em>Q. ilex</em> + <em>B. pendula</em> + <em>P. pinaster</em>) and water availability (irrigated vs control). Both direct and indirect defences were affected by tree species composition, but such changes were not mediated by changes in tree stem diameter. <em>Q. ilex</em> trees growing in stands with <em>P. pinaster</em> had the lowest concentration of both direct and indirect defences. Importantly, the effects of tree species composition on VOCs were exacerbated on irrigated blocks. Despite variation in defences, tree species composition did not affect herbivory in <em>Q. ilex</em>. Accordingly, we did not find any association between defences and insect herbivory. Our results suggest that changes in the micro-environment rather than growth-defence associations may mediate tree diversity effects on defences. In addition, reduced defensive investment in more diverse stands could negatively impact tree resistance masking the beneficial effects of species diversity at reducing insect herbivory.</p>
FIG. 37 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 37.—Gonad coloration and morphology in the genus Craugastor: pigmented testes in C. mexicanus (A, UTA A-66090); partially pigmented ovaries in C. mexicanus (B, UTA A-56558); pigmented maturing ova in C. mexicanus (C, UTA A-64413); unpigmented testes in C. fitzingeri (D, BMNH 1979.344), unpigmented ovaries in C. fitzingeri, (E, BMNH 1979.343); unpigmented testes in C. noblei (F, BMNH 1987.779); maturing ova and oviducts in C. loki (G, BMNH 1973.2439); ovaries in C. loki (H, BMNH 1973.2444). Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 29 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 29.—Ventral coloration and areolate skin texture of Craugastor omiltemanus. Venter in preservative, an arrow indicates the large inner metatarsal tubercle that is characteristic of the species (A, BMNH 1947.2.16.44, SVL ¼ 36.5 mm, photo by W.-Y. Cooper); venter in preservative (B, BMNH 1947.2.16.47, SVL ¼ 39.6 mm, photo by W.-Y. Cooper); venter in life (C, UTA Field ID: JAC 27695); venter in life (D, UTA Field ID: JAC 27694). Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 34 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 34.—Male holotype of Craugastor rubinus (A, UTA A-62345, SVL ¼ 12.6 mm), male paratype (B, MZFC-HE-35616, SVL ¼ 10.8 mm) and male paratype (C, UTA A-62347, SVL ¼ 11.5 mm). All from Talpa de Allende, Jalisco, Mexico, 1771 m. Leaf litter at the type locality where the specimens were collected (D).
FIG. 6 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 6.—Distribution of Craugastor mexicanus, C. montanus, C. pygmaeus, and C. saltator in Mexico and Guatemala. Dots inside symbols indicate individuals used in the molecular analyses in this study. Relevant type localities are indicated by text and arrows.
FIG. 28 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 28.—Female holotype of Craugastor greggi (FMNH 20876, SVL ¼ 36.0 mm) of the C. laticeps series (sensu Hedges et al. 2008) from Volcan Tajumulco, near San Marcos, Guatemala, in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. Images courtesy of the Field Museum of Natural History. Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 26 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 26.—Skulls of 'Microbatrachylus lineatissimus' (A, paratype, FMNH 104548), Craugastor mexicanus (B, UTA A-56558) and C. pygmaeus (C, UTA A-64272) in dorsal and lateral views. Posterolateral projection of the frontoparietal on C. mexicanus (B) is indicated by an arrow and grey shading. Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 31 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 31.—Subadult female holotype of Craugastor polaclavus (UTA A-62392, SVL ¼ 14.7 mm) from San Pedro Pochutla district, Portillo del Rayo, Oaxaca, Mexico, 1550–1585 m. Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 33 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 33.—Male Craugastor pygmaeus (A, UTA A-64283, SVL ¼ 14.6 mm, photo by Matthew Ingrasci) from Oaxaca, Mexico; female (B, UTA A-64262, SVL ¼ 13.7 mm) from Oaxaca, Mexico; female (C, UTA A-64266, SVL ¼ 17.0 mm) from Oaxaca, Mexico; male (D, UTA A-64263, SVL ¼ 12.4) from Guerrero, Mexico. Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 24 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 24.—Female paratype (A, MZFC-HE-35614, SVL ¼ 15.8 mm) and male holotype (B, UTA A-62348, SVL ¼ 12.3 mm) of Craugastor cueyatl from type locality; male paratype (C, AMNH A-57809, SVL ¼ 11.7 mm) from Tepozteco, Morelos, Mexico, ~2000 m (C). Leaf litter habitat near the type locality east of Cerro Gordo, Estado de México, Mexico, 2282 m (D).
FIG. 25 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 25.—View from the type locality of Craugastor hobartsmithi, Uruapan, Michoacán, looking toward Cerro Tancitaro (A). Craugastor cf. hobartsmithi; female (B, UTA A-66134, SVL ¼ 13.2 mm); male (C, MZFC-HE-35613, SVL ¼ 9.6 mm); female (D, UTA A-66133, SVL ¼ 18.3 mm); all from near Las Playitas (Carretera Playitas–Torre de Microndas), Michoacán, Mexico, 1565 m. Craugastor cf. hobartsmithi from Montitlan, Colima, Mexico photographed 13 April 2020 (E, F, not collected, photo by J. Reyes-Velasco). Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 21 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 21.—Ventral surface of the foot in representative specimens of the Craugastor mexicanus series. Female paratype of C. bitonium (A, UTA A-66118, SVL ¼ 16.7 mm); female paratype of C. candelariensis (B, UTA A-55247, SVL ¼ 18.6 mm); female paratype of C. cueyatl (C, MZFC-HE-35614. SVL ¼ 17.2 mm); male C. hobartsmithi (D, UMMZ 94231, SVL ~11 mm, photo by J. David Curlis); male C. mexicanus (E, UTA A-6907, SVL ¼ 22.3 mm); male Craugastor montanus (F, UMMZ 88002, SVL ¼ 21.8 mm); male C. omiltemanus (G, UTA A-66139, SVL ¼ 18.1 mm); female holotype of C. polaclavus (H, UTA A-62392, SVL ¼ 14.7 mm); female paratype of C. portilloensis (I, MZFC-HE-35581, SVL ¼ 12.1 mm); female C. pygmaeus (J, UTA A-54809, SVL ¼ 17.3 mm); male paratype of C. rubinus (K, MZFC-HE-35616, SVL ¼ 10.8 mm); female C. saltator (L, UTA A-55239, SVL ¼ 38.2 mm). Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 30 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 30.—Adult Craugastor omiltemanus (A, MZFC-HE-35699 [field ID: TJD 780], SVL ¼ unavailable, photo by Thomas Devitt) from near Mazatlán, Guerrero; female (B, UTA A-66140, SVL ¼ 30.5 mm) from habitat along the road between Chichihualco and Chilpancingo, Guerrero, 2221 m; male (C, UTA A-64264, SVL ¼ 12.9 mm) from near Ayutla, Oaxaca, 1900 m; female (D, UTA A-60796, SVL ¼ 27.5 mm) from Sierra de Malinaltepec (Carretera San Luis Acatlán–Tlapa de Comonfort), 2298 m; habitat found 13.2 km west of Mazatlán, Sierra Madre del Sur (E, photo by Thomas Devitt); habitat found in the Sierra Madre del Sur west of Chilpancingo, Guerrero (F). Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 27 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 27.—Examples of intraspecific polymorphism in Craugastor mexicanus from Mexico; female (A, UTA A-56558, SVL ¼ 37.3 mm) from Putla de Guerrero municipality; Oaxaca, female (B, UTA A-64415, SVL ¼ 28.3 mm) from Carretera Sola de Vega–Juquila, Oaxaca; subadult (C, UTA A-64271, SVL ¼ 11.9 mm) from Carretera Sola de Vega–Juquila, Oaxaca; subadult and adult (D, UTA A-64258, SVL ¼ 13.6 mm and MZFC-HE-35584, SVL ¼ unavailable) both from 8.1 mi south of Sola de Vega, Oaxaca; adult (E, UTA A-66107, SVL ¼ unavailable) from Carretera Sola de Vega–Juquila, Oaxaca; subadult (F, UTA A-64260, SVL ¼ 16.6 mm) from Carretera Sola de Vega–Juquila, Oaxaca; female (G, UTA A-64413, SVL ¼ 23.5) from Sierra Miahuatlán, Oaxaca; female (H, UTA A-56579, SVL ¼ 21.3 mm) from Sierra Negra, Puebla; female (I, UTA A-56559, SVL ¼ 35.4 mm) from Sierra Mazateca, Puerto Soledad, Oaxaca; subadult (J, UTA A-64257, SVL ¼ 17.6 mm) from Sierra Mixe, Carretera Ayutla–Zacatepec, Oaxaca; subadult (K, UTA A-64259, SVL ¼ 10.9 mm) from 6.1 mi south of San Miguel Suchixtepec, Oaxaca; subadult (L, UTA A-66138, SVL ¼ unavailable) from 20 mi east of Tulancingo, Hidalgo. Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 23 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 23.—Male paratype of Craugastor candelariensis (MZFC-HE-35617, SVL ¼ 12.4 mm) from Sierra Madre del Sur, 1.2 mi on the road between Candelaria and Portillo del Rayo, Pluma Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Mexico, 1051 m. Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 20 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 20.—Ventral surface of the hand in representative specimens of the Craugastor mexicanus series. Female paratype of C. bitonium (A, UTA A-66118, SVL ¼ 16.7 mm); female paratype of C. candelariensis (B, UTA A-55247, SVL ¼ 18.6 mm); male holotype of C. cueyatl (C, UTA A-62348, SVL ¼ 13.0 mm); female C. hobartsmithi (D, UMMZ 94230, SVL ~12 mm, photo by J. David Curlis); female C. mexicanus (E, UTA A-28754, SVL ¼ 35.9 mm); male Craugastor montanus (F, UMMZ 88002, SVL ¼ 21.8 mm); female C. omiltemanus (G, UTA A-66140, SVL ¼ 30.9 mm); female C. polaclavus (H, UTA A-66097, SVL ¼ 16.0 mm); female holotype of C. portilloensis (I, UTA A-62393, SVL ¼ 11.4 mm); female C. pygmaeus (J, UTA A-54809, SVL ¼ 17.3 mm); male holotype of C. rubinus (K, UTA A-62345, SVL ¼ 12.6 mm); male C. saltator (L, UTA A-54931, SVL ¼ 18.4 mm). Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 13 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 13.—Evidence of sexual dimorphism of tympanum width in Craugastor mexicanus (left) and C. pygmaeus (right). Sex was determined by directly examining gonads for select specimens of C. mexicanus and is implied by scaling patterns in those specimens where sex was not directly determined. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Herpetological-Monographs on 04 May 2022
FIG. 14 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 14.—Dorsal body surface in representative specimens of the Craugastor mexicanus series. Female holotype of C. bitonium (A, UTA A-64254, SVL ¼ 15.8 mm); male holotype of C. candelariensis (B, UTA A-64253, SVL ¼ 13.3 mm); male holotype of C. cueyatl (C, UTA A-62348, SVL ¼ 13.0 mm); male C. hobartsmithi (D, UMMZ 94231, SVL ~11 mm, photo by J. David Curlis); male C. mexicanus (E, UTA A-6907, SVL ¼ 22.3 mm); male C. montanus (F, UMMZ 88002, SVL ¼ 21.8 mm); female C. omiltemanus (G, UTA A-66140, SVL ¼ 30.9 mm); female holotype of C. polaclavus (H, UTA A-62392, SVL ¼ 14.7 mm); female holotype of C. portilloensis (I, UTA A-62393, SVL ¼ 11.4 mm); female C. pygmaeus (J, UTA A-54809, SVL ¼ 17.3 mm); male holotype of C. rubinus (K, UTA A-62345, SVL ¼ 12.6 mm); female C. saltator (L, UTA A-55239, SVL ¼ 38.2 mm). Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 15 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 15.—Ventral body surface in representative specimens of the Craugastor mexicanus series. Female holotype of C. bitonium (A, UTA A-64254, SVL ¼ 15.8 mm); male holotype of C. candelariensis (B, UTA A-64253, SVL ¼ 13.3 mm); male holotype of C. cueyatl (C, UTA A-62348, SVL ¼ 13.0 mm); female C. hobartsmithi (D, UMMZ 94230, SVL ~12 mm, photo by J. David Curlis); female C. mexicanus (E, UTA A-28754, SVL ¼ 35.9 mm); male C. montanus (F, UMMZ 88002, SVL ¼ 21.8 mm); female C. omiltemanus (G, UTA A-66140, SVL ¼ 30.9 mm); female holotype of C. polaclavus (H, UTA A-62392, SVL ¼ 14.7 mm); female holotype of C. portilloensis (I, UTA A-62393, SVL ¼ 11.4 mm); female C. pygmaeus (J, UTA A-54809, SVL ¼ 17.3 mm); male holotype of C. rubinus (K, UTA A-62345, SVL ¼ 12.6 mm); female C. saltator (L, UTA A-55239, SVL ¼ 38.2 mm). Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 11 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 11.—Ossification levels within the Craugastor mexicanus series compared with body size (estimated as log centroid size). Ossification scores are based on the six-stage ontogenetic sequence described in Table 3.
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