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1,245 results for “hypothesis”
Data from: MHC, parasites and antler development in red deer: no support for the Hamilton & Zuk hypothesis
The Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis proposes that the genetic benefits of preferences for elaborated secondary sexual traits have their origins in the arms race between hosts and parasites, which maintains genetic variance in parasite resistance. Infection, in turn, can be reflected in the expression of costly sexual ornaments. However, the link between immune genes, infection, and the expression of secondary sexual traits has rarely been investigated. Here, we explored whether the presence and identity of functional variants (supertypes) of the highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which is responsible for the recognition of parasites, predict the load of lung and gut parasites and antler development in the red deer (Cervus elaphus). While we found MHC supertypes to be associated with infection by a number of parasite species, including debilitating lung nematodes, we did not find support for the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis. On the contrary, we found that lung nematode load was positively associated with antler development. We also found that the supertypes that were associated with resistance to certain parasites at the same time cause susceptibility to others. Such tradeoffs may undermine the potential genetic benefits of mate choice for resistant partners.
Data from: The 'male escape hypothesis': sex-biased metamorphosis in response to climatic drivers in a facultatively paedomorphic amphibian
Paedomorphosis is a major evolutionary process that bypasses metamorphosis and allows reproduction in larvae. In newts and salamanders, it can be facultative with paedomorphs retaining gills and metamorphs dispersing. The evolution of these developmental processes is thought to have been driven by the costs and benefits of inhabiting aquatic versus terrestrial habitats. In this context, we aimed at testing the hypothesis that climatic drivers affect phenotypic transition and the difference across sexes because sex-ratio is biased in natural populations. Through a replicated laboratory experiment, we showed that paedomorphic palmate newts (Lissotriton helveticus) metamorphosed at a higher frequency when water availability decreased and metamorphosed earlier when temperature increased in these conditions. All responses were sex-biased, and males were more prone to change phenotype than females. Our work shows how climatic variables can affect facultative paedomorphosis and support theoretical models predicting life on land instead of in water. Moreover, because males metamorphose and leave water more often and earlier than females, these results, for the first time, give an experimental explanation for the rarity of male paedomorphosis (the 'male escape hypothesis') and suggest the importance of sex in the evolution of paedomorphosis versus metamorphosis.
Data from: An evaluation of the hybrid speciation hypothesis for Xiphophorus clemenciae based on whole genome sequences
Once thought rare in animal taxa, hybridization has been increasingly recognized as an important and common force in animal evolution. In the past decade, a number of studies have suggested that hybridization has driven speciation in some animal groups. We investigate the signature of hybridization in the genome of a putative hybrid species, Xiphophorus clemenciae, through whole genome sequencing of this species and its hypothesized progenitors. Based on analysis of this data, we find that X. clemenciae is unlikely to have been derived from admixture between its proposed parental species. However, we find significant evidence for recent gene flow between Xiphophorus species. Though we detect genetic exchange in two pairs of species analyzed, the proportion of genomic regions that can be attributed to hybrid origin is small, suggesting that strong behavioral pre-mating isolation prevents frequent hybridization in Xiphophorus. The direction of gene flow between species supports a role for sexual selection in mediating hybridization.
FIGURE 1 in Description of Khamul, gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae), with a hypothesis of its phylogenetic placement
FIGURE 1. Lateral habitus Khamul erwini (female).
FIGURES 35 in Description of Khamul, gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae), with a hypothesis of its phylogenetic placement
FIGURES 35. Strict consensus tree of 13 SAW trees (step = 156; CI= 0.53; RI=0.80).
Figure 2 in Life history dynamics and biogeography of a nudibranch with contrasting developmental modes: A hypothesis for the evolution of larval types
Figure 2. Seasonal abundance of Dendronotus spp. (in number of slugs per m2) and their thecate hydroid prey (in percentage cover). (a) The shallow subtidal site at York, Maine collected every calendar month. (b) The subtidal site at Eastport, Maine and (c) the intertidal site at West Quoddy Head in Lubec, Maine collected every two calendar months. Hydroid abundance data were sampled using point coordinates and averaged for 10 samples per sampling area (¡SD).
FIGURE 23 in New species of the pirate spider genus Mimetus Hentz, 1832 from China with a cladistic hypothesis on their phylogenetic placement (Araneae, Mimetidae)
FIGURE 23. Localities of Mimetus spp. found in the area covered in the map.
FIGURE 22 in New species of the pirate spider genus Mimetus Hentz, 1832 from China with a cladistic hypothesis on their phylogenetic placement (Araneae, Mimetidae)
FIGURE 22. Representative habitats of the new species Mimetus spp. described in this paper.
Fig. 22 in The Ecology And Migrations Of Sea Turtles 8. Tests Of The Developmental Habitat Hypothesis
Fig. 22. Mean, range, and one standard deviation for Chelonia mydas at three maturity stages (see Methods) at three study sites in Bermuda and Panama and at Tortuguero, Costa Rica. Sample size is shown below each bar. Maturity status is based on laparoscopy except for nesting females from Tortuguero. Statistics for stage 1 individuals in Panama are affected by the absence of small immatures at this site (see Results – C. mydas, Panama). Statistics for stage 2 individuals from Bermuda are affected by departure of stage 2 animals from Bermuda waters (see Departure – C. mydas, Bermuda). Data for nesting females were provided by Sebastian Troëng and the Sea Turtle Conservancy.
Fig. 6 in Testing the ecomorphological hypothesis in a headwater riffles fish assemblage of the rio São Francisco, southeastern Brazil
Fig. 6. Apareiodon ibitiensis specimen using its expanded and horizontally orientated paired fins to hold its position over a rocky surface while grazing on periphyton in the riffles substrate, during daytime (photo: Ricardo M.C. Castro).
Figures 122–123 in Taxonomic review of Bourguyiinae, cladistic analysis, and a new hypothesis of biogeographic relationships of the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest (Arachnida: Opiliones, Gonyleptidae)
Figures 122–123. Altitudinal maps showing the distribution of the species of Bourguyiinae: 122, Bourguyia; 123, Asarcus.
Figures 40–50 in Taxonomic review of Bourguyiinae, cladistic analysis, and a new hypothesis of biogeographic relationships of the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest (Arachnida: Opiliones, Gonyleptidae)
Figures 40–50. Apex of left coxa to base of femur IV of Bourguyia, retrolateral view: 40–45, males; 40, B. albiornata (MZSP 1513); 41, B. laevibunus (MHNCI 6391); 42, B. maculata (MNRJ 6484); 43, B. trochanteralis (SMF 6431); 44, B. bocaina sp. nov. (MNRJ 8977); 45, B. vinosa sp. nov. (MZSP 9992); 46–50, females; 46, B. albiornata (IBSP 49); 47, B. laevibunus (MHNCI 6391); 48, B. trochanteralis (MZSP 16794); 49, B. bocaina sp. nov. (MZSP 17708); 50, B. vinosa sp. nov. (MZSP 22733). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figures 114–121 in Taxonomic review of Bourguyiinae, cladistic analysis, and a new hypothesis of biogeographic relationships of the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest (Arachnida: Opiliones, Gonyleptidae)
Figures 114–121. Photographs of Asarcus in dorsal view: 114–117, males; 114, A. longipes (fresh material); 115, A. ingenuus (live material); 116, A. passarellii (old material); 117, A. putunaberaba sp. nov. (fresh material; photo, H.A.U. Marianno); 118–121, females; 118, A. longipes (fresh material); 119, A. ingenuus (live material); 120, A. passarellii (old material); 121, A. putunaberaba sp. nov. (fresh material; photo, H.A.U. Marianno).
Figures 82–90 in Taxonomic review of Bourguyiinae, cladistic analysis, and a new hypothesis of biogeographic relationships of the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest (Arachnida: Opiliones, Gonyleptidae)
Figures 82–90. Penis of Bourguyia: 82–83, B. albiornata (IBSP 49); 82, dorsal view; 83, lateral view; 84–85, B. laevibunus (MHNCI 6391); 84, dorsal view; 85, lateral view; 86–87, B. maculata (SMF 1814); 86, dorsal view; 87, lateral view; 88–90, B. trochanteralis (MZSP 16714); 88, detail of glans in dorsal view; 89, ventral view; 90, lateral view. Scale bar: 0.05 mm.
Figure 17 in An extraordinary new genus of spiders from Western Australia with an expanded hypothesis on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae (Araneae)
Figure 17. Map of the collection records of Pinkfloydia harveii sp. nov.
Figure 65. A–C in Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae)
Figure 65. A–C, Marengo nitida (MNHN 20415). D-F, M. crassipes (MNHN 20405). A, male habitus, dorsal view. B, male palp, ventral view. C, same, retrolateral view. D, male habitus, dorsal view. E, male palp, ventral view. F, same, retrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (B, C, E, F); 2.0 mm (A, D).
Figure 67 in Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae)
Figure 67. Marengo striatipes (MNHN 16268). A, habitus, ventral view. B, epigynum, ventral view. C, vulva, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (B, C); 2.0 mm (A).
Figure 63 in Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae)
Figure 63. SEM, Marengo crassipes, male from Talawakele, Sri Lanka. A, male palp, retrolateral view, details of ec and embolus. B, rta. C, setae on the apex of cy, retrolateral view. D, detail of C. E, right tibia I, lateral view. F, detail of E. Scale bars = 1 Mm (D); 3 Mm (F); 10 Mm (B); 30 Mm (A, C); 50 Mm (E).
Figure 41 in Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae)
Figure 41. Indomarengo sarawakensis sp. nov., male from Java, Indonesia (RMNH). A, prosoma, lateral view. B, same, dorsal view. C, opisthosoma, dorsal view. D, left leg I, lateral view. E, male palp, retrolateral view. F, same, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (E, F); 1.0 mm (A–C); 2.0 mm (D).
Figure 37 in Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae)
Figure 37. SEM, Philates zschokkei sp. nov. (RMNH). A, right tibia I, lateral view. B, lts details. C, inferior spines on lts, orientated in a distal direction. D, tip of leg I showing tarsal claw and claw tuft. Scale bars = 5 Mm (C); 30 Mm (B, D); 100 Mm (A).
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.