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Figure 9 in New observations of the jumping spider Neobrettus tibialis (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) in West Bengal, India

Figure 9. Mating Neobrettus tibialis pair. The female was tending her brood of newly hatched spiderlings when the male approached.

Figure 6 in New observations of the jumping spider Neobrettus tibialis (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) in West Bengal, India

Figure 6. Two adult male Neobrettus tibialis feeding on small flying insects. Both males and females extended and waved both pedipalps and legs I as they fed.

Figure 4 in New observations of the jumping spider Neobrettus tibialis (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) in West Bengal, India

Figure 4. Habitat of Neobrettus tibialis in the vicinity of the Chintamani Kar Bird Sanctuary southeast of Kolkata, West Bengal. 1, The lead author (IB) searching for N. tibialis beneath banana leaves 2, Banana plant and other mixed tropical vegetation. 3, Site of brooding female N. tibialis on dry margin of banana leaf (inset rectangle). 4, Detail of inset from (3) showing brooding female at the center.

Figure 2 in New observations of the jumping spider Neobrettus tibialis (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) in West Bengal, India

Figure 2. Male Neobrettus tibialis in alcohol. 1-3, Dorsal, anterior and left lateral views of specimen with pedipalps removed. 4-7, Ventral (4), ventrolateral (5), lateral (6), and dorsal (7) views of right pedipalp (mirror images).

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Figure 1 in Phenology of an urban population of Lyssomanes jemineus Peckham & Wheeler (Araneae: Salticidae) with a list of other jumping spiders from the same Costa Rican site

Figure 1. Study area at the University of Costa Rica in San Pedro de Montes de Oca, northwest of the

Figure 3 in New observations of the jumping spider Neobrettus tibialis (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) in West Bengal, India

Figure 3. Female Neobrettus tibialis in alcohol. 1-3, Dorsal, anterior and left lateral views of specimen. 4, Ventral view of epigynum (anterior toward top of page).

Figure 5. Female Neobrettus tibialis with their broods. 1, Female tending recently deposited eggs covered with flecked silk. 2, Female with emergent instar 1 spiderlings, showing little pigmentation. 3, Female tending instar 1 spiderlings with more eye pigmentation. 4-5, Females with older instar 1 spiderlings. 6-7, Females with mixed instar 1 and 2 in New observations of the jumping spider Neobrettus tibialis (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) in West Bengal, India

Figure 5. Female Neobrettus tibialis with their broods. 1, Female tending recently deposited eggs covered with flecked silk. 2, Female with emergent instar 1 spiderlings, showing little pigmentation. 3, Female tending instar 1 spiderlings with more eye pigmentation. 4-5, Females with older instar 1 spiderlings. 6-7, Females with mixed instar 1 and 2 spiderlings.

Figure 8 in New observations of the jumping spider Neobrettus tibialis (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) in West Bengal, India

Figure 8. Selected video frames (25 fps) showing the filial oophagy of female Neobrettus tibialis. 1-3, Both males and females waved their pedipalps and extended legs I as they fed. 4-9, In this sequence the female used her chelicerae to pull up the silk fabric covering her eggs and appeared to feed on the associated flecks. 10-11, Sequential frames showing egg before (10, arrow) and after (11) its removal from the brood nest. 12-17, Sequential frames showing symmetrical lateral movement of the pedipalps as a female fed on one of her eggs.

Figure 7. Feeding adult male Neobrettus tibialis. 1 in New observations of the jumping spider Neobrettus tibialis (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) in West Bengal, India

Figure 7. Feeding adult male Neobrettus tibialis. 1, Feeding on small insect. 2, Feeding on nematoceran. 3, Filial oophagy. 4, Oophagy combined with feeding on an insect larva. This might represent capture of an oophagous parasitoid that would otherwise compete for the female's supply of eggs. 5, Detail from (4),

Figure 1 in New observations of the jumping spider Neobrettus tibialis (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) in West Bengal, India

Figure 1. Locality (red circles) where Neobrettus tibialis was observed by the lead author (IB), southeast of Kolkata in the vicinity of the Chintamani Kar Bird Sanctuary (N22.4273°, E88.4029°). 1, Relationship of study site to Kolkata in West Bengal. 2, Detailed aerial view of study site. Background images courtesy of USGS Landsat Project.

Figure 4 in Predation on an oecobiid spider by Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnini) in Karnataka, with comments on araneophagy by salticine jumping spiders

Figure 4 (continued from previous page). Oecobius capturing a small salticid spider on a wall in Bengaluru, Karnataka. Sequential but not consecutive frames from a 25fps video by M. Jithesh Pai. 13-30, Oecobius running around the salticid in a clockwise direction, adding silk wrap to its captive. 31-34, Oecobius rocking and adding silk wrap to the salticid. 35-36, Oecobius running around the salticid in a counter-clockwise direction, adding silk wrap to its captive. At times during this sequence the salticid struggled slightly, but could not escape its bondage.

Figure 1 in Predation on an oecobiid spider by Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnini) in Karnataka, with comments on araneophagy by salticine jumping spiders

Figure 1. Some examples of araneophagy by salticine jumping spiders. 1, Adult female Phidippus princeps feeding on a spider (Greenville County, South Carolina). This species, like many other Phidippus, is very aggressive toward other spiders, including conspecifics of the same size (Hill 2018b). 2, Adult female P. audax (Hentz 1845) feeding on a captured araneid spider (Columbia County, Florida). 3-6, Adult Colonus sylvanus (Hentz 1846) feeding on captured spiders (Greenville County, South Carolina). Colonus are particularly skilled at hunting and capturing both web and hunting spiders (Hill 2018a). 3, Adult female feeding on adult male Lyssomanes viridis (Walckenaer 1837). An adult female L. viridis has also been observed capturing and feeding on a juvenile C. sylvanus (Hill 2018a). 4, Adult female feeding on thomisid spider that it has seized by the rear of the carapace. 5, Adult female feeding on an adult female orbweaver, Leucauge venusta (Walckenaer 1841). Lecauge seem particularly vulnerable when they rest at the edge of their web. 6, Male feeding on a captured thomisid. 7-8, Two views of an adult male Anasaitis canosa (Walckenaer 1837) feeding on a captured theridiid at the edge of its cob web on a wall (Greenville County, South Carolina). A. canosa are better known for their predation on ants of all sizes (myrmecophagy; Edwards et al. 1974; Hill 2006), but they also feed on a variety of other small insects. Scale bars (1-2, 4-6) 1.0 mm. Photographs by D. E. Hill.

Figure 4 in Predation on an oecobiid spider by Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnini) in Karnataka, with comments on araneophagy by salticine jumping spiders

Figure 4 (continued on next page). Oecobius capturing a small salticid spider on a wall in Bengaluru, Karnataka. Sequential but not consecutive frames from a 25fps video by M. Jithesh Pai. 1-3, Approaching and adding silk wrap to the salticid (at center). 4-12, Oecobius running around the salticid in a counter-clockwise direction, adding silk wrap to its captive.

Figure 3 in Predation on an oecobiid spider by Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnini) in Karnataka, with comments on araneophagy by salticine jumping spiders

Figure 3. Oecobius with captured ants near her nest on a wall at the Indraprastha organic farm, Mysuru, Karnataka, India. 1, Overview (frame from video record) showing this Oecobius capturing an ant worker by moving quickly to encircle it as she laid down silk. Nearby can be seen two other smaller ant workers, and one larger ant worker that she has captured (weaver or green tree ant, Oecophylla smaragdina). 2, Detail of the captured Oecophylla smaragdina from inset (3). Photographs by Abhijith A. P. C.

Figure 2 in Predation on an oecobiid spider by Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnini) in Karnataka, with comments on araneophagy by salticine jumping spiders

Figure 2. Adult female Myrmarachne plateleoides feeding on an Oecobius sp (Araneae: Oecobiidae) on a wall in Karnataka, India. 1, View of the wall, showing the feeding M. plataleoides (rectangle at lower right), and captured ants around a different Oecobius nest (rectangle at upper left). A gravid female Hersilia sp. (Araneae: Hersiliidae) was also resting on this wall, above and to the left of this image. 2, Detail of inset in (1) of feeding M. plateleoides just below the nest of the captured Oecobius. Some Myrmarachne are known to invade spider nests for their eggs (Jackson & Willey 1994), and this one was apparently able to pull the Oecobius out of her nest. 3, Detail of inset in (2) showing this feeding M. plateleoides after she moved closer to a second nest (upper left), as the Oecobius that inhabited that nest fled. 4-9, More pictures of the M. plateleoides as she fed for more than one hour. Photographs by Abhijith A. P. C.

Figures 81-86. 81-82 in Notes on the jumping spider Brettus cingulatus in Karnataka (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini)

Figures 81-86. 81-82, More views of the same adult male (73-80) feeding on its uloborid prey. 83, Adult male at the nowunoccupied nest site that had previously been cleared by ants (65-66). 84, Detail from (83). 85, One day after the tending female had been attacked young uloborids emerged from their intact egg-sac. 86, Nearby the injured penultimate female (72) continued to rest under her leaf.

Figures 73-80 in Notes on the jumping spider Brettus cingulatus in Karnataka (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini)

Figures 73-80. Sequence showing attack and predation on an adult female uloborid guarding her egg sac by an adult male, near the site occupied by a penultimate female (72). 75-76, From the edge of a leaf this male plucked silk lines laid down by his prey. In response the uloborid did not approach the male, but began to vibrate its web. 77-80, The male then jumped to capture the uloborid and returning to the leaf edge to feed. Similar behaviour was described by Jackson & Hallas (1986). The egg sac of this uloborid was not attacked.

Figures 87-92. 87-89 in Notes on the jumping spider Brettus cingulatus in Karnataka (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini)

Figures 87-92. 87-89, Three days later the injured penultimate female (86) molted on a thin silk platform laid down beneath the leaf that she occupied. The two legs that had been lost (RII and RIV) were regenerated and functional, although they were translucent and lacked the usual setation. 90-91, The same female remained at this site on the next day. 92, Adult male resting under a nearby leaf.

Figures 65-72. 65 in Notes on the jumping spider Brettus cingulatus in Karnataka (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini)

Figures 65-72. 65, Composite of two photographs showing a weaver or green tree ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) at the nest site previously invaded by Tetraponera (61-64). By this time all of the eggs had been removed. Removal of eggs by O. smaragdina was not observed but may have taken place. 66, Detail from (65). 67-72, Four days later this penultimate female, missing two legs (RIII and RIV) was observed near the previous nest site, at times attended by an adult male (69-70).

Figures 39-46. 39-40 in Notes on the jumping spider Brettus cingulatus in Karnataka (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini)

Figures 39-46. 39-40, The previous adult female (34-36) continued to occupy the nest site on the next day, accompanied by an adult male at a distance (40, inset at upper left). This may represent the same male. 41-43, By the morning of the next day this female had deposited her clutch of 23 eggs, not yet covered with silk. At this time she was still accompanied by an adult male (43, inset at upper left). 44-46, In the next 2-3 hours this female covered her eggs with the flecked silk characteristic of Brettus and related spartaeines. A male was still present in the vicinity, apparently watching the female (46).