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Fig. 1 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 1. Selected North American sites (and age) yielding species of Cormohipparion. In California, E 5 El Paso Basin; V 5 Valyermo, Devil's Punchbowl.

Fig. 2 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic distribution of species of Cormohipparion in North America. Paleogmagnetic scale after Berggren et al. (1995). Mammal ages Woodburne (2004b). Calibrations of specific mammal-bearing units are discussed in the text.

Fig. 3 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 3. Diagram showing location of cranial measurements. After Eisenmann et al. (1988). Ventral view.

Fig. 21. Cormohipparion fricki, F in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 21. Cormohipparion fricki, F:AM 73912, MacAdams Quarry, Clarendon beds, Texas, medial Clarendonian. A, lateral view of craniuim. B, occlusal view of upper cheek tooth dentition.

Fig. 18 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 18. Log-ratio diagram of cranial dimensions of Cormohipparion johnsoni compared with C. occidentale, XMas-Kat quarries, Merritt Dam Member, Ash Hollow Formation, Cherry County, Nebraska.

Fig. 20 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 20. Log-ratio diagram of cranial dimensions of Cormohipparion merriami compared with C. occidentale, XMas-Kat quarries, Merritt Dam Member, Ash Hollow Formation, Cherry County, Nebraska.

Fig. 24 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 24. Log-ratio diagram of cranial dimensions of Cormohipparion skinneri compared with C. occidentale, XMas-Kat quarries, Merritt Dam Member, Ash Hollow Formation, Cherry County, Nebraska.

Fig. 31 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 31. Log-ratio diagram of cranial parameters of Hippotheriium primigenium from Höwenegg, Germany, compared with C. merriami. June and Midway quarries, Nebraska.

Fig. 23. Cormohipparion skinneri, F in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 23. Cormohipparion skinneri, F:AM 73909, Gidley Horse Quarry, Clarendon beds, Texas, medial Clarendonian. A, lateral view of cranium, modified from MacFadden (1984: fig. 133A). B, occlusal view of right upper cheek tooth dentition, reversed. After MacFadden (1984: fig. 133B). C, occlusal view of right lower cheek tooth dentition, reversed. D, right lateral view of mandible (reversed). After MacFadden (1984: fig. 136). Note dashed-line X showing the configuration of the metaconid, metastylid, and ectoflexid in P4 (for premolars) and the H pattern on M1 (for M1 and M2).

Fig. 30 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 30. Cladogram of species of Cormohipparion, the LACM specimen, and Hippotherium primigeniuim with outgroups of Parahippus leonensis, ''Merychippus'' primus, M. insignis. Tree length is 124; Consistency Index is 0.742; Retention Index is 0.782; Homoplasy Index is 0.258. Bootstrap values are in boldface. Based on a character distribution analysis via MacClade 4.08. Nodes 1–8 are as in fig. 27. At Node 9, the maxillo-lacrimal and naso-lacrimal sutures form an obtuse angle (14:0); the posterior border of the premolar prefossette has 8–9 plis (23:4). C. matthewi is distinguished by having a reduced MSTHT to ca. 42 mm (18:3), and a lower premolar ectoflexid that penetrates the space between the metaconid and metastylid (31:0). At Node 10, the molar posterior prefossette increases to 10 or more (24:5); the premolar postfossette plis increase to 2–3 (27:1); the molar postfossette plis similarly increase to 2–3 (28:1); and the molar pli caballin is usually double (30:2) The LACM specimen of Cormohipparion is distinguished by having reverted to a P2 protocone that attaches to the protoloph within 20–30% wear (20:2); an increase in premolar posterior prefossette plis to 10 or more (23:5); and an increase in premolar plis caballin to 4 (29:4). Node 11 has no distinguishing characteristics but is the point at which C. occidentale and H. primigenium diverge from the LACM specimen of Cormohipparion. H. primigenium is distinguished by the IOF located above the P2–P3 boundary (10:0); the low position of the IOF relative to the ventral border of the orbit (11:0); the maxillo-lacrimal and naso-lacrimal sutures forming an acute angle (14:1); the maxillo-lacrimal and lacrimo-jugal sutures forming an acute angle; the dP1/P2 length ratio retained at ca. 60% (17:1); and their being 8–9 molar anterior postfossette plis. C. occidentale is distinguished in having an unworn cheek tooth MSTHT 60–66 mm (18:6); their being 8–9 molar posterior prefossette plis (24:4); and the orbit being posterior to M3 (38:2). At Node 12, the IOF is located above P2 (36:1). C. fricki is distinguished by having a palpable anterior rim of the DPOF (8:1); molars have 2–3 plis on the anterior border of the prefossette (22:1); the protocone retains a spur (35:0); and the orbit is posterior to M3 (38:2). C. skinneri is distinguished by having the lower premolar ectoflexid making an X-pattern with the metaconid/metastylid (31:2).

Fig. 27 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 27. Cladogram of species of Cormohipparion, with outgroups of Parahippus leonensis, ''Merychippus'' primus, M. insignis. Tree length is 93; Consistency Index is 0.849; Retention Index is 0.770; Homoplasy Index is 0.208. Bootstrap values are in boldface. Based on a character distribution analysis via MacClade 4.08. Node 1 is the outgroup, Parahippus leonensis. Node 2 shows that ''M.'' primus can be distinguished by the lacrimo-jugal and maxillo-lacrimal sutures forming a right angle (15:0). At Node 3, the mesodont taxa M. insignis + Cormohipparion are distinguished by having an anteriorly oriented nasomaxillary fossa (5:1); maxillo-lacrimal and naso-lacrimal sutures form an acute angle (14:2); P2 protocone connecting to the protoloph in late wear (50–60%; 20:4); premolar anterior postfossette plis are 2–3 (25:1); molar anterior postfossette plis are 2–3 (26:1); molar pli caballin is usually single (30:1); protocone is isolated from, rather than connected to, the protoloph (34:1); and the orbit is positioned above M3 (38:1). Merychippus insignis is distinguished by having the IOF above P4 (10:2); the length ratio of dP1–P2 is about 50% (17:1); the hypoconal groove in the cheek teeth has 1–2 plis (33:1). At Node 4 (Cormohipparion), the lacrimal fossa is absent (1:1); the anterior end of the lacrimal fossa thus is absent (4:2); the IOF is aligned with the lower one-third of the orbit (12:1); the lacrimal is pointed anteriorly (13:1); the upper premolars have 4–5 plis in the posterior border of the prefossette (23:2); the upper molars have 4–5 plis in the posterior border of the prefossette (24:2); the lower premolar ectoflexid retracts from the metaconid/metastylid in early wear (31:1); and the IOF is located below the anterior end of the nasomaxillary fossa (37:1) C. goorisi is distinguished by having the P2 protocone connect to the protoloph within 40–50% wear (20:3); the lower premolar isthmus is not developed in early wear (32:1). At Node 5, there are 4–5 plis in the premolar anterior border of the postfossette (25:2); the premolar pli caballin is usually double (29:2); and the protocone lacks a spur (35:1).

Fig. 14. Cormohipparion matthewi. F in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 14. Cormohipparion matthewi. F:AM 71802, XMas-Kat quarries, Merritt Dam Member, Ash Hollow Formation, Cherry County, Nebraska. A, lateral view of cranium. B, occlusal view of upper cheek tooth dentition.

Fig. 40. Schaffneropsallus oaxacensis. A in Revision, Phylogenetic, Biogeographic, And Host Analyses Of The Endemic Western North American Phymatopsallus Group, With The Description Of 9 New Genera And 15 New Species (Insecta: Hemiptera: Miridae: Phylinae)

Fig. 40. Schaffneropsallus oaxacensis. A. Lateral view of head. B. Mesothoracic spiracle and metathoracic scent-efferent system. C. Detail of metathoracic scent-efferent evaporatory area. D. Frontolateral view of pretarsus. E. Lateral view of pygophore, tubercle at upper left. F. Detail of setae on tubercle of pygophore.

Fig. 43 in Revision, Phylogenetic, Biogeographic, And Host Analyses Of The Endemic Western North American Phymatopsallus Group, With The Description Of 9 New Genera And 15 New Species (Insecta: Hemiptera: Miridae: Phylinae)

Fig. 43. Paralogy-free trees portraying biogeographic relationships of Phymatopsallus-group taxa (see text for explanation).

Fig. 32 in Revision, Phylogenetic, Biogeographic, And Host Analyses Of The Endemic Western North American Phymatopsallus Group, With The Description Of 9 New Genera And 15 New Species (Insecta: Hemiptera: Miridae: Phylinae)

Fig. 32. Phymatopsallus patagoniae: Male genitalia (male 1, AMNH_PBI 00068597; male 2, 00068661; male 3, 00068652).

Fig. 30 in Revision, Phylogenetic, Biogeographic, And Host Analyses Of The Endemic Western North American Phymatopsallus Group, With The Description Of 9 New Genera And 15 New Species (Insecta: Hemiptera: Miridae: Phylinae)

Fig. 30. Phymatopsallus acaciae: Male genitalia (male 1, AMNH_PBI 00062324; male 2, 00071888); female genitalia (AMNH_PBI 00097049).

Fig. 27. Knightopsallus portalensis. A in Revision, Phylogenetic, Biogeographic, And Host Analyses Of The Endemic Western North American Phymatopsallus Group, With The Description Of 9 New Genera And 15 New Species (Insecta: Hemiptera: Miridae: Phylinae)

Fig. 27. Knightopsallus portalensis. A. Lateral view of head. B. Mesothoracic spiracle and metathoracic scent-efferent system. C. Frontal view of pretarsus. D. Antennal segments 1 and 2. E. Lateral view of male abdomen, showing extruded vesica. F. Dorsal view of male pygophore (right paramere missing).

Fig. 22 in Revision, Phylogenetic, Biogeographic, And Host Analyses Of The Endemic Western North American Phymatopsallus Group, With The Description Of 9 New Genera And 15 New Species (Insecta: Hemiptera: Miridae: Phylinae)

Fig. 22. Ceratopsallus septentrionalis: Male genitalia (upper, AMNH_PBI 00062810; lower, AMNH_PBI 00077235; vesicae drawn at 50% of scale of other structures).

Fig. 42 in Revision, Phylogenetic, Biogeographic, And Host Analyses Of The Endemic Western North American Phymatopsallus Group, With The Description Of 9 New Genera And 15 New Species (Insecta: Hemiptera: Miridae: Phylinae)

Fig. 42. Phylogenetic relationships of Phymatopsallus-group taxa. Characters showing no homoplasy are indicated by filled circles; characters showing homoplasy are indicated by open circles (See text for explanation of methods).

Fig. 24. Cercocarpopsallus bispinosus. A in Revision, Phylogenetic, Biogeographic, And Host Analyses Of The Endemic Western North American Phymatopsallus Group, With The Description Of 9 New Genera And 15 New Species (Insecta: Hemiptera: Miridae: Phylinae)

Fig. 24. Cercocarpopsallus bispinosus. A. Lateral view of head. B. Mesothoracic spiracle and metathoracic scent-efferent system. C. Setae on hemelytron. D. Detail of patch of specialized setae on left side of male pygophore (arrow indicates low tubercle and setal patch on pygophore). E. Frontoventral view of pretarsus. F. Dorsal view of male pygophore.