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embargoedcc-by-4.0Dec 2024View details →

Data on the quantitative response of microbial populations to prolonged drought and soil wetness under cold and warm spring conditions. Simulation in Phytotrone

<table> <tbody> <tr> <td>The soil microbial response to changes in temperature and weather patterns was assessed in phytotron, with central-eastern Po Valley (Bologna province) in northern Italy as a point of reference. Prolonged soil drought (20% field capacity FC), prolonged wet (above FC) and moderate drought (commonly occurring at 50% FC) were simulated at two spring temperatures, which were approximately + 2°C and -2°C colder and warmer compared to average temperatures in the central-eastern Po Valley.  The response of total fungi, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota was quantified using 18S gene copy numbers and digital PCR, that of total bacteria using 16S gene copy numbers and Real Time PCR. The experimental setting of each of the two cycles (cold and warm spring) consisted of a total of 30 pots for a 60-day growing period, after a pre-period of 15 days during which pots, after wheat sown, were maintained at the same temperature and soil water content (22 °C and 50% field capacity) in order to guarantee that seedlings reached the two-leaf stage. The soil  used for the in-pot trial was a loam-silty soil classified as Udifluventic Haplustepts fine silty, mixed mesifocusing collected from a ploughed soil.  Soil samples for the quantification of microbial populations were collected at the end of the 60-day cicles on the rhizo-head of wheat plants.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Data of soil-water characteristic curve

Theoretical model calculation data and the code of UNSODA database used

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →

Data from: Temporal turnover of the soil microbiome composition is guild-specific

Although spatial and temporal variation are both important components structuring microbial communities, the exact quantification of temporal turnover rates of fungi and bacteria has not been performed to date. In this study, we utilized repeated resampling of bacterial and fungal communities at specific locations across multiple years to describe their patterns and rates of temporal turnover. Our results show that microbial communities undergo temporal change at a rate of 0.010-0.025 per year (in units of Sorensen similarity), and the change in soil is slightly faster in fungi than in bacteria, with bacterial communities changing more rapidly in litter than soil. Importantly, temporal development differs across fungal guilds and bacterial phyla with different ecologies. While some microbial guilds show consistent responses across regional locations, others show site-specific development with weak general patterns. These results indicate that guild-level resolution is important for understanding microbial community assembly, dynamics and responses to environmental factors.

openDec 2020View details →

Data from: Diversity and functionality of soil fauna

The goal of this study was to assess the recovery of soil micro-arthropods in different periods, in heathlands.  Study area and sampling strategy  All studied plots were located in the Veluwe area, a large nature area central in the Netherlands, consisting of extended forests and heathlands. The area has a humid Atlantic climate with an average temperature of 3.1 °C in January and 17.9 °C in July and an annual precipitation of 950 mm more or less spread evenly over the year (data from a 30-year period). For our research we needed detailed management information, which was obtained from two nature management organizations: National Park De Hoge Veluwe (52°05’N, 5°50’E) and the municipality of Nunspeet (52°23’N, 5°47’E). Both organizations keep detailed records on heathland management making it possible to select plots that have been sod-cut only once in a given year, without additional management ever since.  At the Hoge Veluwe area we selected 5 plots (uncut and cut 40, 7and 2 years before sampling) and at the Nunspeet area we selected 10 plots (uncut and cut 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 18, 16, 12 years before sampling. Soil type on all plots is a spodic dystrudept (Soil Survey Staff, 1999), developed on the gentle slope of push moraine ridges with some cover sand on top. The parent material is coarse sandy with 13-18% of loam in the deeper soil layers. Topsoil has been extensively leached, creating a more spodic tophorizon, resembling the one of an orthod. Humus form is originally moderlike, but contains also larger proportions of amorphous organic compounds leaching into the B-horizon as seen in orthods. Organic matter in the topsoil (0-10 cm.) is 5.5 ± 2.5%, pH[NaCl] is 3.6 ± 0.7 on average over all plots.  Soil micro-arthropod and soil chemical sampling All plots were sampled on 8 March 2019, taking four cores per plot. Cores were 5 cm Ø and 5 cm deep mineral soil plus upper litter. Cores were taken in the middle of the plots, 1 m apart of each other. Cores were extracted on a Tullgren funnel for 7 days. During that period temperature was increased from 35 to 45 °C. Ethanol 70% was used as preservative and micro-arthropods obtained were put into lactic acid 40% for clarification and identification (Siepel and van de Bund 1988). All micro-arthropods from the Tullgren funnel were identified at the species level using appropriate keys. Nomenclature and identification for the main groups is according to Weigmann (2006) for Oribatida, Karg (1993) for Gamasina and Karg (1989) for Uropodina. The soil core samples were taken to measure environmental variables after extraction of the soil micro-arthropods. These air-dried soil samples were sieved to 1 mm. Soil chemistry variables used in our analysis included soil organic matter, soil total nitrogen, moisture, pH [NaCl], available phosphorus (P-Olsen). The pH of the solution was measured immediately using a combined pH electrode after mixing fresh soil with NaCl solution. The soil phosphorus (P-Olsen) was determined using extraction with sodium bicarbonate (Olsen et al., 1954). We have two data files:  sod cutting environment factor.csv sod cutting microarthropods.csv Explanation of the variables in the datasets: Area: Nunspeet, Hoge Veluwe year: sod cutting happened in which year Feeding: B, FB, FG, HG, OHF, H, HB, HG,O, P B: browsers FB:Fungivorous browsers FG:Fungivorous grazers HG:Herbofungivorous grazers OHF: Opportunistic Herbofungivorous H:   herbofungivores HB:  Herbivorous browsers HG:  Herbivorous grazers O:   Omnivores P:   Predators pH: The pH of the solution was measured immediately using a combined pH electrode after mixing fresh soil with NaCl solution.     moisture %: percentage moisture of the soil sample     org matter %:    percentage organic matter of the soil sample N (mg/g): total nitrogen concentration of the soil sample C (mg/g):    total carbon concentration of the soil sample mol P per kgram dry soil: The soil phosphorus (P-Olsen) was determined using extraction with sodium bicarbonate (Olsen et al., 1954). C/N ratio: ratio of total carbon to total nitrogen in the soil sample

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2021View details →

Geophysical data from: "Lasting effects of soil compaction on soil water regime confirmed by geoelectrical monitoring"

The geophysical data presented herein were collected in the Soil Structure Observatory (see, Keller et. al. 2017) and were used in the manuscript titled: "Lasting effects of soil compaction on soil water regime confirmed by geoelectrical monitoring". The data set includes:   1. Seasonal and bi-hourly DC-resistivity data: DC-res.ods   2.  Standard deviation of seasonal and bi-hourly DC-resistivity data: DC-res-std.ods   3. Volumetric water content data inferred from TDR data using Topp's equation at 10, 20, 40 and 70 cm. Water_content.ods   4. Temperature data at 10, 20, 40 and 70 cm. Temperature.ods   5. Meteorological data from 2013 to 2018 collected at the SSO: meteo.ods   Data sets 1, 2, 3 and 4 were collected at the compacted ley (CL), non-compacted ley (NL) and compacted bare soil (CB) and non-compacted ley (NB)       Keller, T., Colombi, T., Ruiz, S., Manalili, M. P., Rek, J., Stadelmann, V., ... & Schymanski, S. (2017). Long-Term Soil Structure Observatory for Monitoring Post-Compaction Evolution of Soil Structure. Vadose Zone Journal, 16(4).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Characterization of Site-Specific Vegetation Activity in Alaskan Wet and Dry Tundra as Related to Climate and Soil State DATA

We present discrete (2-hour resolution) multi-year (2008 – 2017) in situ measurements of seasonal vegetation growth and soil biophysical properties from two sites on Alaska’s North Slope, USA, representing dry and wet sedge tundra. We examine measurements of vertical active soil layer temperature and soil moisture profiles (freeze/thaw status), woody shrub vegetation physiological activity, and meteorological site data to assess interrelationships within (and between) these two study sites. Vegetation phenophases (cold de-hardening start, physiological function start, stem growth start, stem growth end, physiological function end, cold hardening completion) were found to have greater inter-annual Day-Of-Year (DOY) occurrence variability at the dry site compared to the wet site. At the dry site, vegetation activity begins on average ~ 7 days earlier and ends ~ 11 days earlier. The mean active stem growth window lasts ~ 54 days for the dry site and ~51 days for the wet site. Vegetation, in both tundra environments, began cold de-hardening functions (warm season prep) prior to atmospheric temperatures warming above 0°C. Similar results were found related to the critical soil freeze/thaw/transition dates; the dry site had a DOY phenophase occurrence range that was 8 days larger than that of the wet site. A longer continuous summer thaw period was captured at the wet site by ~ 26 days throughout the active layer. In addition, the dry site was measured to have longer spring and fall soil isothermal conditions than the wet site by ~ 9 and 5 days throughout the active layer. These results show that the dry site’s willow shrub vegetation physiology and soil condition phenology is more variable than the wet site. Alongside the in situ data, a remote sensing product from NASA’s MEaSUREs program was utilized; our research indicates that the AMSR derived satellite product is more precise over the wet tundra site with critical date alignment between remote sensing observations and in situ measurements ranging from ~ 4 to 11 days. Furthermore, the AMSR product was shown to preemptively estimate land surface condition change during the spring transition for both tundra types while lagging during the fall transition and freeze-up periods.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Raw data for "Plot-scale variability of organic carbon in temperate agricultural soils - Implications for soil monitoring"

This dataset is the raw data that belongs to a peer-reviewed study on the small-distance variability of soil organic carbon in agricultural soils in Germany. It consists of three different files. The first file gives the coordinates of the 16 soil cores that were taken at each of the 16 sites (eight cropland and eight grassland sites). The second file gives the soil properties measured at each individual core (n=16 per site) and the third file the soil properties measured at each indivdual soil profile (n=6 per site).

Data from: Leaching potential of phosphite fertilizer in sandy soils of the Southern Coastal Plain, USA

This is digital research data corresponding to a published manuscript, Leaching potential of phosphite fertilizer in sandy soils of the southern coastal plain, USA. Environments 2021, 8, 126, https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8110126 Novel biotechnology on transgenic plants capable of metabolizing phosphite (Phi), a reduced form of P, could improve the effectiveness of P fertilizers and reduce the P footprint in agriculture with the benefit of suppressing weed growth. However, potassium Phi (K-Phi) salts used as fertilizer are highly soluble in water. At the same time, sandy soils of the Southern Coastal Plain are vulnerable to leaching losses resulting from long-term Pi fertilizer application. We performed a replicated leaching trial using five soil materials that included three surface and two subsurface layers from cultivated topsoil (Ap horizon) with contrasting Phi and Pi sorption capacities. Each soil received three treatments K-Phi at rates 0 (control), 24, and 49 kg P ha−1 and leached twice with de-ionized water. All K-Phi-treated soils leached Phi except for the controls.

Data from: A shift from phenol to silica-based leaf defenses during long-term soil and ecosystem development

The resource availability hypothesis predicts that plants adapted to infertile soils have high levels of anti-herbivore leaf defenses. This hypothesis has been mostly explored for secondary metabolites such as phenolics, while it remains underexplored for silica-based defenses. We determined leaf concentrations of total phenols and silicon (Si) in plants growing along the 2-million-year Jurien Bay chronosequence, exhibiting an extreme gradient of soil fertility. We found that nitrogen (N) limitation on young soils led to a greater expression of phenol-based defenses, whereas old, phosphorus (P)-impoverished soils favored silica-based defenses. Both defense types were negatively correlated at the community and individual species level. Our results suggest a tradeoff among these two leaf defense strategies based on the strength and type of nutrient limitation, thereby opening up new perspectives for the resource availability hypothesis and plant defense research. This study also highlights the importance of silica-based defenses under low P supply.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

β-glucosidase activity data after interaction with different soil minerals

β-glucosidase activity data after interaction with different soil minerals

Data from: No evidence of foliar disease impact on crop root functional strategies and soil microbial communities: What does this mean for organic coffee?

Global climate change is increasing pest and pathogen pressures on plant communities, deteriorating optimal plant functioning. In plant communities, root functional trait expression and microbial communities are important indicators of plant functioning belowground, and, when confronted with pathogens aboveground, can simultaneously reflect plant defence strategies. Yet, while research is continuing to emerge on the response of root functional traits and microbial processes to pathogens aboveground, little work has investigated these interactions in tree-crops, or the role organic amendments play in moderating these relationships. The main objective of this study is to disentangle the dynamic effects of pathogens and amendments on root functional traits (i.e., specific root length and area, root diameter, root length density, root nitrogen, and root carbon to nitrogen ratio) and root endophytic fungal communities. As a model, we use Coffea arabica (coffee) variety Caturra along a gradient of Coffee Leaf Rust – a foliar disease prominent in coffee systems – under contrasting but widespread amendment regimes in biodiverse agroforestry systems. We found that root trait expression varies along established conservation and collaboration gradients, where fungal endophyte community composition varies significantly as a function of root traits. Belowground resource acquisition strategies do not change with foliar disease incidence, suggesting they may be decoupled. Rather, amendment regimes differentially shape root trait expression and microbial communities, where coffee plants under organic amendments, regardless of foliar disease incidence, expressed greater acquisitive traits and enhanced collaboration with symbiotic fungi. This is an important first step in disentangling the dynamic inter-relationships between plant traits, endophytes, and pathogens, generating new questions on the role of amendments in sustainable pathogen management in biodiverse agroecosystems.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

Data for the publication "Low sensitivity of three terrestrial biosphere models to soil texture over the South-American tropics"

Code and data for the aforementionned publication

Data from: Crop health is predicted by soil microbial diversity across phylogenetic scales

Soils contain diverse living communities that provide key ecosystem functions in agroecosystems. In many systems, ecosystems functions are positively related to the taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of the community. Despite calls to incorporate microbial diversity in measures of soil health, whether increased microbial diversity per se can predict increased crop health and productivity has rarely been documented. Here we used microbial communities from commercial potato fields varying in diversity and composition, and experimentally assessed their ability to promote crop yield under low or high nutrient conditions and to suppress a soil-borne pathogen. Across two independent sets of communities, we found that yields under low nutrient conditions were predicted by high initial microbial diversity measured at broad phylogenetic levels, consistent with greater niche complementarity among unrelated taxa leading to greater total resource use. However, disease suppression was inconsistently linked to diversity and explained as well or better by microbial composition rather than diversity per se. Ecosystem multifunctionality was predicted by high diversity at broad to intermediate phylogenetic scales. These results indicate that the diversity of microbial taxa may influence multiple soil functions; however, the mechanisms underlying the diversity-function relationships may vary.

Indonesian soil and litter Collembola species and trait matrix with environmental data

Rainforest conversion and expansion of plantations in tropical regions is associated with changes in animal communities and biodiversity decline. In soil, Collembola are one of the most numerous invertebrate groups that control microbial processes and support arthropod predators. Despite that, information on the impact of changes in land use in the tropics on species and trait composition of Collembola communities is very limited. We investigated the response of Collembola to the conversion of rainforest into rubber agroforest ('junge rubber'), rubber and oil palm plantations in Jambi province (Sumatra, Indonesia), a region that experienced one of the strongest deforestation globally during the last decades. Collembola from litter and soil layers were collected in 2013 and 2016 using heat extraction. In the litter layer, density and species richness in plantation systems declined by 25-38% and 30-40%, respectively, compared to rainforest. By contrast, in the soil layer, density, species richness and trait diversity of Collembola were only slightly affected by land-use change contrasting the response of many other animal groups. Species and trait composition of Collembola communities in litter and soil layers differed between all land-use systems. Water content and pH were identified as main factors related to the differences in species and trait composition both in litter and soil layers, followed by the density of micro- and macropredators. Dominant Collembola species in rainforest and jungle rubber were characterized by small body size, absence of furca and absent or intense pigmentation, while in plantations larger species with long furca and diffuse or patterned coloration were more abundant. The trait-based responses were similar to those observed in Collembola from temperate regions and to those in a similar study on spiders at our study sites. Overall, land-use change negatively affected Collembola communities in the litter layer, but only little affected Collembola communities in soil. Several pantropical Collembola genera (i.e., Isotomiella, Pseudosinella and Folsomides) dominated across land-use systems, reflecting their high environmental adaptability or efficient dispersal calling for studies on their ecology and genetic diversity. The decline in species richness and density of litter-dwelling Collembola with the conversion of rainforest into plantation systems calls for management practices mitigating negative effects of the deterioration of the litter layer in rubber but in particular in oil palm plantations.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Archive data supporting the results in the paper: Long-term soil warming alters fine root dynamics and morphology, and their ectomycorrhizal fungal community in a temperate forest soil"

Climate warming is predicted to affect temperate forests severely, but the response of fine roots, key to plant nutrition, water uptake, soil carbon and nutrient cycling is unclear. Understanding how fine roots will respond to increasing temperature is a prerequisite for predicting the functioning of forests in a warmer climate. We studied the response of fine roots and their ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal and root-associated bacterial communities to soil warming by 4 °C in a mixed spruce-beech forest in the Austrian Limestone Alps after 8 and 14 years of soil warming, respectively. Fine root biomass (FRB) and fine root production were 17% and 128% higher in the warmed plots, respectively, after 14 years. The increase in FRB (13%) was not significant after 8 years of treatment, whereas specific root length, specific root area, and root tip density were significantly higher in warmed plots at both sampling occasions. Soil warming did not affect EcM exploration types and diversity, but changed their community composition, with an increase in the relative abundance of Cenoccocum at 0 – 10 cm soil depth, a drought-stress tolerant genus, and an increase in short and long-distance exploration types like Sebacina and Boletus at 10 – 20 cm soil depth. Warming increased the root-associated bacterial diversity but did not affect their community composition. Soil warming did not affect nutrient concentrations of fine roots, though we found indications of limited soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) availability. Our findings suggest that, in the studied ecosystem, global warming could persistently increase soil carbon inputs due to accelerated fine root growth and turnover, and could simultaneously alter fine root morphology and EcM fungal community composition towards improved nutrient foraging.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Data from: Energy and physiological tolerance explain multi-trophic soil diversity in temperate mountains

Aim – Although soil biodiversity is extremely rich and spatially variable, both in terms of species and trophic groups, we still know little about its main drivers. Here, we contrast four long-standing hypotheses to explain the spatial variation of soil multi-trophic diversity: energy, physiological tolerance, habitat heterogeneity, and resource heterogeneity. Location – French Alps Methods – We built on a large-scale observatory across the French Alps (Orchamp) made of seventeen elevational gradients (~90 plots) ranging from low to very high altitude (280 - 3160 m), and encompassing large variations in climate, vegetation and pedological conditions. Biodiversity measurements of 36 soil trophic groups were obtained through environmental DNA metabarcoding. Using a machine learning approach, we assessed 1) the relative importance of predictors linked to different ecological hypotheses in explaining overall multi-trophic soil biodiversity, and 2) the consistency of the response curves across trophic groups. Results – We showed that predictors associated with the four hypotheses had a statistically significant influence on soil multi-trophic diversity, with the strongest support for the energy and physiological tolerance hypotheses. Physiological tolerance explained spatial variation in soil diversity consistently across trophic groups, and was an especially strong predictor for bacteria, protists and microfauna. The effect of energy was more group-specific, with energy input through soil organic matter strongly affecting groups related to the detritus channel. Habitat and resource heterogeneity had overall weaker and more specific impacts on biodiversity with habitat heterogeneity affecting mostly autotrophs, and resource heterogeneity affecting bacterivores, phytophagous insects, enchytraeids and saprotrophic fungi. Main Conclusions – Despite the variability of responses to the environmental drivers found across soil trophic groups, major commonalities on the ecological processes structuring soil biodiversity emerged. We conclude that among the major ecological hypotheses traditionally applied to aboveground organisms, some are particularly relevant to predict the spatial variation in soil biodiversity across the major soil trophic groups.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Data from: Hidden island endemic species, and their implications for cryptic speciation within soil arthropods

Aim: Specialisation to the soil environment is expected to constrain the spatial scale of diversification within animal lineages. In this context, the existence of flightless arthropod lineages, adapted to soil environments, but with broad geographic ranges, represent something of an anomaly. Here we investigate the diversification process within one such 'anomalous' soil specialist: Geomitopsis franzi Coiffait, 1978, an eyeless and flightless beetle species strongly adapted to the endogean environment but distributed across several oceanic islands. Location: Canary Islands Taxon: Geomitopsis (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) Methods: We performed an integrative study, including molecular phylogenetics, population genomics, and morphometry. Four DNA regions (two mitochondrial and two nuclear) were amplified and sequenced for 159 specimens from 58 localities sampled across five islands for phylogenetic analyses, and a dated phylogenetic tree was obtained using a mitogenome dataset. ddRAD-seq data was generated to evaluate mtDNA lineages in sympatry against the biological species concept. Results: We found high levels of genetic differentiation (>8% COI gene divergence) among populations from different islands and among geographically coherent lineages within single islands. Lineages within Tenerife presented significant patterns of isolation by distance, with ddRAD-seq providing evidence that lineages represent biological species. Morphometric analyses revealed limited variation, with most lineages lacking diagnostic characters. Main conclusions: Geomitopsis franzi is comprised of at least seven lineages that merit consideration as biological species, and is best considered as a complex of cryptic species. The limited morphological variation across these lineages is consistent with adaptation to the endogean environment placing strong constraints on morphological change. The evolution of cryptic species should be favoured when such constraints are coupled with limited dispersal ability, which characterises G. franzi, and is a trait that broadly characterises the soil mesofauna. We suggest that cryptic species diversity is likely to be a recurrent feature across soil adapted arthropod species with range sizes that appear inconsistent whith a low potential for dispersal.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Data on space-time soil moisture and modelled soil water storage, Ghana

Data on spatial and temporal modelling of soil water storage from in situ soil moisture measurements in the Guinea savannah zone of Northern Ghana, West Africa.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Bioclimatic, soil, terrain, distance to Native American settlement, and historical tree taxon relative abundance data at 8-km resolution for the northeastern United States

Researchers have debated impacts of past Native American land use on forests including upon tree species composition in northeastern United States (US), with estimates of impacts ranging from local to regional extent. This study examines tree relative abundances in the northeastern US (approx. 420,000 km2) to assess whether Native Americans influenced geographic distributions of 18 tree taxa prior to Euro-American settlement. We used boosted regression trees to model abundance patterns and to assess the importance of distance-based proxies of Native American land use versus environmental variables. We trained models that included and excluded distance-based proxies. Abundance estimates from original land survey records (1650-1850 CE) were acquired for taxa at 8 km spatial resolution, and related to Native American settlement locations (1500-1800 CE) and 27 environmental variables. When evaluated upon test data, regional-scale models of relative abundance that included distance-based proxies performed only slightly better than models that excluded them, with mean improvements in RMSE of 0.1 percentage points. Models suggest that Native American land use modestly altered the relative abundance of taxa locally, extending no more than 50 km from settlement. Models also suggest slight increases near settlement of a few percentage points in relative abundance for fire-tolerant and/or dietary taxa (e.g. oak, hickory, and pine), and for early-successional taxa (e.g. ash). Past Native American land use had no detectable effect on forest composition across a regional extent, but increased the abundance of fire-tolerant, shade-intolerant, and nut-producing trees locally. The Excel-format (.xlsx) dataset here provides the training and testing data for the BRT models in this publication. It contains relative abundances of the 18 tree taxa expressed as a fraction of total number of trees. It also provides bioclimatic (e.g. annual temperature, annual preciptation), soil (e.g. pH, percent sand), terrain (e.g. slope), and Native American (e.g. distance to settlement) variables developed from multiple sources. A column also indicates whether an observation was part of the training data or the test data. See the publication and its Supporting Information for full details on the acquisition and processing of these data, as well as the original providers of the data. If using these data, please cite both this dataset's corresponding article, as well as the original providers of the data. Also provided are ascii-format (.asc) gridded data layers that were used for making spatial predictions of taxon relative abundances from BRT models. The original creators/providers of the relative abundance, bioclimatic, soil, terrain, and Native American data or layers used for creating the gridded data in this study are: Abel, T. (2016). The Iroquoian occupations of Northern New York: A summary of current research. Ontario Archaeology, 96, 65–75. CIFAS. (2017). Map Of First Nations in New Brunswick. Comitas Institute for Anthropological Study. <a href="http://cifas.us/first-nations-maps/">http://cifas.us/first-nations-maps/</a> Grumet, R. S. (1995). Historic Contact: Indian People and Colonists in Today's Northeastern United States in the Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries. University of Oklahoma Press. Jordan, K. A. (2013). Incorporation and colonization: Postcolumbian Iroquois satellite communities and processes of indigenous autonomy. American Anthropologist, 115(1), 29–43. Milner, G. R., & Chaplin, G. (2010). Eastern North American population at ca. A.D. 1500. American Antiquity, 75(4), 707–726. NASA. (2000). SRTM 90m Digital Elevation Database v4.1. <a href="https://cgiarcsi.community/data/srtm-90m-digital-elevation-database-v4-1/">https://cgiarcsi.community/data/srtm-90m-digital-elevation-database-v4-1/</a> O'Donnell, M. S., & Ignizio, D. A. (2012). Bioclimatic Predictors for Supporting Ecological Applications in the Conterminous United States (Data Series 691; p. 10). U.S. Geological Survey. <a href="https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/4fe0f9f4e4b05d4ed81d9392">https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/4fe0f9f4e4b05d4ed81d9392</a> Paciorek, C. J., Goring, S. J., Thurman, A. L., Cogbill, C. V., Williams, J. W., Mladenoff, D. J., Peters, J. A., Zhu, J., & McLachlan, J. S. (2016). Statistically-estimated tree composition for the northeastern United States at the time of Euro-American settlement. PLoS ONE, 11(2), e0150087. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150087">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150087</a> Peters, M. P., Iverson, L. R., Prasad, A. M., & Matthews, S. N. (2013). Integrating Fine-scale Soil Data into Species Distribution Models: Preparing Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) Data from Multiple Counties (General Technical Report NRS-122; p. 70). U.S. Forest Service. <a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/45308">https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/45308</a>