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Fig. 7 in Burgess Shale-type microfossils from the middle Cambrian Kaili Formation, Guizhou Province, China
Fig. 7. Problematic metazoan microfossils (NIGP 153992–154010) from the middle Cambrian Kaili Formation, Guizhou, China. A–F. Ornamented spines cf. Rushtonites/Mongolitubulus. A. KAIL−04−05−M10. B. KAIL−GTBM−9−35M−02−G23. C. KAIL−BP−01−K41. D. KAIL−X−01−P42. E. KAIL−09−01−S31. F−J. Possible elements of a lophotrochozoan jaw apparatus. F. KAIL−05−01−U23. G. KAIL−04−2−T39 (G1); detail (G2). H. KAIL−GTBM−9−2−d−F6 (image reversed). I. KAIL−BP−01−N25 (image reversed). J. KAIL−GTBM−9−2−d−E9. K−O. Diverse spinose forms including possible elements of a radula−like apparatus (M, N). K. KAIL−04−07−Q33. L. KAIL−05−03−J25. M. KAIL−GTBM−9−35M−02−N41. N. KAIL−05−03−M17. O. KAIL−04−09−X27. P, Q. Possible arthropodan seta (P) and setal array (Q). P. KAIL−X−01−M28. Q. KAIL−GTBM−9−35M−01−W29. R, S. Complex forms of unknown affinity. R. KAIL− 05−03−U21. S. KAIL−05−01−F35. Scale bars: A–P, S 100 µm; Q, R 50 µm; G 2 40 µm.
Fig. 2 in Burgess Shale-type microfossils from the middle Cambrian Kaili Formation, Guizhou Province, China
Fig. 2. Biomineralizing taxa preserved as small carbonaceous fossils (NIGP 153954–153961) from the middle Cambrian Kaili Formation, Guizhou, China. A. Hyolithid helen (A1), with detail of rounded proximal end (A2), KAIL−BP−01−J38. B. Multi−rayed chancelloriid sclerite, KAIL−A−01−P39. C−E. Single−rayed or disarticulated chancelloriid sclerites. C. KAIL−GTBM− 9−2−b−E39. D. KAIL−05−05−O17 (image reversed). E. KAIL−09−01−U19. F–H. Brachiopod fragments (F1, G1, H1), with details of microstructure (F2, G2, G3, H2). F. KAIL−07−01−U38. G. KAIL−05−05−E17. H. KAIL−GTBM− 9−2−d−K41. Scale bars: A1, B–E 200 µm; A2 40 µm; F1 400 µm; F2 125 µm; G1 250 µm; G2 125 µm; G3 60 µm; H1 500 µm; H2 150 µm.
Fig. 4 in Burgess Shale-type microfossils from the middle Cambrian Kaili Formation, Guizhou Province, China
Fig. 4. Pterobranch periderm (NIGP 153978–153979) from the middle Cambrian Kaili Formation, Guizhou, China. A. KAIL−BP−01−N23. B. KAIL−A− 01−R36. A2 is a photographic detail of A1; A3 and B2 are camera lucida drawings highlighting the fusellar microstructure, including characteristic oblique sutures developed locally in a "zig−zag" arrangement. Scale bars: A1 200 µm; A2, A3 100 µm; B1, B2 400 µm.
Fig. 1 in Burgess Shale-type microfossils from the middle Cambrian Kaili Formation, Guizhou Province, China
Fig. 1. Filaments and acritarchs (NIGP 153940–153953) from the middle Cambrian Kaili Formation, Guizhou, China. A–G. Cyanobacterial filaments. A–C. Eomicrocoleus Horodyski and Donaldson, 1980/Siphonophycus Schopf, 1968 emended Knoll, Swett, and Mark, 1991 with multiple cellular trichomes enclosed within a common sheath (in C, a double sheath). D,E,G. Siphonophycus spp. exhibiting a variety of growth forms. F. Polytrichoides Hermann, 1974 emend. Knoll, Swett, and Mark, 1991. A. KAIL−04−03−L44. B. KAIL−05−02−V31. C. KAIL−05−05−D13. D. KAIL−GTBM−9−35M−01−T45. E. KAIL− GTBM−9−37M−01−J23. F. KAIL−A−01−K26. G. KAIL−GTBM−9−2−b−M37. H, I. Filaments of uncertain affinity. H. KAIL−GTBM−9−35M−01−E44. I. KAIL− 09−01−H12. J–N. Acritarchs, including forms with medial splitting (K, L) and possible vegetative colony growth (M). J. KAIL−A−01−O25. K. KAIL− 04−05−T17. L. KAIL−04−05−G17. M. KAIL−GTBM−2−9−c−D21. N. KAIL−GTBM−9−2−d−S14. Scale bars A–F, J–L 200 µm; G–I 400 µm; M, N 100 µm.
Fig. 4 in A Marrella-like arthropod from the Cambrian of Australia: A new link between "Orsten"-type and Burgess Shale assemblages
Fig. 4. Localities, in which Marrellomorpha (sensu Kühl et al. 2008) have been found. 1, Monastery Creek Phosphorite Formation, Late Templetonian– Early Floran, Australia: Austromarrella klausmuelleri gen. et sp. nov. 2, Kaili, early middle Cambrian, China: Marrella sp. (Zhao et al. 2003). 3, Burgess Shale, middle Cambrian, British Columbia, Canada: Marrella splendens Walcott, 1912 (Whittington 1971; García−Bellido and Collins 2006). 4, Fezouata biota, Ordovician, Morocco: Furca spp. (Van Roy 2006a, b; Van Roy et al. 2010). 5, Letná Formation, Ordovican, Czech Republic: Furca bohemica Fritsch, 1908 (Chlupáč 1999; Van Roy 2006a, b; Rak 2009; Rak et al. 2013). 6, Herefordshire, Silurian, England: Xylokoris chledophilia Siveter, Fortey, Sutton, Briggs and Siveter, 2007 (Siveter et al. 2007). 7, Hunsrück slate, Lower Devonian, Germany: Vachonisia rogeri Lehmann, 1955 (Kühl et al. 2008); Mimetaster hexagonalis Gürich, 1931 (Kühl and Rust 2010). Table indicates occurrences.
Fig. 3. Marrellomorph Marrella splendens Walcott, 1912 in A Marrella-like arthropod from the Cambrian of Australia: A new link between "Orsten"-type and Burgess Shale assemblages
Fig. 3. Marrellomorph Marrella splendens Walcott, 1912, for comparison with Austromarrella klausmuelleri gen. et sp. nov., Mount Murray, Western Queensland, Australia; Series 3 of the Cambrian. A. Dorsal view on a rendered 3D model, based on own observations. B–E. Micrographs under polarized light. B. Beautifully preserved specimen USNM 83486f with the exopods in a "rusty" preservation (cf. García−Bellido and Collins 2006). C. Stereo image of specimen USNM 139665. Exopods of preceding limbs are super−imposing each other, separated by a thin layer of sediment. D. Detail of specimen ROM 56766A in "rusty" preservation. Here the spines on the lateral side of the exopod ringlets are well preserved. E. One of the smallest specimens of M. splendens USNM 219817e that possesses preserved appendage remains. The single fragmentary specimen of A. klausmuelleri could, based on its size, belong to an entire specimen of a comparable size.
Fig. 1 in A Marrella-like arthropod from the Cambrian of Australia: A new link between "Orsten"-type and Burgess Shale assemblages
Fig. 1. SEM images of the holotype and single specimen CPC 30719 of marrellomorph Austromarrella klausmuelleri gen. et sp. nov., Mount Murray, Western Queensland, Australia; Series 3 of the Cambrian. A. Median or lateral view, exposing the more or less lanceolate lamellae. B. Anterior or posterior view. The 16 ringlets are well separated from each other. Letters indicate the direction of view in images D–F. C. Median or lateral view, opposing to side displayed in A. Here the insertion of the most proximal preserved ringlet is well apparent. D–F. Details of the stout spines on the most distal preserved annuli viewed as indicated in image B. D. View from latero/medio−proximal on the distal tip. E. View from lateral/median, same spine as in D. F. View from medio/latero−proximal. Spine on the other side of the same ringlet as in D and E.
Fig. 2 in A Marrella-like arthropod from the Cambrian of Australia: A new link between "Orsten"-type and Burgess Shale assemblages
Fig. 2. Examples of multi−annulated exopods of fossil and extant representatives of the taxa Agnostina and Crustacea sensu lato. A. SEM image of the exopod of the second head appendage of Agnostus pisiformis (Wahlenberg, 1818) composed of nine articles. Each of the six distal articles bears a pair of long, outwardly directed setae, a short spinule close to the base of the setae and a short seta opposite of the long setae (cf. Müller and Walossek 1987: pl. 18.1). Series 3 of the Cambrian (Agnostus pisiformis Zone), UB 832. B. SEM image of appendages two and three of a stage two larva of the fossil micro−predator Goticaris longispinosa Walossek and Müller, 1990. Series 3 of the Cambrian (Agnostus pisiformis Zone), UB 98. Detail of pl. 2.5 of Haug et al. (2009b). C. SEM image of the appendages two to four of the phosphatocopine Vestrogothia spinata Müller, 1964, Furongian, Cambrian, UB 622. D. Light microscopic image (processed according to Haug et al. 2009a) of a putative thecostracan larva (E_G2010_16_2_1), from the Devonian Windyfield Chert (cf. Fayers and Trewin 2004). E. Composite fluorescence image (cf. Haug et al. 2008) of an undetermined natant decapod from the Solnhofen Lithographic Limestones, Upper Jurassic, Southern Germany (SMNS 70149, ex coll. Gebert, Iphofen). F. SEM image of the second antenna of the Recent mystacocarid Derocheilocaris remanei Delamare−Deboutteville and Chappuis, 1951 (cf. Olesen 2001; Haug et al. 2011). Specimen from the collection of the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. G. SEM image of a pleomeric segment with a pair of pleopods of the Recent amphipod Gammarus roeselii Gervais, 1835. Image courtesy Gerd Mayer, Ulm.
Fig. 2 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland
Fig. 2. Retiolitid graptolites Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov. and Spinograptus clathrospinosus Eisenack, 1951 from the Gołdap IG−1 borehole, Poland. A, B, D, E. Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov., depth 1267.0 m, Colonograptus deubeli Biozone, Wenlock. A. ZPAL G. 47/1, holotype, stereopair of obverse view of finite rhabdosome, proximal lateral orifice (arrow) (A1); proximal view of rhabdosome (A2), outer ancora arrowed; proximal view of isolated last theca and nema (A); ancora umbrella and dense outer ancora at th 11 side of rhabdosome (arrow) (A). B. ZPAL G. 47/5, th 11 side view of proximal 3 4 part of rhabdosome showing dense outer ancora and pre−thecal ventral orifice overgrown by reticulum (arrow) (B1), rudimentary transverse rod (arrow) (B). D. ZPAL G. 47/8, th 12 side view of proximal part of rhabdosome showing overgrown pre−thecal ventral orifice (arrow). E. ZPAL G. 47/9, proximal 2 view of immature rhabdosome showing ancora umbrella and outer ancora starting to grow (arrow). C. Spinograptus clathrospinosus Eisenack, 1951, ZPAL G. 47/10, depth 1259.0 m, Colonograptus ludensis Biozone, Wenlock, open−ended rhabdosome with three pairs of thecae, lateral view (C1), obverse view of proximal end of rhabdosome (C) showing ancora umbrella and outer ancora at th 11 side of rhabdosome.
Fig. 5 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland
Fig. 5. Drawing of retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov., in obverse view, with reconstructed membranes. The ancora umbrella membrane is hypothetical. Note the short finite rhabdosome with characteristic two last tube−shaped thecae without genicular processes and very small and narrow appendix. Drawing AK.
Fig. 1 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland
Fig. 1. Stratigraphical sequence of the Spinograptus species, with new data from this paper and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk 1997: fig. 12. The ranges of Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) and S. clathrospinosus Eisenack, 1951 reach the Saetograptus linearis–Monograptus ceratus Biozone in the Arctic Canada (Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk 2004), which is not marked herein.
Fig. 3 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland
Fig. 3. Retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov. rhabdosomes (A–D) showing thecal membranes (brown) and Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) (E, F) showing morphological details. A, B, D. Fragments of rhabdosomes from Prągowiec 2, Colonograptus deubeli Biozone. A. ZPAL G. 47/2, well preserved proximal end and three pairs of thecae obverse (A1) and reverse (A2) views, metasicula arrowed. B. ZPAL G. 47/3, tuboid distal theca arrowed. D. ZPAL G. 47/4, well preserved membranes and tuboid distal theca. C. Finite rhabdosome, holotype from Gołdap IG−1 borehole (1267.0 m), Colonograptus deubeli Biozone, ZPAL G. 47/1, obverse view with isolated distal theca (arrow). E. Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) from Gołdap IG−1 borehole (1250.0 m) Neodiversograptus nilssoni–Lobograptus progenitor Biozone, ZPAL G. 47/12, morphology of ventral wall. F. Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) from Jarosławiec K2, ZPAL G. 47/11, young rhabdosome, dotted lines show possible broken spines. Light microscope pictures (A–D), SEM pictures (E, F).
Fig. 4 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland
Fig. 4. Retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov. from Prągowiec 2, Colonograptus deubeli Biozone. A. ZPAL G. 47/6, paratype, distal end of rhabdosome with three well preserved thecae on one side and small appendix; distal view (A1), view towards the inside of last theca (A2), lateral view of whole specimen (A3), stereopair of the better preserved thecae (A4). B. ZPAL G. 47/7, distal end of rhabdosome with two last thecae and terminal structure; distal view of the whole fragment (B1); view to the inside of last theca (B2); terminal structure (B3).
Fig. 2. Schematic drawing showing measured parameters and descriptive terminology used for sclerite types A–H in Trachyplax arctica, a new multiplated problematic fossil from the lower Cambrian of North Greenland
Fig. 2. Schematic drawing showing measured parameters and descriptive terminology used for sclerite types A–H. Abbreviations: A, apical angle; Ai, apex interarea; L, length; Lr, length of rostrum; Ls, length of shield; H, height; W, width; Wai, width of apex interarea; Wr, width of rostrum; Ws, width of shield. Not to scale.
Рис. 5. Типовое местонахожΑение Dorcadion natali sp. n. Fig. 5. The type locality of Dorcadion natali sp. n. in A new species of Dorcadion Dalman, 1817 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from East Kazakhstan
Рис. 5. Типовое местонахожΑение Dorcadion natali sp. n. Fig. 5. The type locality of Dorcadion natali sp. n.
Рис. 4. Типовое местонахожΔение Dorcadion pantherinum ludmilae subsp. n. Fig. 4. The type locality of Dorcadion pantherinum ludmilae subsp. n. in A new subspecies of Dorcadion pantherinum Jakowleff, 1901 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from South Kazakhstan
Рис. 4. Типовое местонахожΔение Dorcadion pantherinum ludmilae subsp. n. Fig. 4. The type locality of Dorcadion pantherinum ludmilae subsp. n.
Рис. 1. Распространение виΑов Dorcadion (s. str.) Dalman, 1817 в Восточном Казахстане. 1 – южные преΑгорья хр. Тарбагатай, типовое местонахожΑение D. urdzharicum; 2 – северные преΑгорья и скΛоны Тарбагатая и Саура, местонахожΑение D. songaricum; 3 – степи северо-запаΑнее оз. СасыккоΛь, местонахожΑение D. cephalotes; 4 – преΑгорья у югозапаΑного берега оз. АΛакоΛь, типовое местонахожΑение D. alakoliense; 5 – 47 км юго-восточнее Маканчи, типовое местонахожΑение D. natali sp. n. Fig. 1. Localities of species of Dorcadion (s. str.) Dalman, 1817 in East Kazakhstan. 1 – southern foothills of the Tarbagatai Ridge, type locality of D. urdzharicum; 2 – northern foothills and slopes of the Tarbagatai and Saur, locality of D. songaricum; 3 – steppes NW of Sasykkol Lake, locality of D. cephalotes; 4 – foothills at the SW shore of Alakol Lake, type locality of D. alakoliense; 5 – 47 km SE Makanchi, type locality of D. natali sp. n. in A new species of Dorcadion Dalman, 1817 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from East Kazakhstan
Рис. 1. Распространение виΑов Dorcadion (s. str.) Dalman, 1817 в Восточном Казахстане. 1 – южные преΑгорья хр. Тарбагатай, типовое местонахожΑение D. urdzharicum; 2 – северные преΑгорья и скΛоны Тарбагатая и Саура, местонахожΑение D. songaricum; 3 – степи северо-запаΑнее оз. СасыккоΛь, местонахожΑение D. cephalotes; 4 – преΑгорья у югозапаΑного берега оз. АΛакоΛь, типовое местонахожΑение D. alakoliense; 5 – 47 км юго-восточнее Маканчи, типовое местонахожΑение D. natali sp. n. Fig. 1. Localities of species of Dorcadion (s. str.) Dalman, 1817 in East Kazakhstan. 1 – southern foothills of the Tarbagatai Ridge, type locality of D. urdzharicum; 2 – northern foothills and slopes of the Tarbagatai and Saur, locality of D. songaricum; 3 – steppes NW of Sasykkol Lake, locality of D. cephalotes; 4 – foothills at the SW shore of Alakol Lake, type locality of D. alakoliense; 5 – 47 km SE Makanchi, type locality of D. natali sp. n.
Рис. 3. Распространение поΔвиΔов Dorcadion (s. str.) pantherinum Jakowleff, 1901 в Южном Казахстане. 1 – центраΛьная часть пустыни Бетпак-ÀаΛа, преΔпоΛагаемое типовое местонахожΔение D. p. pantherinum; 2 – ЧуΛак-Эспе, местонахожΔение D. p. pantherinum; 3 – Аксуек, местонахожΔение D. p. pantherinum; 4 – Капчагай, типовое местонахожΔение D. p. shamaevi; 5 – 120 км северовосточнее Баканаса, типовое местонахожΔение D. p. desertum; 6 – 37 км восточнее КызыΛ-ОрΔы, типовое местонахожΔение D. p. sabulosum; 7 – 41 км восточнее Айтеке-Би, типовое местонахожΔение D. p. ludmilae subsp. n. Fig. 3. Localities of subspecies of Dorcadion (s. str.) pantherinum Jakowleff, 1901 in South Kazakhstan. 1 – central part of Betpak-Dala desert, possible type locality of D. p. pantherinum; 2 – Chulak-Espe, locality of D. p. pantherinum; 3 – Aksuek, locality of D. p. pantherinum; 4 – Kapchagai, type locality of D. p. shamaevi; 5 – 120 km NE Bakanas, type locality of D. p. desertum; 6 – 37 km E Kyzyl-Orda, type locality of D. p. sabulosum; 7 – 41 km E Ayteke-Bi, type locality of D. p. ludmilae subsp. n. in A new subspecies of Dorcadion pantherinum Jakowleff, 1901 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from South Kazakhstan
Рис. 3. Распространение поΔвиΔов Dorcadion (s. str.) pantherinum Jakowleff, 1901 в Южном Казахстане. 1 – центраΛьная часть пустыни Бетпак-ÀаΛа, преΔпоΛагаемое типовое местонахожΔение D. p. pantherinum; 2 – ЧуΛак-Эспе, местонахожΔение D. p. pantherinum; 3 – Аксуек, местонахожΔение D. p. pantherinum; 4 – Капчагай, типовое местонахожΔение D. p. shamaevi; 5 – 120 км северовосточнее Баканаса, типовое местонахожΔение D. p. desertum; 6 – 37 км восточнее КызыΛ-ОрΔы, типовое местонахожΔение D. p. sabulosum; 7 – 41 км восточнее Айтеке-Би, типовое местонахожΔение D. p. ludmilae subsp. n. Fig. 3. Localities of subspecies of Dorcadion (s. str.) pantherinum Jakowleff, 1901 in South Kazakhstan. 1 – central part of Betpak-Dala desert, possible type locality of D. p. pantherinum; 2 – Chulak-Espe, locality of D. p. pantherinum; 3 – Aksuek, locality of D. p. pantherinum; 4 – Kapchagai, type locality of D. p. shamaevi; 5 – 120 km NE Bakanas, type locality of D. p. desertum; 6 – 37 km E Kyzyl-Orda, type locality of D. p. sabulosum; 7 – 41 km E Ayteke-Bi, type locality of D. p. ludmilae subsp. n.
Fig. 8. Compound chondrichthyan scales Type 1 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism
Fig. 8. Compound chondrichthyan scales Type 1 sensu Liao et al. (2007), attributed to Wellerodus priscus, from the Givetian of the Cairo quarry, New York. A. NYSM 17785 in dorsal view. B. NYSM 17782 in dorsal (under BES mode) (B1) and dorso-lateral (B2) views. C. NYSM 17787 in dorsal view. D. NYSM 17783 in dorsal view (under BES mode). E. NYSM 17786 in rostral (E1), caudal (E2), and basal (E3) views (under BES mode).
Fig. 10 in Cenomanian-Campanian (Late Cretaceous) mid-palaeolatitude sharks of Cretalamna appendiculata type
Fig. 10. Otodontid shark Cretalamna borealis (Priem, 1897), lower jaw teeth, informal Belemnellocamax mammillatus zone, latest early Campanian (Late Cretaceous); Ignaberga (A) and Åsen (B) quarries, Kristianstad Basin, southern Sweden. A. LO 6350t, right a1?; lingual (A 1), basal (A 2), labial (A 3), and profile (A 4) views. B. LO 11137t, left lateroposterior tooth; labial (B ), lingual (B ), and profile (B ) views.
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