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5,108 results for “North America”
Figure 2 in Adventive species of Quedius (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) in North America: a survey and new Canadian record
Figure 2. Dorsal habitus photograph of Quedius cinctus.
FIGURES 14-17 in A Revision Of Brachinus Of North America: Part I. The California Species (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
FIGURES 14-17, Brachinus spp. California distribution maps.
FIGURES 10-13 in A Revision Of Brachinus Of North America: Part I. The California Species (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
FIGURES 10-13, Brachinus spp. California distribution maps.
FIGURES 1-9 in A Revision Of Brachinus Of North America: Part I. The California Species (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
FIGURES 1-9, Brachinus spp. Aedeagus from dorsal and
Data from: Population genomic diversity and structure at the discontinuous southern range of the Great Gray Owl in North America
<p>Species' distributions are often discontinuous near the edge of the range where the environment may be more variable than the core of the range. Range discontinuity can reduce or cut off gene flow to small peripheral populations and lead to genetic drift and subsequent loss of genetic diversity. The southern extent of the Great Gray Owl ( Strixnebulosa) range in North America is discontinuous, unlike their northern core range across the boreal forests. We sampled owls from five different locations on the periphery of the range across the western US (Wyoming, Idaho, California, northern Oregon, and southern Oregon) to investigate genetic population structure and genetic diversity. Using a reduced-representation genomic sequencing approach to genotype 123 individuals at 4,817 single nucleotide polymorphic loci, we identified four genetically differentiated populations: California, southern Oregon, northern Oregon, and Wyoming and Idaho grouped together as a single Rocky Mountain population. The four genetically differentiated populations of Great Gray Owls identified in this study display high differentiation and low genetic variation, which is suggestive of long-term isolation and lack of connectivity, potentially caused by range discontinuity. The populations that lack habitat connectivity to the rest of the breeding range (i.e. those in California and Oregon) had lower genetic diversity than the Rocky Mountain population that is connected to the core of the range. These factors and other risks (such as disease and human-caused mortality) heighten susceptibility of these range-edge populations to future habitat and climate changes, genetic diversity erosion, and potential extinction vortex. For these reasons, protecting and monitoring this species on the southern edge of their range is vital.</p>
Leprocaulon beechingii (Leprocaulaceae), a new species from the southern Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America
<p><i>Leprocaulon beechingii</i> is described as new to science based on collections from exposed rock outcrops in the southern Appalachian Mountains in eastern North America. Taxonomic placement in <i>Leprocaulon</i>, and delimitation from other members of the genus with usnic acid, is supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS and mtSSU sequence data. The species is readily recognized by its occurrence on non-calcareous rocks, <i>normandinoides</i>-type placodioid thallus, and the production of usnic acid and zeorin.</p>
A revision of Hypotrachyna subgenus Parmelinopsis (Parmeliaceae) in eastern North America
<p>A taxonomic revision of the <i>Hypotrachyna</i> subgenus <i>Parmelinopsis</i> in eastern North America is presented based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS and mtSSU data, extensive field observation and analyses of chemical and morphological data. Each species is described, illustrated with photographs, and the distribution in the region is mapped. An identification key is also presented. Eleven species are recognized: <i>H. afrorevoluta, H. appalachensis, H. britannica, H. cryptochlora, H. horrescens, H. kauffmaniana, H. minarum, H. mcmulliniana, H. revoluta, H. showmanii </i>and<i> H. spumosa</i>. Extensive discussion of prior studies is provided, particularly with respect to the delimitation of <i>H. afrorevoluta</i> and <i>H. revoluta</i>. <i>Hypotrachyna kauffmaniana</i> is described from the central and southern Appalachian Mountains and separated from <i>H. afrorevoluta</i> and <i>H. revoluta</i> by its ascending secondary lobes and pustulose soralia that are primarily confined to the secondary lobes. <i>Hypotrachyna horrescens</i> is shown to correspond to a taxon with narrow lobed, <a>small thall</a>i with ciliate isidia. <i>Hypotrachyna mcmulliniana</i> is described from material collected throughout southeastern North America that is chemically identical to <i>H. horrescens</i> but differs in having <a>larger thalli </a>and sparsely ciliate isidia. <i>Hypotrachyna appalachensis </i>is described to accommodate material previously referred to <i>H. minarum </i>but that differs in the production of 4,5-di-O-methylhiascic acid in high concentrations (vs. absent or present as a trace in <i>H. minarum</i>). <i>Hypotrachyna britannica</i> is reported for the first time from North America.</p>
Caught in a bottleneck: habitat loss for woolly mammoths in central North America and the ice-free corridor during the last deglaciation
<p>The dataset is to describe the habitat structure and bioenergetic characteristics of woolly mammoths (<i><span>Mammuthus primigenius</span></i>) in North America during the last deglaciation between 15 and 10 ka. The habitat structure includes fractional woody cover (FWC) and net primary productivity (NPP) for 20 plant functional types (PFTs). NPP is based on the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS (LPJG). FWC is based on LPJ-GUESS and fossil pollen records in the Neotoma Paleoecology Database. The bioenergetic characteristics of woolly mammoths are the results of Niche Mapper, including metabolic rate, forage consumption, freshwater consumption, and other bioenergetic traits of individual woolly mammoths. These data were conducted at a temporal resolution of 100-year means of climate simulations every 1,000 years, from 15 to 10 ka. Simulations were run for all of North America except Alaska (10° – 80°N, 140° – 45°W) at a spatial resolution of 0.5°x0.5° grid latitude and longitude.</p>
Tracking invasions of a destructive defoliator, the gypsy moth (Erebidae: Lymantria dispar): population structure, origin of intercepted specimens, and Asian introgression into North America
Genetic data can help elucidate the dynamics of biological invasions, which are fueled by the constant expansion of international trade. The introduction of European gypsy moth (<i>Lymantria dispar dispar</i>) into North America is a classic example of human-aided invasion that has caused tremendous damage to North American temperate forests. Recently, the even more destructive Asian gypsy moth (mainly <i>L. d. asiatica</i> and <i>L. d. japonica</i>) has been intercepted in North America, mostly transported by cargo ships. To track invasion pathways, we developed a diagnostic panel of 60 DNA loci (55 nuclear and 5 mitochondrial) to characterize worldwide genetic differentiation within <i>L. dispar</i> and its sister species <i>L. umbrosa</i>. Hierarchical analyses supported strong differentiation and recovered five geographic groups that correspond to 1) North America, 2) Europe plus North Africa and Middle East, 3) the Urals, Central Asia, and Russian Siberia, 4) continental East Asia, and 5) the Japanese islands. Interestingly, <i>L. umbrosa</i> was grouped with <i>L. d. japonica</i>, and the introduced North American population exhibits remarkable distinctiveness from contemporary European counterparts. Each geographic group, with the exception of North America, shows additional lower-level structures when analyzed individually, which provided the basis for inference of the origin of invasive specimens. Two assignment approaches consistently identified a coastal area of continental East Asia as the major source for Asian invasion during 2014–2015, with Japan being another source. By analyzing simulation and laboratory crosses, we further provided evidence for the occurrence of natural Asian-North American hybrids in the Pacific Northwest, raising concerns for introgression of Asian alleles that may accelerate range expansion of gypsy moth in North America. Our study demonstrates how genetic data contribute to bio-surveillance of invasive species with results that can inform regulatory management and reduce the frequency of trade-associated invasions.
Data from: 1970s and 'Patient 0' HIV-1 genomes illuminate early HIV/AIDS history in North America
The emergence of HIV-1 group M subtype B in North American men who have sex with men was a key turning point in the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Phylogenetic studies have suggested cryptic subtype B circulation in the United States (US) throughout the 1970s1, 2 and an even older presence in the Caribbean2. However, these temporal and geographical inferences, based upon partial HIV-1 genomes that postdate the recognition of AIDS in 1981, remain contentious3, 4 and the earliest movements of the virus within the US are unknown. We serologically screened >2,000 1970s serum samples and developed a highly sensitive approach for recovering viral RNA from degraded archival samples. Here, we report eight coding-complete genomes from US serum samples from 1978–1979—eight of the nine oldest HIV-1 group M genomes to date. This early, full-genome 'snapshot' reveals that the US HIV-1 epidemic exhibited extensive genetic diversity in the 1970s but also provides strong evidence for its emergence from a pre-existing Caribbean epidemic. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses estimate the jump to the US at around 1970 and place the ancestral US virus in New York City with 0.99 posterior probability support, strongly suggesting this was the crucial hub of early US HIV/AIDS diversification. Logistic growth coalescent models reveal epidemic doubling times of 0.86 and 1.12 years for the US and Caribbean, respectively, suggesting rapid early expansion in each location3. Comparisons with more recent data reveal many of these insights to be unattainable without archival, full-genome sequences. We also recovered the HIV-1 genome from the individual known as 'Patient 0' (ref. 5) and found neither biological nor historical evidence that he was the primary case in the US or for subtype B as a whole. We discuss the genesis and persistence of this belief in the light of these evolutionary insights.
Data from: Population structure, genetic connectivity, and adaptation in the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) along the west coast of North America
Effective management of threatened and exploited species requires an understanding of both the genetic connectivity among populations and local adaptation. The Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida), patchily distributed from Baja California to the central coast of Canada, has a long history of population declines due to anthropogenic stressors. For such coastal marine species, population structure could follow a continuous isolation-by-distance model, contain regional blocks of genetic similarity separated by barriers to gene flow, or be consistent with a null model of no population structure. To distinguish between these hypotheses in O. lurida, 13,424 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to characterize rangewide population structure, genetic connectivity, and adaptive divergence. Samples were collected across the species range on the west coast of North America, from southern California to Vancouver Island. A conservative approach for detecting putative loci under selection identified 235 SNPs across 129 GBS loci, which were functionally annotated and analyzed separately from the remaining neutral loci. While strong population structure was observed on a regional scale in both neutral and outlier markers, neutral markers had greater power to detect fine-scale structure. Geographic regions of reduced gene flow aligned with known marine biogeographic barriers, such as Cape Mendocino, Monterey Bay, and the currents around Cape Flattery. The outlier loci identified as under putative selection included genes involved in developmental regulation, sensory information processing, energy metabolism, immune response, and muscle contraction. These loci are excellent candidates for future research and may provide targets for genetic monitoring programs. Beyond specific applications for restoration and management of the Olympia oyster, this study lends to the growing body of evidence for both population structure and adaptive differentiation across a range of marine species exhibiting the potential for panmixia. Computational notebooks are available to facilitate reproducibility and future open-sourced research on the population structure of <i>Ostrea lurida</i>.
Data from: Lecanora caperatica (Lecanoraceae, lichenized ascomycetes) a new sorediate species widespread in eastern North America
Lecanora caperatica is described based on collections from throughout temperate eastern North America. It is a crustose sorediate species in the L. subfusca group which has pulcaris-type apothecia, and produces atranorin and caperatic acid often with accessory roccellic/angardianic acid. The species is chemically similar to the European L. mugosphagneti which differs in ecology, thallus morphology and in having albella-type apothecia. The generic placement of L. caperatica, and its affinity to the L. subfusca group, are confirmed by molecular phylogenetic analysis.
Data from: Fighting over food unites the birds of North America in a continental dominance hierarchy
Members of different species often engage in aggressive contests over resources. This series of aggressive contests between species may result in an interspecific dominance hierarchy. Such hierarchies are of interest because they could be used to address a variety of research questions, for example, do similarly ranked species tend to avoid each other in time or space, and what will happen when such species come into contact as climates change? Here, we propose a method for creating a continental-scale hierarchy, and we make initial analyses based on this hierarchy. Leveraging the existing network of citizen scientists from Project FeederWatch, we collected the data with which to create a continent-spanning interspecific dominance hierarchy that included species that do not currently have overlapping geographic distributions. We quantified the extent of intransitivities (rock-paper-scissors relationships) in the hierarchy, as intransitivities can promote local species' coexistence. Overall, the hierarchy was nearly linear, and largely predicted by body mass, although there were clade-specific deviations from the average mass–dominance relationship. Warblers and orioles, for instance, were more dominant than expected based on their body mass, while buntings, grosbeaks, and doves were less dominant than expected. Intransitive relationships were rare. Few interactions were reported between close relatives and ecological competitors like Mountain and Black-capped Chickadees, as such species often have only marginally overlapping geographic distributions, restricting opportunity for observation. Yet, these species' ranks—emergent properties of the network—were often in agreement with targeted studies of dominance relationships between them.
Data from: Patterns of biodiverse, understudied groups do not mirror those of the surrogate groups that set conservation priorities: a case study from the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain of eastern North America
We conducted biodiversity inventories of lichens, woody plants, and sedges at 32 sites on the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain of eastern North America between November 2012 and June 2015. Each site comprised a single, uniform habitat, and sites were classified as: Coastal Plain Floodplain forest, Coastal Plain Flatwood swamp, Coastal Plain Oak-Pine forest, Maritime forest, Mixed Mesic Hardwood forest, or Tidal forest. We compared alpha diversity and community assemblages of each organismal group across the sites, and compared selected minimal reserve sets in order to visualize biodiversity patterns and assess whether specific components of vascular plants (sedges and woody plants) serve as an effective surrogate for lichens. Woody plants provide a direct substrate for lichen growth, but there was no significant correlation between the alpha diversity of these groups. For conserving maximal species richness among the studied groups, lichens outperformed the sedges and woody plants as the better surrogate group for building minimum reserve sets, even though vascular plants are more commonly used as a surrogate. Likewise, sedge alpha diversity was not correlated with lichens, or with woody plants. Although no group was an effective indicator for high alpha diversity sites of other organisms, a significant correlation between the community assemblages of lichens and woody plants suggests that protecting varied types of plant communities might serve as a workable surrogate for protecting lichens. The lack of congruence between species richness patterns across organismal groups suggests that the mechanisms that shape patterns of diversity are not identical, and that identifying and incorporating specific biodiversity indicators for understudied groups into conservation policy is necessary to ensure their protection.
Fig. 30 in On Hesperocranum, A New Spider Genus from Western North America (Araneae, Liocranidae)
Fig. 30. Western North America, showing records of Hesperocranum rothi.
Fig. 24 in Cephalopods From The Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary Interval On The Atlantic Coastal Plain, With A Description Of The Highest Ammonite Zones In North America. Part 2. Northeastern Monmouth County, New Jersey
Fig. 24. Sphenodiscus lobatus (Tuomey, 1856). A, B. MAPS A2002a8 (same specimen as in fig.
Fig. 10 in Cephalopods From The Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary Interval On The Atlantic Coastal Plain, With A Description Of The Highest Ammonite Zones In North America. Part 2. Northeastern Monmouth County, New Jersey
Fig. 10. Formational contact between the New Egypt and Hornerstown Formations at AMNH loc.
Fig. 1 in Cephalopods From The Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary Interval On The Atlantic Coastal Plain, With A Description Of The Highest Ammonite Zones In North America. Part 2. Northeastern Monmouth County, New Jersey
Fig. 1. Map of parts of New Jersey and Maryland showing localities mentioned in text.
Fig. 20 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 20. Comparison of the scapulae of (A) Borocyon niobrarensis (ACM 3452); (B) Ursus americanus
Figure 18 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America
Figure 18. Right dentary of LACM 23845 in lateral (A) and medial (B) views.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.