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2,516 results for “Seri”
Figure 7 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 7 Comparison of the frequency distribution of synontomorphies of the cranium with that of the mandibular ramus in the ontogeny of Tyrannosaurus rex. Growth stages are along the x-axis (corresponding to the numbered nodes of the ontogram in Fig. 2) and the y-axis corresponds to the number of synontomorphies. Skull changes are shown with solid bars; mandible changes are shown with hollow bars. Although a greater number of changes is seen in the cranium than in the mandibular ramus, the lower jaw completes its early phase of changes (stage 5) before the cranium (stage 6). Thereafter, the pattern of mandibular changes is generally congruent with the cranium. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-7
Figure 8 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 8 The frequency distribution of synontomorphies by cephalic pneumatic system in the growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex. Growth stages are along the x-axis (corresponding to the numbered nodes of the ontogram in Fig. 2) and the y-axis corresponds to the number of synontomorphies. Changes to the antorbital sinus system are dominant over others and are sustained though growth, in contrast to the other systems that occur in adulthood and are transient in occurrence. aosin, antorbital sinus system; pharyn, pharyngeal sinus system; subcon, subcondylar sinus system; tympcav, tympanic cavity. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-8
Figure 32 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 32 Bivariate scatterplot showing the congruence between individual variation per specimen per node compared with the number of unambiguously optimized synontomorphies per node in Tyrannosaurus rex. The number of synontomorphies per node are along the x-axis; the amount of individual variation (i.e., unambiguously optimized character states per branch) is along the y-axis. Both values increase away from the origin. If the amount of individual variation is controlled by the number of synontomorphies per node, then the variables should increase monotonically. In this case, no congruence is seen between the variables in T. rex. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-32
Figure 18 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 18 Bivariate scatterplots showing the relationship between mass with maturity among nine specimens of Tyrannosaurus rex. The comparison is limited to specimens that have published mass estimates; growth stages (x-axis) and mass (y-axis) have been converted to ranks. See Table 16 for the raw data. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-18
Figure 4 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 4 Frequency distribution of unambiguously optimized synontomorphies during the growth of Tyrannosaurus rex. Growth stages (corresponding to the numbered nodes of the ontogram in Fig. 2) are along the x-axis and the number of changes are along the y-axis. The greatest number of changes are seen in the transition from large juvenile to subadult, or, from growth stage 5–6; the high concentration of change between these growth categories is evidence that T. rex ontogeny is metamorphic (sensu Rose & Reiss, 1993). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-4
Figure 5 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 5 Comparison of the frequency distributions of phylogenetic and nonphylogenetic synontomorphies in the ontogeny of Tyrannosaurus rex. Growth stage is along the x-axis (corresponding to the numbered nodes of the ontogram in Fig. 2) and number of synontomorphies is along the y-axis. Phylogenetic characters are in solid bars; nonphylogenetic characters are in hollow bars. The frequency distributions of both sets of data follow the same general pattern, aside from the flatter distribution of the phylogenetic synontomorphies relative to the nonphylogenetic synontomorphies and the reversed pattern seen at growth stages 7 and 8. Both types of changes occur throughout the lifespan of T. rex, indicating that ontogeny is not strictly congruent with phylogeny. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-5
Figure 16 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 16 Bivariate scatterplot showing the relationship between chronological age with maturity among eight specimens of Tyrannosaurus rex. The comparison is limited to specimens that have been histologically aged; growth stages (x-axis) and chronological age (y-axis) have been converted to ranks. See Table 14 for the raw data. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-16
Figure 3 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 3 Scatterplot showing the noncongruence in Tyrannosaurus rex between the completeness of specimens (i.e., number of characters scored) and the number of synontomorphies at each corresponding node. Per cent completeness (decreasing away from the origin) and the number of synontomorphies supporting the corresponding node (decreasing away from the origin) have been converted to ranks. A Spearman correlation test on these data results in a nonsignificant correlation coefficient; ergo, the number of synontomorphies at an internode is not an artifact of specimen completeness. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-3
Figure 30 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 30 Comparison of recapitulatory synontomorphies of Tyrannosaurus rex with tyrannosauroid phylogeny. Ten unambiguously optimized synontomorphies are congruent with unambiguously optimized synapomorphies of tyrannosauroid phylogeny, providing limited evidence of recapitulation (see text for details). Numbers to the right correspond to the growth stages in Fig. 2. If recapitulation was present, then the growth stage numbers should increase with progressively exclusive clades; that pattern is not seen here. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-30
Figure 29 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 29 Reptile Encephalization Quotients (REQs) of Hurlburt, Ridgley & Witmer (2013) mapped onto the growth curve of Tyrannosaurus rex. The REQ is based on a brain mass to endocranial volume ratio of 37% and the parenthetical values following the REQs corresponds to the two different body mass estimates, in metric tonnes, from which the REQs were derived (see Hurlburt, Ridgley & Witmer, 2013 for details). Overall, the REQ of the juvenile greatly exceeds that of adults, and the adults show an increasing ontogenetic progression of REQ values, as first reported by Hurlburt, Ridgley & Witmer (2013). Key to specimens numbered on the growth curve is in Fig. 12. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-29
Figure 26 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 26 Heat maps of the ontogenetic changes seen in the skull and mandible of Tyrannosaurus rex. Illustrations show per centage of the total number of unambiguously optimized synontomorphies per bone (A) and functional module (B). Darker shades of gray indicate higher proportions of growth change, whereas lighter shades indicate lower proportions of change. The results show that the greatest amount of growth changes are at the lacrimal (A) or along the dorsal skull roof (B). Hatchure indicates empty space; stipple indicates unprepared matrix. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-26
Figure 25 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 25 The results of Therrien, Henderson & Ruff (2005) compared with the growth curve of Tyrannosaurus rex. Vertical bending strength and relative bending strength (sensu Therrien, Henderson & Ruff, 2005) mapped onto the growth curve of T. rex. Values for juveniles are missing for mid-dentary dorsoventral strength and mid-dentary relative strength. In general, strength increases ontogenetically, a trend that becomes obscured in adulthood. Key to specimens numbered on the growth curve is in Fig. 12. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-25
Figure 1 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 1 Results of the cladistic analysis of 1,850 characters among 44 specimens of Tyrannosaurus rex. (A) Strict consensus of 50 MPTs showing the recovery of three primary growth stages separated by the specimen BMRP 2002.4.1. (B) The single ontogram recovered after the exclusion of wildcard specimens, reducing the number of OTUs to 31. Numbers to the left of the internodes are bootstrap and jackknife values, respectively; numbers to the right are Bremer decay indices. Asterisk indicates the type specimen. Ellipses enclose the regions of polytomies produced by the wildcard specimens, which are listed in the lower right hand corner of the corresponding ellipse. Note that the ellipses are limited to one side or the other relative to BMRP 2002.4.1, which corresponds to the topology of the strict consensus ontogram. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-1
Figure 2 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 2 Ontogram of Tyrannosaurus rex showing growth stages, synontomorphies, individual variation, individual specimens, and chronological ages. Arrowhead points to the most mature specimen and the direction of the entire ontogenetic axis; that is, the least mature specimen is at the lower left whereas the most mature specimen is at the upper right. Asterisk indicates the type specimen. Individual variation occurs as progressions until young adulthood, where reversals are first seen. The maximum amount of change occurs at growth stages 5 and 6, which corresponds to the transition from a long and low skull and jaws to a deep and stout skull frame; this event, marked by the concentration of an extreme number of changes, is evidence that the ontogeny of T. rex is metamorphic (sensu Rose & Reiss, 1993). Each circle represents a numbered growth stage; these numbers do not correspond to those seen in Fig. 12. The star at growth stage 7 marks the ~3,000 kg threshold that separates T. rex from its closest, but smaller, relatives. Color key: red, small juveniles; orange, large juveniles; yellow, subadults; green, young adults; blue, adults; violet, senescent adults. See text for definition of growth categories. Skulls are to scale; AMNH FARB 5027 is scaled to a premaxilla to quadrate length of 1.3 m. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-2
Nonlinear time series analysis of the interaction between the citrus whitefly and the whitefly-specialist ladybird
<p>A comprehensive understanding of the top-down effects of natural enemies on agricultural pests is essential for achieving effective biological control in integrated pest management. However, it is typically difficult to identify causal effects between the interacting species from time series data, which have often been monitored for pest forecasting purposes in agricultural ecosystems, as it is likely to involve nonlinear (state-dependent) population dynamics. In this study, we applied a recently developed framework of nonlinear time series analysis (empirical dynamic modeling) to determine top-down and bottom-up effects between the citrus whitefly <i>Dialeurodes citri</i> and the whitefly-specialist ladybird <i>Serangium japonicum</i>. We used weekly monitoring data for the two species collected over 4 years in pesticide-free citrus groves located in Shizuoka Prefecture, central Japan. Although we were able to identify time-delayed positive effects of <i>D. citri </i>abundance on <i>S. japonicum</i> abundance, we failed to detect any significant causal effects of <i>S. japonicum</i> abundance on <i>D. citri</i> abundance. Moreover, weather variables (temperature and rainfall) were found to have only a negligible effect on the population dynamics of the two species. Our findings indicate that bottom-up rather than top-down effects predominate in the weekly dynamics of this predator–prey system. On the basis of these observations, we discuss whether <i>S. japonicum</i> would be an effective agent for the biological control of <i>D. citri</i> in open field systems.</p>
Laparoscopic management of isolated nodal recurrence in gynecological malignancies is safe and feasible even for large metastatic nodes until 8 cm: a case series
<p>Supplementary materials. Video S1: Secondary cytoreductive surgery in a case of ILNR from high grade serous ovarian cancer; Video S2: Secondary cytoreductive surgery in a case of ILNR form uterine sarcoma.Video S1: Secondary cytoreductive surgery in a case of ILNR from high grade serous ovarian cancer; Video S2: Secondary cytoreductive surgery in a case of ILNR form uterine sarcoma.</p>
Time-series transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes in broiler chicken infected with mixed Eimeria species
<p>Coccidiosis caused by the <em>Eimeria</em> species is a highly problematic disease in the chicken industry. Here, we used RNA sequencing to observe the time-dependent host responses of <em>Eimeria</em>-infected chickens to examine the genes and biological functions associated with immunity to the parasite. Transcriptome analysis was performed at three time points: 4, 7, and 21 days post-infection (dpi). Based on the changes in gene expression patterns, we defined three groups of genes that showed differential expression. This enabled us to capture evidence of endoplasmic reticulum stress at the initial stage of <em>Eimeria</em> infection. Furthermore, we found that innate immune responses against the parasite were activated at the first exposure; they then showed gradual normalization. Although the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway was significantly operative at 4 dpi, its downregulation led to an anti-inflammatory effect. Additionally, the construction of gene co-expression networks enabled identification of immunoregulation hub genes and critical pattern recognition receptors after <em>Eimeria</em> infection. Our results provide a detailed understanding of the host-pathogen interaction between chicken and <em>Eimeria</em>. The clusters of genes defined in this study can be utilized to improve chickens for coccidiosis control.</p>
Supplementary material for "Modeling styles in conceptual data modeling: Reflecting observations in a series of multimodal studies'"
<p>This material supplements the following conference publication:</p> <p>Rosenthal, K., Wagner, S., Strecker, S. (2022) Modeling styles in conceptual data modeling: Reflecting observations in a series of multimodal studies</p>
Supplementary materials to "Brakenhoff et al., Application of time series analysis to estimate drawdown from multiple well fields."
<p>This repository contains the supplementary material that allow to reproduce all the results from the study submitted to Frontiers journal.</p> <p> </p>
Time-series covering up to four decades reveals major changes and drivers of marine growth and proportion of repeat spawners in an Atlantic salmon population
<p><span>1. </span><span>Wild Atlantic salmon populations have declined in many regions and are affected by diverse natural and anthropogenic factors. To facilitate management guidelines, precise knowledge of mechanisms driving population changes in demographics and life history traits is needed. </span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>Our analyses were conducted on a) age and growth data from scales of salmon caught by angling in the river Etneelva, Norway, covering smolt year classes from 1980 to 2018, b) extensive sampling of the whole spawning run in the fish trap from 2013 onwards, and c) time series of sea surface temperature, zooplankton biomass and salmon lice infestation intensity. </span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>Marine growth during the first year at sea displayed a distinct stepwise decline across the four decades. Simultaneously, the population shifted from predominantly 1SW to 2SW salmon, and the proportion of repeat spawners increased from 3-7%. The latter observation most evident in females, and likely due to decreased marine exploitation. Female repeat spawners tended to be less catchable than males by anglers. </span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>Depending on the time-period analysed, marine growth rate during the first year at sea was both positively and negatively associated with sea surface temperature. Zooplankton biomass was positively associated with growth while salmon lice infestation intensity was negatively associated with growth. </span></p> <p><span>Collectively these results are likely to be linked with both changes in oceanic conditions and harvest regimes. Our conflicting results regarding the influence of sea surface temperature on marine growth is likely to be caused by long-term increases in temperature which may have triggered (or coincided with) ecosystem shifts creating generally poorer growth conditions over time, but within shorter data sets warmer years gave generally higher growth. We encourage management authorities to expand the use of permanently monitored reference rivers with complete trapping facilities, like the river Etneelva, generating valuable long-term data for future analyses.</span></p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.