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Higher-order sequences of vocal mimicry performed by male Albert's lyrebirds are socially transmitted and enhance acoustic contrast

Most studies of acoustic communication focus on short units of vocalisation such as songs, yet these units are often hierarchically organised into higher-order sequences, and outside human language, little is known about the drivers of sequence structure. Here we investigate the organisation, transmission, and function of vocal sequences sung by male Albert's lyrebirds (Menura alberti), a species renowned for vocal imitations of other species. We quantified the organisation of mimetic units into sequences and examined the extent to which these sequences are repeated within and between individuals and shared among populations. We found that individual males organised their mimetic units into stereotyped sequences. Sequence structures were shared within and to a lesser extent among populations, implying that sequences were socially transmitted. Across the entire species range, mimetic units were sung with immediate variety and a high acoustic contrast between consecutive units, suggesting that sequence structure is a means to enhance receiver perceptions of repertoire complexity. Our results provide evidence that higher-order sequences of vocalisations can be socially transmitted, and that the order of vocal units can be functionally significant. We conclude that, to fully understand vocal behaviours, we must study both the individual vocal units and their higher-order temporal organisation.

Within-generation and transgenerational social plasticity interact during rapid adaptive evolution

The effects of within-generation plasticity versus transgenerational plasticity on trait expression are poorly understood, but important for evaluating plasticity's evolutionary consequences. We tested how genetics, within-generation plasticity, and transgenerational plasticity jointly shape traits influencing rapid evolution in the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus. In Hawaiian populations attacked by acoustically-orienting parasitoid flies, a protective, X-linked variant ("flatwing") eliminates male acoustic sexual signals. Silent males rapidly spread to fixation, dramatically changing the acoustic environment. First, we found evidence supporting flatwing-associated pleiotropy in juveniles: pure-breeding flatwing males and females exhibit greater locomotion than those with normal-wing genotypes. Second, within-generation plasticity caused homozygous-flatwing females developing in silence, which mimics all-flatwing populations, to attain lower adult body condition and reproductive investment than those experimentally exposed to song. Third, maternal song exposure caused transgenerational plasticity in offspring, affecting adult, but not juvenile, size, condition, and reproductive investment. This contrasted with behavioral traits, which were only influenced by within-generation plasticity. Fourth, we matched and mismatched maternal and offspring social environments and found that transgenerational plasticity sometimes interacted with within-generation plasticity and sometimes opposed it. Our findings stress the importance of evaluating the plasticity of different traits and stages across generations when evaluating their fitness consequences and role in adaptation.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2009View details →

A atualidade da obra de Lukács para a moderna teoria social: Para uma ontologia do ser social na reconstrução das ciências sociais

in Conferência de encerramento do terceiro evento Teoria Política do Socialismo: Gyorgy Lukács e a emancipação humana realizado na Unesp campus de Marília, no dia 21/08/2009; a conferência foi ministrada por: Dr. Csaba Varga (Academia Húngara de Ciências -- Budapeste/Hungria), tradução: Dr. Sérgio Lessa (UFAL) Part I–IV in Conferência de encerramento com Csaba Varga

The social network of target of rapamycin complex 1 in plants

The target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is a highly conserved serine–threonine protein kinase crucial for coordinating growth according to nutrient availability in eukaryotes. It works as a central integrator of multiple nutrient inputs such as sugar, nitrogen, and phosphate and promotes growth and biomass accumulation in response to nutrient sufficiency. Studies, especially in the past decade, have identified the central role of TORC1 in regulating growth through interaction with hormones, photoreceptors, and stress-signaling machinery in plants. In this review, we comprehensively analyse the interactome and phosphoproteome of the Arabidopsis TORC1 signaling network. Our analysis highlights the role of TORC1 as a central hub kinase communicating with the transcriptional and translational apparatus, ribosomes, chaperones, protein kinases, metabolic enzymes, and autophagy and stress response machinery to orchestrate growth in response to nutrient signals. This analysis also suggests that along with the conserved downstream components shared with other eukaryotic lineages, plant TORC1 signaling underwent several evolutionary innovations and co-opted many lineage-specific components. Based on the protein–protein interaction and phosphoproteome data, we also discuss several uncharacterized and unexplored components of the TORC1 signaling network, highlighting potential links for future studies.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

CoMix 2.0 social contact data

CoMix social contact data collected in: - Austria (at) - Belgium (be) - Denmark (dk) - Croatia (hr) - Estonia (ee) - Greece (gr) - Italy (it) - Poland (pl) - Portugal (pt) Format follows the http://www.socialcontactdata.org/ guidelines. Questionnaire available on <a href="https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/social-contact-patterns-eueea-during-covid-19-pandemic">ECDC website.</a> We gratefully acknowledge the efforts of all teams involved in the implementation of the CoMix study in their country. More specifically: in Austria: the team of Andrea Schmidt at the Austrian National Public Health Institute, in Croatia: the team of Goranka Petrović at the Croatian Institute of Public Health (CIPH), in Denmark: the team of Michael Bang Petersen at Aarhus University, in Estonia: the team of Sigrid Vorobjov at the National Institute for Health Development, in Greece: the team of Elpida Pavi at the University of West Attica (UniWA),in Poland: the team of Magdalena Rosinska at the National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, in Portugal: the team of Baltazar Nunes at the National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), in Italy: the team of Daniela Paolotti at the ISI Foundation. For problems with the dataset, please contact: socialcontactdata@gmail.com Changelog for V2: - Added "country" column in "participant_extra" files to allow easier sub-setting by country. Changelog for V3: - Merged files from different countries in one file.

Non-rapid eye movement sleep determines resilience to social stress

Resilience, the ability to overcome stressful conditions, is found in most mammals and varies significantly among individuals. A lack of resilience can lead to the development of neuropsychiatric and sleep disorders, often within the same individual. Despite extensive research into the brain mechanisms causing maladaptive behavioral-responses to stress, it is not clear why some individuals exhibit resilience. To examine if sleep has a determinative role in maladaptive behavioral-response to social stress, we investigated individual variations in resilience using a social-defeat model for male mice. Our results reveal a direct, causal relationship between sleep amount and resilience—demonstrating that sleep increases after social-defeat stress only occur in resilient mice. Further, we found that within the prefrontal cortex, a regulator of maladaptive responses to stress, pre-existing differences in sleep regulation predict resilience. Overall, these results demonstrate that increased NREM sleep, mediated cortically, is an active response to social-defeat stress that is both necessary and sufficient for promoting resilience. They also show that differences in resilience are strongly correlated with inter-individual variability in sleep regulation.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Dataset Literatur Review Online Business AND Social Media

Data ini digunakan untuk membuat penelitian sesuai dengan tinjauan literatur dengan kata kunci Online Business AND Social Media

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

dataset literature review on cyberlaw and social media

merupakan dataset dari literature review tentang cyber law and social media

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

Social Life Cycle Assessment Video

A set of explanatory videos was produced about sustainability analysis within the project, including Environmental Life Cycle Assessment, Social Life Cycle Assessment, and Life Cycle Costing. These informational videos were primarily produced for the International School on Water Reuse held at the Chemistry Department of the Torino University in Italy in late September 2022, but they were also placed on the project website and circulated on social media.

When should bees be flower constant? An agent-based model highlights the importance of social information and foraging conditions

1. Many bee species show flower constancy, i.e. a tendency to visit flowers of one type during a foraging trip. Flower constancy is important for plant reproduction, but the benefits of constancy to bees are unclear. Social bees, which often use communication about food sources, show particularly strong flower constancy. 2. We aimed to better understand the benefits of flower constancy in social bees and how these benefits depend on foraging conditions. We hypothesised that sharing social information increases the benefits of flower constancy because social foragers share information selectively about high-quality food sources, thereby reducing the need to sample alternatives. 3. We developed an agent-based model that allowed us to simulate bee colonies with and without communication and flower constancy in different foraging environments. By varying key environmental parameters, such as food source numbers and reward size, we explored how the costs and benefits of flower constancy depend on the foraging landscape. 4. Flower constancy alone performed poorly in all environments, while indiscriminate flower choice was often the most successful strategy. However, communication improved the performance of flower constant colonies considerably in most environments. This combination was particularly successful when high-quality food sources were abundant and competition was weak. 5. Our findings help explain why social bees tend to be more flower constant than solitary bees and suggest that flower constancy can be an adaptive strategy in social bees. Simulations suggest that anthropogenic changes of foraging landscapes will have different effects on the foraging performance of bees that vary in flower constancy.

Wild kangaroos become more social when caring for young and may maintain long-term affiliations with popular individuals

Kangaroos are an iconic group of Australian fauna. Despite considerable research on kangaroo behaviour, key gaps remain in our understanding of their social organization in the wild. In particular, it remains largely unknown whether kangaroos form long-term social bonds and what factors might prompt individuals to associate or dissociate from one another. Over 6 years, we monitored the social affiliations of individually identified eastern grey kangaroos, Macropus giganteus, in a large wild population. We investigated the short-term and long-term relationships of kangaroos and the extent those relationships varied with age, sex and reproductive state. We found evidence that long-term relationships among eastern grey kangaroos are possible, especially between adult females. Those individuals that were more sociable within years were also more likely to establish affiliations across years. Contrary to previous studies, we observed females actively associating with other mothers in the years in which they had young. These data suggest that the fission-fusion dynamics of eastern grey kangaroo social behaviour allow females to modulate their social position with conspecifics according to their current reproductive state. We highlight the adaptive implications of the formation of long-term bonds and the changes in social behaviour observed in females.

Global biogeography of ant social parasites: Exploring patterns and mechanisms of an inverse latitudinal diversity gradient

Aim: One of the most consistent global biogeographic patterns is the latitudinal diversity gradient where species richness peaks within the equatorial tropics and decreases towards the poles. Here, we explore the global biogeography of socially parasitic ants, which comprises the most diverse group of social parasites in the Hymenoptera. We test the biogeographic hypothesis that ant social parasites are distributed along an inverse latitudinal diversity gradient by peaking in diversity outside of the equatorial tropics. Location: Global Taxon: Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Methods: We assembled a comprehensive biogeographic dataset for all 371 taxonomically described socially parasitic ant species. We used phylogenetic and taxonomic studies to compare species richness with the number of species representing independent evolutionary origins of social parasitism across a latitudinal gradient. In addition, we compared ant social parasite diversity across biogeographic regions using rarefaction to account for different sampling efforts. Finally, we tested for a correlation between latitude and the proportion of ant social parasite species within regional ant faunae. Results: The geographic distribution records and the inferred 91 origins of socially parasitic life histories show that both species richness and the number of species representing independent evolutionary origins of social parasitism peak in the northern hemisphere outside of the equatorial tropics. Based on rarefaction curves, northern latitude regions harbour the most ant social parasite species, but the diversity of independent evolutionary origins is not significantly different between northern and southern hemispheres. The proportion of ant social parasite species within regional faunae is correlated with latitude only in the northern hemisphere. Main conclusions: The inverse latitudinal diversity gradient of ant social parasites contrasts with the biogeographic pattern observed in free-living, non-parasitic ant species and appears to be driven by large species radiations as well as by the presence of specialized life histories exclusive to the northern hemisphere.

Dataset for: Social dilemma in the excess use of antimicrobials incurring antimicrobial resistance

This is the dataset for the study of "Social dilemma in the excess use of antimicrobials incurring antimicrobial resistance". The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) caused by the excess use of antimicrobials has come to be recognized as a global threat to public health. There is a 'tragedy of the commons' type social dilemma behind this excessive use of antimicrobials, which should be recognized by all stakeholders. To address this global threat, we thus surveyed eight countries/areas to determine whether people recognize this dilemma and showed that although more than half of the population pays little, if any, attention to it, almost 20% recognize this social dilemma, and 15–30% of those have a positive attitude toward solving that dilemma. We suspect that increasing individual awareness of this social dilemma contributes to decreasing the frequency of AMR emergencies.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Using social media and personality traits to assess software developers' emotions

Companion DATA Title:     Using social media and personality traits to assess software developers' emotions Authors:      Leo Moreira Silva     Marília Gurgel Castro     Miriam Bernardino Silva     Milena Nestor Santos     Uirá Kulesza     Margarida Lima     Henrique Madeira Journal:         PeerJ Computer Science Github:     <a href="https://github.com/leosilva/peerj_computer_science_2022">https://github.com/leosilva/peerj_computer_science_2022</a> ------------------------------------------------------------ The folders contain: Experiment_Protocol.pdf: document that present the protocol regarding recruitment protocol, data collection of public posts from Twitter, criteria for manual analysis, and the assessment of Big Five factors from participants and psychologists. English version. /analysis     analyzed_tweets_by_psychologists.csv: file containing the manual analysis done by psychologists     analyzed_tweets_by_participants.csv: file containing the manual analysis done by participants     analyzed_tweets_by_psychologists_solved_divergencies.csv: file containing the manual analysis done by psychologists over 51 divergent tweets' classifications /dataset     alldata.json: contains the dataset used in the paper /ethics_committee     committee_response_english_version.pdf: contains the acceptance response of Research Ethics and Deontology Committee of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of the University of Coimbra. English version.     committee_response_original_portuguese_version: contains the acceptance response of Research Ethics and Deontology Committee of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of the University of Coimbra. Portuguese version.     committee_submission_form_english_version.pdf: the project submitted to the committee. English version.     committee_submission_form_original_portuguese_version.pdf: the project submitted to the committee. Portuguese version.     consent_form_english_version.pdf: declaration of free and informed consent fulfilled by participants. English version.     consent_form_original_portuguese_version.pdf: declaration of free and informed consent fulfilled by participants. Portuguese version.     data_protection_declaration_english_version.pdf: personal data and privacy declaration, according to European Union General Data Protection Regulation. English version.     data_protection_declaration_original_portuguese_version.pdf: personal data and privacy declaration, according to European Union General Data Protection Regulation. Portuguese version. /notebooks     General - Charts.ipynb: notebook file containing all charts produced in the study, including those in the paper     Statistics - Lexicons and Ensembles.ipynb: notebook file with the statistics for the five lexicons and ensembles used in the study     Statistics - Linear Regression.ipynb: notebook file with the multiple linear regression results     Statistics - Polynomial Regression.ipynb: notebook file with the polynomial regression results     Statistics - Psychologists versus Participants.ipynb: notebook file with the statistics between the psychologists and participants manual analysis     Statistics - Working x Non-working.ipynb: notebook file containing the statistical analysis for the tweets posted during work period and those posted outside of working period /surveys     Demographic_Survey_english_version.pdf: survey inviting participants to enroll in the study. We collect demographic data and participants' authorization to access their public Tweet posts. English version.     Demographic_Survey_portuguese_version.pdf: survey inviting participants to enroll in the study. We collect demographic data and participants' authorization to access their public Tweet posts. Portuguese version.     Demographic_Survey_answers.xlsx: participants' demographic survey answers     ibf_pt_br.doc: the Portuguese version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI) instrument to infer participants' Big Five polarity traits.     ibf_en.doc: translation in English of the Portuguese version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI) instrument to infer participants' Big Five polarity traits.     ibf_answers.xlsx: participantes' and psychologists' answers for BFI ------------------------------------------------------------ We have removed from dataset any sensible data to protect participants' privacy and anonymity. We have removed from demographic survey answers any sensible data to protect participants' privacy and anonymity.

Published correlational effect sizes in social and developmental psychology

The distribution of effect sizes may offer insights about the research done and reported in a scientific field. We have evaluated 12,412 manually collected correlation effect sizes (Sample 1) and 31,157 computer-extracted correlation effect sizes (Sample 2) published in journals focused on social or developmental psychology. Sample 1 consisted of 243 studies from 6 journals published in 2010 and 2019. Sample 2 consisted of 5,012 papers published in 10 journals between 2010–2019. The 25th, 50th and 75th effect size percentiles were 0.08, 0.17 and 0.33, and 0.17, 0.31, and 0.52 in Samples 1 and 2, respectively. Sample 2 percentiles were probably larger because Sample 2 only included effect sizes from the text but not from tables. In text, authors may have emphasized larger correlations. Large sample sizes were associated with smaller reported correlations. In Sample 1 about 70% of studies specified a directional hypothesis. In 2010, no papers had power calculations while in 2019, 14% of papers had power calculations. These data offer empirical insights into the distribution of reported correlations and may inform the interpretation of effect sizes. They also demonstrate the importance of computation of statistical power and highlight potential reporting bias.

Impaired immune function accompanies social evolution in spiders

An efficient immune system is essential to the survival of many animals. Sociality increases risk of pathogen transmission, which should select for enhanced immune function. However, two hypotheses instead predict a weakened immune function: relaxed selection caused by social immunity/protection, and reduced efficacy of selection due to inbreeding, reproductive skew, and female bias in social species that reduces effective population size and accelerate genetic drift. We assessed the effect of social evolution on immune function in a comparative study of two social spider species and their closely related subsocial sister species (genus Stegodyphus). The haemolymph of social species was less efficient in inhibiting the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria than that of subsocial species. Reduced efficacy of selection in social species was supported by comparative genomic analysis of immune genes showing substantially elevated non-synonymous substitutions in one of the social species. We propose that this impaired immune function is likely to be a result of reduced efficacy of selection because the evolution of sociality in spiders is accompanied by demographic processes that elevate genetic drift. There may also be positive feedback between pathogen-induced local extinctions and the resulting elevation of genetic drift which further weakens responses to selection by pathogens.

The presence of a guard vicariously drives split sex ratios in a facultatively social bee

Split sex ratios provide broad insights into how reproductive strategies evolve and historically have special relevance to the evolution of eusociality. Yet almost no attention has been directed to situations where split sex ratios may potentially decrease the payoffs for worker-like behaviour, increasing selective thresholds for eusociality. We examined sex ratios in a facultatively social colletid bee, Amphylaeus morosus. Sex ratios in this bee vary strongly with the presence of a nest guard and in a pattern that does not conform to assumptions of previous models in which split sex ratios facilitate altruism. While the production of daughters was constant across social and solitary nests, mothers produced more brood when a non-reproductive guard was present, but these extra brood were all male. This leads to split sex ratios, vicariously driven by guards that are unable to manipulate sex ratios in their favour. Importantly, if guarding becomes more common in a population this would lead to an excess of males and lower the genetic value of these extra males to guards, effectively putting a brake on selection for worker-like behaviour.

Data for: Social learning in a nocturnal marsupial: Is it a possum-ability?

Social learning can reduce the costs associated with trial-and-error learning. There is speculation that social learning could contribute to trap and bait avoidance in invasive species like the Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) – a marsupial for which social learning has not previously been investigated. In large outdoor pens, we presented wild-caught 'demonstrator' possums with puzzle devices containing an attractive food reward; 2 of 8 demonstrators accessed the reward the first night the puzzle was presented and another 3 succeeded on later nights. Meanwhile, 'observer' possums in adjacent pens watched the demonstrators for five nights and then were given the opportunity to solve the puzzle themselves; 15 of 15 succeeded on their first night (a highly significant improvement). This experiment thus provides strong evidence of social learning by common brushtail possums. Future research should investigate whether information about aversive stimuli (such as traps and toxic baits) can similarly be transmitted between possums by social learning; if so, this could have important implications for possum pest control.

Data from: Predicting and measuring decision rules for social recognition in a Neotropical frog

Many animals use signals to recognize familiar individuals but risk mistakes because the signal properties of different individuals often overlap. Further, outcomes of correct and incorrect decisions yield different fitness payoffs, and animals incur these payoffs at different frequencies depending on interaction rates. To understand how signal variation, payoffs, and interaction rates shape recognition decision rules, we studied male golden rocket frogs, which recognize the calls of territory neighbors and are less aggressive to neighbors than to strangers. We first quantified patterns of individual variation in call properties and predicted optimal discrimination thresholds using signal variation. We then measured thresholds for discriminating between neighbors and strangers using a habituation-discrimination field playback experiment. Territorial males discriminated between calls differing by 9% to 12% in temporal properties, slightly higher than the predicted thresholds (5-10%). Finally, we used a signal detection theory model to explore payoff and interaction rate parameters and found that the empirical threshold matched those predicted under ecologically realistic assumptions of infrequent encounters with strangers and relatively costly missed detections of strangers. We demonstrate that receivers group continuous variation in vocalizations into discrete social categories and that signal detection theory can be applied to understand evolved decision rules.