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Supplementary data: What drives grassland-forest boundaries? Assessing fire and frost effects on tree seedling survival and architecture
<ol> <li>Fire and frost represent two major hurdles for the persistence of trees in open grassy biomes and have both been proposed as drivers of grassland-forest boundaries in Africa.</li> <li>We assess the response of young tree seedlings, which represent a vulnerable stage in tree recruitment, to traumatic fire and frost disturbances.</li> <li>In a greenhouse experiment, we investigated how seedling traits predicted survival and resprouting ability in response to fire <i>vs</i> frost; we characterised survival strategies of seedlings in response to the two disturbances, and we documented how the architecture of surviving seedlings is affected by fire <i>vs</i> frost injury.</li> <li>Survival rates were similar under both treatments. However, different species displayed different levels of sensitivity to fire and frost. Seedling survival was higher for older seedlings and seedlings with more basal leaves. Survivors of a fire event lost more biomass than the survivors of a frost event. However, the architecture of recovered fire and frost treated seedlings were mostly similar. Seedlings that recovered from fire and frost treatments were often shorter than those that had not been exposed to any disturbance, with multiple thin branches, which may increase vulnerability to the next frost or fire event.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis</i>. Fire caused more severe aboveground damage compared to a single frost event, suggesting that fire is an important driver of tree distribution in these open grassland systems. However, the impact of repeated frost events may be equally severe, and needs to be investigated. Also, woody species composition may be influenced by phenomena that affect the timing and frequency of seedling exposure to damage, as mortality was found to be dependent on seedling age. Therefore, changes in fire regime and climate (esp. changes that bring about less frost and reduced fire intensity and frequency) are likely to result in changes in the composition and the structure of the woody components of these systems.</li> </ol>
Figure 3 in Variability of daily nest survival and breeding success in relation to characteristics of Eurasian magpie (Pica pica) nests
Figure 3. Relationships between nest diameter and breeding success in magpie breeding population in central Iran.
Figure 2 in Variability of daily nest survival and breeding success in relation to characteristics of Eurasian magpie (Pica pica) nests
Figure 2. Relationships between nest height and breeding success in magpie breeding population in central Iran.
Figure 1 in Variability of daily nest survival and breeding success in relation to characteristics of Eurasian magpie (Pica pica) nests
Figure 1. Relationships between nest height and fledging success in magpie breeding population in central Iran.
Survival and growth of Symphonia seedlings in a reciprocal transplantation experiment
<p>Trees are characterised by the large number of seeds they produce. Although most of those seeds will never germinate, plenty will. Of those which germinate, many die young, and eventually only a minute fraction will grow to adult stage and reproduce. Is this just a random process? Do variations in germination and survival at very young stages rely on variations in adaptations to microgeographic heterogeneity? and do these processes matter at all in determining tree species distribution and abundance?</p> <p>We have studied these questions with the Neotropical <i>Symphonia</i> tree species. In the Guiana shield, <i>Symphonia</i> are represented by at least two sympatric taxa or ecotypes, <i>Symphonia globulifera</i> found almost exclusively in bottomlands, and a yet undescribed more generalist taxon/ecotype, <i>Symphonia sp1</i>. A reciprocal transplantation experiment (510 seeds, 16 conditions) was set up and followed over the course of 6 years to evaluate the survival and performance of individuals from different ecotypes and provenances.</p> <p>Germination, survival, growth, and herbivory showed signs of local adaptation, with some combinations of ecotypes and provenances growing faster and surviving better in their own habitat or provenance region. <i>S. globulifera</i> was strongly penalised when planted outside its home habitat but showed the fastest growth rates when planted in its home habitat, suggesting it's a specialist of a high-risk high-gain strategy. Conversely, <i>S. sp1</i> behaved as a generalist, performing well in a variety of environments. </p> <p>The differential performance of seeds and seedlings in the different habitats matches the known distribution of both ecotypes, indicating that environmental filtering at the very early stages can be a key determinant of tree species distributions, even at the microgeographic level and among very closely related taxa. Furthermore, such differential performance also contributes to explain, in part, the maintenance of the different <i>Symphonia</i> ecotypes living in intimate sympatry despite occasional gene flow.</p>
Supplementary material for "Chick survival and hunting are important drivers for the dynamics of two Alpine black grouse Lyrurus tetrix populations"
<p>Data files, code for all analyses, and an Appendix (with additional figures and tables). The six data files are provided in csv format (Summer counts.csv, TrackingDataSurvival.csv, Occasions.csv, TrackingDataProductivity.csv, SexRatioData.csv, MeteoData.csv). The code file (BlackGrouseCode.txt) is a space delineated text file. The code file is written for R, but some models are run in JAGS from R. The code file also contains the description of the data files, code for data management, code for figures and additional analyses. The Appendix (appendix.pdf) is a pdf.</p> <p><strong>Abstract of the article</strong></p> <p>Alpine black grouse populations are generally declining, but the underlying demographic drivers are largely unknown. We studied the dynamics of two adjacent black grouse populations over a 20 years period in the Italian Alps that differ in hunting pressure to identify the main demographic process affecting these populations and to study the impact of hunting on males. We collected radio-tracking data and conducted population surveys in spring to count displaying cocks and in late summer to determine the breeding success by means of pointing dogs. These different data sets were jointly analysed using a seasonal integrated population model to estimate population sizes and various demographic rates. The two populations fluctuated in size and the number of males from one population increased after hunting intensity was reduced. The main demographic rates did not differ between the populations. Adult survival was relatively low and productivity was high, so the life history shows the feature of a fast turnover species. In both populations, the variability of survival from hatching to the age of five weeks (chick survival) contributed more to the variation of the population growth rates than the variability of survival in later life-history stages, and the former was positively affected by ambient temperatures in July, favouring chick survival. The adult sex ratio of the population where males hunting occurred was shifted towards females, but it evened over time with the reduction of hunting pressure. The adult sex ratio in the population without hunting and the chick sex ratios in both populations were even, suggesting that hunting acted as a mostly additive source of mortality.</p>
Fig. 2 in Evaluation ofFerrisia dasylirii(Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and Non-Prey Foods on the Development, Reproduction, and Survival ofCryptolaemus montrouzieriMulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Fig. 2. Age-specific survivorship of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri females reared on different diets during the first 140 days of adult life. Survivorship curves followed by the same letter are not significantly different (Log-Rank test: χ2 = 961.24, P <0.0001).
Fig. 3 in Evaluation ofFerrisia dasylirii(Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and Non-Prey Foods on the Development, Reproduction, and Survival ofCryptolaemus montrouzieriMulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Fig. 3. Daily oviposition rate and cumulative egg production of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri reared on different diets (temperature 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% RH, and 12h photophase).
Fig. 1 in Evaluation ofFerrisia dasylirii(Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and Non-Prey Foods on the Development, Reproduction, and Survival ofCryptolaemus montrouzieriMulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Fig. 1. Mean (± SE) number of prey consumed by Cryptolaemus montrouzieri as a function of density of Ferrisia dasylirii adult females [y = 0.01x2 + 0.21x + − 0.24, R2 = 0.94, P = 0.0016].
Experimental evolution reveals sex-specific dominance for surviving bacterial infection in laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Males and females are subjected to distinct kinds of selection pressures, often leading to the evolution of sex-specific genetic architecture, an example being sex-specific dominance. Sex-specific dominance reversals (SSDRs), where alleles at sexually antagonistic loci are at least partially dominant in the sex they benefit, have been documented in Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout and beetles. Another interesting feature of many sexually reproducing organisms is the asymmetric inheritance pattern of X chromosomes, which often leads to distinct evolutionary outcomes on X chromosomes compared to autosomes. Examples include, the higher efficacy of sexually concordant selection on X chromosomes, and X chromosomes being more conducive to the maintenance of sexually antagonistic polymorphisms under certain conditions. Immunocompetence is a trait that has been extensively investigated for sexual dimorphism with growing evidence for sex-specific or sexually antagonistic variation. X chromosomes have been shown to harbour substantial immunity-related genetic variation in the fruit-fly, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. Here, using interpopulation crosses and cytogenetic cloning, we investigated sex-specific dominance and the role of the X chromosome in improved post-infection survivorship of laboratory populations of <i>D. melanogaster</i> selected against pathogenic challenge by <i>Pseudomonas entomophila</i>. We could not detect any contribution of the X chromosome to the evolved immunocompetence of our selected populations as well as to within population variation in immunocompetence. However, we found strong evidence of sex-specific dominance related to surviving bacterial infection. Our results indicate that alleles that confer a survival advantage to the selected populations are, on average, partially dominant in females but partially recessive in males. This could also imply a sex-specific dominance reversal for overall fitness, given the putative evidence for sexually antagonistic selection affecting immunocompetence in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. We also highlight sex-specific dominance as a potential mechanism of sex differences in immunocompetence, with population-level sex differences primarily driven by sex differences in heterozygotes.</p>
Data from: Integrating fitness components reveals that survival costs outweigh other benefits and costs of group living in two closely related species
Group living can be beneficial when individuals reproduce or survive better in the presence of others, but simultaneously there might be costs due to competition for resources. Positive and negative effects on various fitness components might thus counteract each other, so integration is essential to determine their overall effect. Here, we investigated how an integrated fitness measure (reproductive values; RV) based on six fitness components varied with group size among group members in cooperatively-breeding red-winged and superb fairy-wrens (Malurus elegans and M. cyaneus). Despite life historie differences between the species, patterns of RVs were similar, suggesting that the same behavioural mechanisms are important. Group living reduced RVs for dominant males, but for other group members this was only true in large groups. Decomposition analyses showed that our integrated fitness proxy was most strongly affected by group size effects on survival, which was amplified through carry-over effects between years. Our study shows that integrative consideration of fitness components and subsequent decomposition analysis provide much needed insights into the key behavioural mechanisms shaping the costs and benefits of group living. Such attribution is crucial if we are to synthesize the relative importance of the myriad group size costs and benefits currently reported in the literature.
The soil microbiome increases plant survival and modifies interactions with root endosymbionts in the field
<p>Evidence is accumulating that the soil microbiome—the community of microorganisms living in soils—has a major effect on plant traits and fitness. However, most work to date has taken place under controlled laboratory conditions and has not experimentally disentangled the effect of the soil microbiome on plant performance from the effects of key endosymbiotic constituents. As a result, it is difficult to extrapolate from existing data to understand the role of the soil microbiome in natural plant populations. To address this gap, we performed a field experiment using the black medick Medicago lupulina to test how the soil microbiome influences plant performance and colonization by two root endosymbionts (the mutualistic nitrogen-fixing bacteria Ensifer spp. and the parasitic root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla) under natural conditions. We inoculated all plants with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and factorially manipulated the soil microbiome and nematode infection. We found that plants grown in microbe-depleted soil exhibit greater mortality, but that among the survivors there was no effect of the soil microbiome on plant performance (shoot biomass, root biomass, or shoot-to-root ratio). The soil microbiome also impacted parasitic nematode infection and affected colonization by mutualistic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in a plant genotype-dependent manner, increasing colonization in some plant genotypes and decreasing it in others. Our results demonstrate the soil microbiome has complex effects on plant-endosymbiont interactions and may be critical for survival under natural conditions.</p>
Capture history data for: Sub-seasonal correlation between growth and survival in three sympatric aquatic ectotherms
<p><span>Animals experience seasonally changing conditions in temperate regions, thus population vital rates change seasonally. However, knowledge is lacking on patterns of seasonal correlation between growth and survival in sympatric ectotherms, and this knowledge gap limits our understanding of environmental change impacts on animal populations and communities. Here, we investigated sub-seasonal (2-month intervals) correlation between growth and survival in three stream fishes (bluehead chub <em>Nocomis leptocephalus</em>, creek chub <em>Semotilus atromaculatus</em>, and mottled sculpin <em>Cottus bairdii</em>) in South Carolina, USA, via a mark-recapture survey over 28 months. </span></p> <p><span><span>We found that </span></span><span><span><span>the patterns of temporal correlation between growth and survival differed among the sympatric species. G</span></span></span><span><span>rowth increased and survival decreased with water temperature in two eurythermal species (bluehead chub and creek chub), resulting in a negative correlation between growth and survival. Growth peaked in sub-seasons with an intermediate water temperature range in a third stenothermal species (mottled sculpin), while survival decreased with water temperature for this species too. Consequently, there was no significant negative or positive correlation between sub-seasonal growth and survival in the stenothermal species. </span></span></p> <p><span><span><span>Negative correlation among population vital rates stabilizes population size over time and buffers animal populations from environmental change because the vital rates are not affected simultaneously in the same direction, indicating some degree of resiliency in the face of climate changes in the two eurythermal species. However, such a demographic mechanism of resiliency could be maintained so long as climate warming does not exceed optimal growth temperature, above which a negative correlation between growth and survival may no longer be maintained.</span></span></span></p>
Survival and mass data of King penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus chicks throughout the winter
<p>From 2002 to 2022, yearly King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus chick mortality and mass data was collected in April, just before the winter fast. The same chicks were relocated after the winter to assess mortality. The data was collected on Kerguelen Island, located in the Southern Ocean. </p>
Population dynamics of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) at summer roosts: apparent survival, fidelity, abundance, and the influence of winter conditions
<ol> <li>White-nose syndrome (WNS) has caused the death of millions of bats, but the impacts have been more difficult to identify in western North America. Understanding how WNS, or other threats, impact western bats may require monitoring other roosts, such as maternity roosts and night roosts, where bats aggregate in large numbers.</li> <li>Little brown bats (<em>Myotis lucifugus</em>) are experiencing some of the greatest declines from WNS. Estimating survival and understanding population dynamics can provide valuable data for assessing population declines and informing conservation efforts.</li> <li>We conducted a 5-year mark-recapture study of two <em>M. lucifugus</em> roosts in Colorado. We used the robust design model to estimate apparent survival, fidelity, and abundance to understand population dynamics, and environmental covariates to understand how summer and winter weather conditions impact adult female survival. We compared the fidelity and capture probability of <em>M. lucifugus</em> between colonies to understand how bats use such roosts.</li> <li>Overwinter survival increased with the number of days with temperatures below freezing (β > 0.100, SE = 0.003), and decreased with the number of days with snow cover (β < -0.40, SE < 0.13). Adult female fidelity was higher at one maternity roost than the other. Overwinter and oversummer adult female survival were high (>0.90), and based on survival estimates and fungal-swabbing results we believe these populations have yet to experience WNS.</li> <li>Recapture of <em>M. lucifugus</em> using antennas that continuously read passive integrated transponder tags allows rigorous estimation of bat population parameters that can elucidate trends in abundance and changes in survival. Monitoring populations at summer roosts can provide unique population ecology data that monitoring hibernacula alone may not. Because few adult males are captured at maternity colonies, and juvenile males have low fidelity, additional effort should focus on understanding male <em>M. lucifugus </em>population dynamics.</li> </ol>
SvfA, survival factor A, contributes to Aspergillus nidulans pathogenicity
<p>Supplementary information-SvfA, survival factor A, contributes to <em>Aspergillus</em> <em>nidulans</em> pathogenicity</p>
Figure 7 in A redescription and re-evaluation of Kekenodon onamata (Mammalia: Cetacea), a late-surviving archaeocete from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand
Figure 7. Single-rooted teeth of Kekenodon onamata (NMNZ Ma 306) in labial (left) and lingual (right) view. A, isolated root of a presumed incisor or canine. B, presumed incisor or canine. C, presumed left C1. D, presumed right c1. E, presumed left p1.
Figure 6 in A redescription and re-evaluation of Kekenodon onamata (Mammalia: Cetacea), a late-surviving archaeocete from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand
Figure 6. Left tympanic bulla of Kekenodon onamata (NMNZ Ma 306). Specimen whitened with ammonium chloride. A, medial view. B, lateral view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. E, anterior view. F, posterior view.
Figure 5 in A redescription and re-evaluation of Kekenodon onamata (Mammalia: Cetacea), a late-surviving archaeocete from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand
Figure 5. Left stapes of Kekenodon onamata (NMNZ Ma 306). A, lateral view. B, medial view. C, ventral view. D, dorsal view.
Figure 2 in A redescription and re-evaluation of Kekenodon onamata (Mammalia: Cetacea), a late-surviving archaeocete from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand
Figure 2. Geographic and geologic context of the holotype locality of Kekenodon onamata. A, map of South Island of New Zealand. B, map of the North Otago and Southern Canterbury districts. The star located in the upper left at Wharekuri Creek denotes the approximate type locality of the Kekenodon onamata holotype (NMNZ Ma 306). C, Generalized stratigraphic column of the K. onamata type locality in the Waitaki Valley near the junction of the Wharekuri Creek and Waitaki River, modified from McKay (1882a, b), Marwick (1959), and Fordyce and Watson (1998). Abbreviations: EM, earthquakes' marl; Ld, Landon series, Duntroonian Stage; Lw, Landon series Waitakian Stage; Lwh, Landon series Whaingaroan Stage.
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