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Fig. 7 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 7. Details of element structures in eocrinoidean blastozoan Gogia parsleyi Zamora sp. nov. (SEM photos of latex casts). A. Fragment of a holdfast from the specimen MPZ2004/161, consisting of an aggregate of globular plates (A1), details of specimen (A2, A3). B. Internal view of a plate showing sutural pores of epispires (MPZ2004/225); general view of an isolated plate (B1), detail of the epispire (B2). C. External surface of a plate (MPZ2004/232) (C1), details of the epispires showing the raised rim and stereomic structures (C2, C3). Arrows indicate enlarged details.

Fig. 2 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 2. Geological setting of the two discussed localities in the Iberian Chains (after Liñán et al. 2008). A. Pre−Hercynian outcrops and tectono−stratigraphic zones of the Iberian Peninsula; the Iberian Chains are framed. Zones: CZ, Cantabrian; WALZ, West Asturian−Leonese; GCZ, Galician−Castilian; ELAZ, East Lusitanian−Alcudian; OMZ, Ossa−Morena Zone; SPZ, South Portuguese. B. Pre−Hercynian outcrops and tectono−stratigraphic zones and units of the Iberian Chains; Murero and Purujosa (indicated by stars) (Modified from Gozalo and Liñán 1988).

Fig. 1 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 1. Holotype (MGM2005K) of gogiid echinoderm Alanisicystis andalusiae Ubaghs and Vizcaïno, 1991 from the lower Cambrian of the Ossa Morena zone (South Spain). Photograph of latex cast whitened with NH4Cl.

Fig. 8 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 8. Camera lucida drawings of eocrinoid blastozoan Gogia parsleyi Zamora sp. nov. A. General view of the paratype MPZ2004/161, detached holdfast below. B. Thecal plate, half−epispires with their prominent rim indicated. C. Two brachioles on a single thecal plate. D. Biserial brachiole terminally enrolled. E. Epispire covered by a single domal plate. F. Epispire covered by tiny plates. G. Spiralled brachiole.

Fig. 3 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 3. Sections of the middle Cambrian Murero Formation in Murero and Purujosa indicating the levels with Gogia sp. and Gogia parsleyi Zamora sp. nov.

Fig. 4. A–E in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 4. A–E. Eocrinoid blastozoan Gogia parsleyi Zamora sp. nov. A. Paratype MPZ2006/556a, b; part (A1) and counterpart (A2) of a slightly disturbed small specimen attached to a free cheek of Eccaparadoxides sp. fragment. The arrow indicates where the holdfast attaches to the trilobite element. B. MPZ2006/559b; accumulation of disarticulated plates from eocrinoids (Gogia parsleyi Zamora sp. nov.) and cinctans. C. Paratype MPZ2006/557a, b; nearly complete specimen with thecal plates slightly disturbed. D. Paratype MPZ2004/215; partial theca with ornamented plates and a very short holdfast (indicated by the arrow). E. Paratype MPZ2004/214; specimen with an almost complete theca. F, G. Gogia sp. F. MPZ2004/194a; partly complete specimen with a possible periproct on the lateral surface (see white arrow). G. MPZ2004/195a, b; partially disarticulated specimen (G1), counterpart of the same specimen (G2), detail of two adjoined plates with epispires (G3). Photographs of latex casts whitened with NH4Cl.

Fig. 6 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 6. Reconstruction of eocrinoidean blastozoan Gogia parsleyi Zamora sp. nov. (by Santiago Alberto, after a sketch by SZ), based on the holotype MPZ2004/162a. The holdfast, not preserved in the holotype, is reconstructed based on paratypes MPZ2004/161 and MPZ2004/215.

Fig. 5 in Middle Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Northeast Spain: Taxonomy, palaeoecology, and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 5. Slab with two nearly complete, articulated and exquisitely preserved specimens of eocrinoid blastozoan Gogia parsleyi Zamora sp. nov., with some isolated plates belonging to cinctan carpoids. Both specimens probably represent an early mature stage (TH = 12 mm). The left specimen (holotype MPZ2004/162a) shows many of the diagnostic features referred to in the text. The right specimen (paratype MPZ2004/161a) shows the holdfast separated from the theca (indicated by an arrow). Photograph of latex cast whitened with NH4Cl.

Fig. 7 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 7. Fragments of Bouchardia rosea (Mawe, 1823) shells resulting from the breakage along the surface defined by polychaete tubes.

Fig. 2 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 2. Schematic stratigraphic sections of the studied fossil localities in Bajo de San Julián, Argentina (A) and Cerro Bautista, Uruguay (B), showing the Bouchardia−beds.

Fig. 4. Bioerosion trace Caulostrepsis. A. Specimen DZP−18422 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 4. Bioerosion trace Caulostrepsis. A. Specimen DZP−18422, ventral valve of Bouchardia rosea showing the typical morphology of Caulostrepsis. Note the well−developed central ridge, and the straight morphology of the trace. B, C. Specimens DZP−18423 and 18424, respectively. Note that the galleries are roughly straight, and not enlarged at their distal extremities. The apertural groove (arrow) is well marked. D. Specimen DZP−18425, dorsal valve, showing multiple (arrows), straight traces. E, F. X−ray images of the specimens DZP−18426 and 18427, respectively. Note the straight morphology of unabraded tubes and the apertural groove (arrow) in the specimen DZP−18427. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 6 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 6. Morphology of Caulostrepsis. A, B. Drawings of Caulostrepsis taeniola Clarke, 1908 (A) and Caulostrepsis cretacea (Voigt, 1971) (B), respectively. C. Morphology of Caulostrepsis traces found in Bouchardia rosea shells. Note differences in the cross−sectional morphology between the traces reported here (C) and those documented previously (A, B).

Fig. 5 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 5. Spionid polychaete Polydora sp. found in association with Bouchardia rosea shells, Ubatuba Bight, 10 and 20 m depth. Specimen DZP−18668. A, B. Anterior segments of Polydora showing the characteristic modified chaetae (arrows) in its 5th segment. C. Polydora hooks (arrow) from the median segments. D. Posterior segments of Polydora showing the flanged pygidium (arrow). Scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 3 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 3. General shell morphology of bouchardiid brachiopods. A–C. Bouchardia rosea (Mawe, 1823) from modern accumulations from the Ubatuba coast, State of São Paulo, Brazil. A. Specimen DZP−18669. B. Specimen DZP−18670. C. Specimen DZP−18671. D–F. Bouchardia transplatina Ihering, 1907 from the Cerro Bautista locality, the Camacho Formation, Late Miocene, Uruguay. D. Specimen FCDP−2305E. E. Specimen FCDP−2305G. F. Specimen FCDP−2305K. G–I. Bouchardia zitteli Ihering, 1897 from the Manantial Salado locality, the San Julian Formation, Late Oligocene, Argentina. G. Specimen IGC−DPE−855D. H. Specimen IGC−DPE−865H. I. Specimen IGC−DPE−865N. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 9 in A new Middle Cambrian stem-group echinoderm from Spain: Palaeobiological implications of a highly asymmetric cinctan

Fig. 9. Reconstruction of the marginal frame of cinctan echinoderm Lignanicystis barriosensis (A) and the cothurnocystid Scotiaecystis collapsa (B) (redraw from Cripps 1988) in dorsal (A1, B1) and anterior (A2, B2) views, and posterior view showing the distinctive bridge−like structure (A3, B3). Mouth opening—black; dorsal and ventral integuments omitted for clarity.

Fig. 6 in A new Middle Cambrian stem-group echinoderm from Spain: Palaeobiological implications of a highly asymmetric cinctan

Fig. 6. Cinctan echinoderm Lignanicystis barriosensis gen et sp. nov. from the Middle Cambrian of Cantabrian Mountains, North Spain. A. Paratype MPZ2007/794; theca in dorsal view. B. Paratype MPZ2007/795; theca in dorsal view; general (B1) and detail of appendage (B2). Abbreviations: M4, hatchet−like marginal plate M4l; mes, mesosphenoidal plate; Op, operculum; sph, sphenoidal plate. All photographs are of latex casts taken from natural moulds.

Fig. 3 in A new Middle Cambrian stem-group echinoderm from Spain: Palaeobiological implications of a highly asymmetric cinctan

Fig. 3. Reconstruction of Lignanicystis barriosensis gen. et sp. nov. in dorsal (A), ventral (B), and anterior (C) views to show anatomical terms and orientation.

Fig. 1. A in A new Middle Cambrian stem-group echinoderm from Spain: Palaeobiological implications of a highly asymmetric cinctan

Fig. 1. A. Geographic map of Spain with the situation of Cantabrian Mountains. B. Geological setting of the section studied in Los Barrios de Luna (Cantabrian Mountains, North Spain). Based on Sdzuy and Liñán (1993).

Fig. 2 in A new Middle Cambrian stem-group echinoderm from Spain: Palaeobiological implications of a highly asymmetric cinctan

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic section at locality Barrios de Luna BL1 showing the horizon from which Lignanicystis was recovered. From Aramburu et al. 2006, derived from Zamarreño (1972) and Aramburu (1989). Abbreviations: CA, Caesaraugustian; LE, Leonian; Mb. Member.

Fig. 8 in A new Middle Cambrian stem-group echinoderm from Spain: Palaeobiological implications of a highly asymmetric cinctan

Fig. 8. Schematic diagrams of plating associated with the dorsal portaoperculum complex for different genera of Cincta. Opercula are shaded.