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Figure 6 from: Huemer P, Sohn J-C (2020) Eidophasia assmanni sp. nov., the first alpine representative of the genus, detected in the Russian Altai Mountains (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae). ZooKeys 959: 99-111. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.959.54259
Figure 6 Neighbor-Joining tree (Kimura 2 parameter, built with MEGA 6; cf. Tamura et al. 2013) of Eidophasia spp. and type species of selected Plutellidae genera. The width of the triangles represents the sample size, and the depth the genetic variation within the cluster. Source: DNA Barcode data from BOLD (Barcode of Life Database, cf. Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007).
Figure 5 from: Balke M, Megna YS, Zenteno N, Figueroa L, Hendrich L (2020) Two new species of Liodessus Guignot, 1939 diving beetles from Northern Peru (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Hydroporinae). Alpine Entomology 4: 173-178. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.4.55139
Figure 5 Localities of Liodessus caxamarca sp. nov. sampled for cox1 data, and haplotype tree inferred using TCS software. Each bar along the lines connecting the 5 haplotypes indicates one inferred nucleotide substitution. The base map was taken from GoogleEarth.
Figure 4 from: Huemer P, Sohn J-C (2020) Eidophasia assmanni sp. nov., the first alpine representative of the genus, detected in the Russian Altai Mountains (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae). ZooKeys 959: 99-111. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.959.54259
Figure 4 Eidophasia vanella (Walsingham, 1881), male genitalia, Canada, gen. slide 20/1586 P. Huemer. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
Figure 3 from: Balke M, Megna YS, Zenteno N, Figueroa L, Hendrich L (2020) Two new species of Liodessus Guignot, 1939 diving beetles from Northern Peru (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Hydroporinae). Alpine Entomology 4: 173-178. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.4.55139
Figure 3 Liodessus spp. males: Liodessus caxamarca sp. nov., holotype, median lobe of aedeagus in ventral view (A), same in lateral view (B), right paramere external surface view (C); Liodessus altoperuensis sp. nov. holotype, median lobe of aedeagus in ventral view (D), same in lateral view (E), right paramere external surface view (F).
Figure 6 from: Balke M, Megna YS, Zenteno N, Figueroa L, Hendrich L (2020) Two new species of Liodessus Guignot, 1939 diving beetles from Northern Peru (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Hydroporinae). Alpine Entomology 4: 173-178. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.4.55139
Figure 6 Habitats and landscapes at localities Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Encañada District, Conga, 4030 m [PER_YSM_2018_046] (A, B) and Cajamarca, San Pablo, Tumbaden District, Alto Peru, 3935 m [PER_YSM_2018_51] (C, D).
Figure 2 from: Balke M, Megna YS, Zenteno N, Figueroa L, Hendrich L (2020) Two new species of Liodessus Guignot, 1939 diving beetles from Northern Peru (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Hydroporinae). Alpine Entomology 4: 173-178. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.4.55139
Figure 2 Liodessus spp., female paratypes: Metathoracic wing of paratypes of Liodessus caxamarca sp. nov. (A); Liodessus altoperuensis sp. nov. (B).
Phylogenomic data reveal widespred introgression across the range of an alpine and arctic specialist
<p>Understanding how gene flow affects population divergence and speciation remains challenging. Differentiating one evolutionary process from another can be difficult because multiple processes can produce similar patterns, and more than one process can occur simultaneously. While simple population models produce predictable results, how these processes balance in taxa with patchy distributions and complicated natural histories is less certain. These types of populations might be highly connected through migration (gene flow), but can experience stronger effects of genetic drift and inbreeding, or localized selection. While different signals can be difficult to separate, the application of high throughput sequence data can provide the resolution necessary to distinguish many of these processes. We present whole genome sequence data for an avian species group with an alpine and arctic tundra distribution to examine the role that different population genetic processes have played in their evolutionary history. Rosy-finches inhabit high elevation mountaintop sky islands and high-latitude island and continental tundra. They exhibit extensive plumage variation coupled with low levels of genetic variation. Additionally, the number of species within the complex is debated, making them excellent for studying the forces involved in the process of diversification, as well as an important species group in which to investigate species boundaries. Total genomic variation suggests a broadly continuous pattern of allele frequency changes across the mainland taxa of this group in North America. However, phylogenomic analyses recover multiple distinct, well supported, groups that coincide with previously described morphological variation and current species-level taxonomy. Tests of introgression using D-statistics and approximate Bayesian computation reveal significant levels of introgression between multiple North American taxa. These results provide insight into the balance between divergent and homogenizing population genetic processes, and highlight remaining challenges in interpreting conflict between different types of analytical approaches with whole genome sequence data.</p>
Figure 2 from: Wermelinger B, Schneider Mathis D, Knížek M, Forster B (2020) Tracking the spread of the northern bark beetle (Ipsduplicatus [Sahlb.]) in Europe and first records from Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Alpine Entomology 4: 179-184. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.4.53808
Figure 2 Map of European countries, with the corresponding year of the first record of Ips duplicatus (* see Table 2 for dates in individual regions of Germany).
Figure 1 from: Wermelinger B, Schneider Mathis D, Knížek M, Forster B (2020) Tracking the spread of the northern bark beetle (Ipsduplicatus [Sahlb.]) in Europe and first records from Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Alpine Entomology 4: 179-184. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.4.53808
Figure 1 Lateral view of a male Ips duplicatus showing the characteristic spines 2 and 3 on its declivity (photo: G. Casciano, WSL).
Data from: Growth and reproduction trade-offs can estimate previous reproductive history in alpine ungulates
<p>1. Life-history theory predicts energy allocation trade-offs between traits when resources are limited. If females reduce allocation to growth when they reproduce, annual growth could reveal past reproductive effort, which would be useful to assess population dynamics and harvest sustainability. The potential and accuracy of growth measures for predicting reproductive success have rarely been evaluated with individuals with known reproductive history.</p> <p>2. We used long-term monitoring of annual growth and reproduction of marked female bighorn sheep and mountain goats, two species in which primiparity normally occurs well before growth completion, to evaluate growth <i>vs.</i> reproduction trade-offs and their potential for predicting reproductive history of young females using mixed models and 10-fold block cross-validation.</p> <p>3. We documented a significant reduction in mass gain and horn growth in young reproducing females of both species. This trade-off was affected by individual differences in energy acquisition and allocation, because population density and previous allocation to growth affected the trade-off. We then parametrized models to predict individual reproductive history of young females based on the growth traits subjected to a reproductive trade-off.</p> <p>4. The accuracy of predictive models ranged from 85.2% to 91.0% across species and traits, indicating that growth is a good predictor of reproductive history. This method is especially useful for population management of species with traits that form permanent visible yearly annuli because they retain a record of annual growth that allows retrospective estimation of reproductive history over multiple years.</p> <p>5. Synthesis and applications. We show that because growth significantly decreased in years of allocation to reproduction, annual growth increments provide insights on reproductive history of young females. Population or temporal differences in reproduction of young females affect demographic rates and sustainable harvest. Growth measures of traits that form yearly annuli, such as teeth and horns, could be easily obtained at a low cost from animals harvested or found dead in multiple species. Thus, predictive models of reproductive history based on annual growth could assist conservation and management in a broad range of species.</p>
Data from: Speciation with gene flow: evidence from a complex of alpine butterflies (Coenonympha, Satyridae)
Until complete reproductive isolation is achieved, the extent of differentiation between two diverging lineages is the result of a dynamic equilibrium between genetic isolation and mixing. This is especially true for hybrid taxa, for which the degree of isolation in regard to their parental species is decisive in their capacity to rise as a new and stable entity. In this work, we explored the past and current patterns of hybridization and divergence within a complex of closely related butterflies in the genus Coenonympha in which two alpine species, C. darwiniana and C. macromma, have been shown to result from hybridization between the also alpine C. gardetta and the lowland C. arcania. By testing alternative scenarios of divergence among species, we show that gene flow has been uninterrupted throughout the speciation process, although leading to different degrees of current genetic isolation between species in contact zones depending on the pair considered. Nonetheless, at broader geographic scale, analyses reveal a clear genetic differentiation between hybrid lineages and their parental species, pointing out to an advanced stage of the hybrid speciation process. Finally, the positive correlation observed between ecological divergence and genetic isolation among these butterflies suggests a potential role for ecological drivers during their speciation processes.
Data from: Pleistocene survival on central Alpine nunataks: genetic evidence from the jumping bristletail Machilis pallida
Mechanisms of survival during the Pleistocene glaciation periods have been studied for more than a century. Until now, molecular studies that confirmed animal survival on Alpine nunataks, i.e., ice-free summits surrounded by glaciers, were restricted to peripheral areas. Here, we search for molecular signatures of inner-Alpine survival of the narrow-endemic and putatively parthenogenetic Alpine jumping bristletail Machilis pallida combining mitochondrial and AFLP data from its three known populations. The mitochondrial data indicate survival on both peripheral and central nunataks, the latter suggesting that refugia in the centre of the Alpine main ridge were more widespread than previously recognised. Incongruences between mitochondrial and AFLP patterns suggest a complex evolutionary history of the species and may be explained via parallel fixation of parthenogenesis of different origins during the Last Glacial Maximum. We suggest that the inferred parthenogenesis may have been essential for central-nunatak survival, but may pose a serious threat for M. pallida in consideration of the present climatic changes.
Figure 2 from: Blanckenhorn WU (2021) A fungal parasite selects against body size but not fluctuating asymmetry in Swiss subalpine yellow dung flies. Alpine Entomology 5: 27-35. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.5.65653
Figure 2 Body size (top; here exemplified by wing length) and mean percentage of fluctuating asymmetry (FA; bottom) of all traits for unpaired (filled squares) and paired males (open squares) over the season.
Figure 3 from: Blanckenhorn WU (2021) A fungal parasite selects against body size but not fluctuating asymmetry in Swiss subalpine yellow dung flies. Alpine Entomology 5: 27-35. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.5.65653
Figure 3 Body size (here exemplified by hind tibia length) of unpaired (filled squares) and paired males (open squares) when they were infected by the fungus or not (all seasonal samples combined).
Figure 1 from: Blanckenhorn WU (2021) A fungal parasite selects against body size but not fluctuating asymmetry in Swiss subalpine yellow dung flies. Alpine Entomology 5: 27-35. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.5.65653
Figure 1 Proportion of male (filled squares) and female (open circles) flies infected by the fungus Entomophthora over the season 2002, with an infected specimen inset (photo Peter Jann).
Supplementary material 1 from: Blanckenhorn WU (2021) A fungal parasite selects against body size but not fluctuating asymmetry in Swiss subalpine yellow dung flies. Alpine Entomology 5: 27-35. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.5.65653
Table S1
Data from: Disentangling the heritable and plastic components of the competitive and facilitative effects of an alpine foundation species
Differences in effects between phenotypes of foundation species on subordinate species have been reported, but no study has separated their heritable and plastic components. In a subalpine community of the French Pyrenees, we observed two phenotypes of Festuca gautieri: tight cushions in dry convex outcrops with few subordinate species, and loose cushions in wet concave slopes with many subordinate species, suggesting differences in effects of the two phenotypes on subordinates. Using two reciprocal transplantation gardens, we studied the responses of the two phenotypes to changes in environmental conditions, thus assessing the contribution of heritability and plasticity to the phenotypic variation. Using a target cross-transplantation experiment, we assessed the plasticity and heritability bases of their contrasting effects. We also quantified the recolonisation of resident plants within the reciprocally transplanted cushions. We found that morphological differences between cushions had both heritability and plasticity bases. The two competition experiments showed heritable increase in competitive effects from loose to tight cushions. This was counteracted by plasticity effects, which decreased competition from the benign to the stressful garden. Synthesis. We conclude that heritable effects overcome plasticity effects resulting in higher diversity in the loose phenotype from the benign habitats.
Data from: Direct and indirect causal effects of heterozygosity on fitness-related traits in Alpine ibex
Heterozygosity–fitness correlations (HFCs) are a useful tool to investigate the effects of inbreeding in wild populations, but are not informative in distinguishing between direct and indirect effects of heterozygosity on fitness-related traits. We tested HFCs in male Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) in a free-ranging population (which suffered a severe bottleneck at the end of the eighteenth century) and used confirmatory path analysis to disentangle the causal relationships between heterozygosity and fitness-related traits. We tested HFCs in 149 male individuals born between 1985 and 2009. We found that standardized multi-locus heterozygosity (MLH), calculated from 37 microsatellite loci, was related to body mass and horn growth, which are known to be important fitness-related traits, and to faecal egg counts (FECs) of nematode eggs, a proxy of parasite resistance. Then, using confirmatory path analysis, we were able to show that the effect of MLH on horn growth was not direct but mediated by body mass and FEC. HFCs do not necessarily imply direct genetic effects on fitness-related traits, which instead can be mediated by other traits in complex and unexpected ways.
Data from: Leaf meristems: an easily ignored component of the response to human disturbance in alpine grasslands
Grazing and fencing are two important factors that influence productivity and biomass allocation in alpine grasslands. The relationship between root (R) and shoot (S) biomass and the root:shoot ratio (R/S) are critical parameters for estimating the terrestrial carbon stocks and biomass allocation mechanism responses to human activities. Previous studies have often used the belowground:aboveground biomass ratio (Mb/Ma) to replace the R/S in alpine ecosystems. However, these studies may have neglected the leaf meristem biomass, which belongs to the shoot but occurs below the soil surface, leading to a significant overestimation of the R/S ratio. We conducted a comparative study to explore the differences between the R/S and Mb/Ma at both the species (Stipa purpurea, Carex moorcroftii, and Artemisia nanschanica) and community levels on a Tibetan alpine grassland with grazing and fencing management blocks. The results revealed that the use of the Mb/Ma to express the R/S appeared to overestimate the actual value of the R/S, both at species and community levels. For S. purpurea, the Mb/Ma was three times higher than the R/S. The Mb/Ma was approximately two times higher than the R/S for the species of C. moorcroftii and A. nanschanica and at the community level. The relationships between the R-S and Mb-Ma exhibited different slopes for the alpine plants across all the management practices. Compared to the fenced grasslands, the plants in the grazing blocks not only allocated more biomass to the roots but also to the leaf meristems. The present study highlights the contribution of leaf meristems to the accurate assessment of shoot and belowground biomasses. The R/S and Mb/Ma should be cautiously used in combination in the future research. The understanding of the distinction between the R-S and Mb-Ma may help to improve the biomass allocation mechanism response to human disturbances in an alpine area.
Data from: Differential responses of ecosystem carbon flux components to experimental precipitation gradient in an alpine meadow
1. Changes in precipitation have the potential to cause dramatic changes in ecosystem carbon (C) cycling; however, it remains unclear whether different components of the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) (e.g., C uptake vs. release, plant vs. microbe respiration, aboveground vs. belowground plant respiration), have similar or differential sensitivity to precipitation gradients. 2. We conducted a manipulative field experiment (from 2015 to 2017) with six precipitation treatments, including 1/12 annual precipitation (P), 1/4 P, 1/2 P, 3/4 P, P, and 5/4 P in an alpine meadow to investigate the responses of the NEE components. 3. Over the three years, all C fluxes showed a nonlinear response to the precipitation gradients, except for root respiration. The most extreme drought treatment (1/12 P) caused strong reductions in NEE by 15.57%, gross primary productivity by 17.26%, and ecosystem respiration by 19.05%, in contrast to the control. Plant respiration was more sensitive to precipitation change than microbe respiration, and aboveground plant respiration was more susceptible than belowground respiration. Structural equation models revealed that the response of C fluxes under precipitation changes were primarily due to changes in the soil water content and aboveground net primary productivity. 4. Our findings indicate that future precipitation changes, particularly extreme drought, will decrease ecosystem C fluxes with different magnitudes, leading to a consequent reduction of NEE. These emergent ecosystem properties are essential for the improved elucidation of carbon cycle dynamics and benchmarking models, to predict ecosystem responses to precipitation changes.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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