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Figure 11 in A redescription and re-evaluation of Kekenodon onamata (Mammalia: Cetacea), a late-surviving archaeocete from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand

Figure 11. Phylogenetic relationships of Kekenodon onamata. A, single most-parsimonious tree recovered under equal weighting. B, strict consensus of three equally most-parsimonious trees recovered under implied weighting (K = 3). OU 22100 is an undescribed basilosaurid from New Zealand designated Zygorhiza sp. Branch support shown as GC frequency values.

Figure 4 in A redescription and re-evaluation of Kekenodon onamata (Mammalia: Cetacea), a late-surviving archaeocete from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand

Figure 4. Left periotic of Kekenodon onamata (NMNZ Ma 306). Specimen whitened with ammonium chloride. A, ventral view. B, dorsal view. C, medial view. D, lateral view. E, anterior view. F, posterior view.

Figure 3 in A redescription and re-evaluation of Kekenodon onamata (Mammalia: Cetacea), a late-surviving archaeocete from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand

Figure 3. Right frontal of Kekenodon onamata (NMNZ Ma 306). A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. Specimen whitened with sublimated ammonium chloride.

Figure 10 in A redescription and re-evaluation of Kekenodon onamata (Mammalia: Cetacea), a late-surviving archaeocete from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand

Figure 10. Partial crown of a possible left p2 of Kekenodon cf. K. onamata (AUGD 2469) in presumed labial (left) and lingual (right) view. Specimen whitened with ammonium chloride.

Figure 9 in A redescription and re-evaluation of Kekenodon onamata (Mammalia: Cetacea), a late-surviving archaeocete from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand

Figure 9. Atlas of Kekenodon onamata (NMNZ Ma 306). A, anterior view. B, posterior view. Specimen whitened with ammonium chloride.

Figure 1 in A redescription and re-evaluation of Kekenodon onamata (Mammalia: Cetacea), a late-surviving archaeocete from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand

Figure 1. Lithograph of the material collected by Alexander McKay in November 1880 comprising the holotype of Kekenodon onamata (NMNZ Ma 306). Image reproduced from Hector (1881).

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Data for: Warming and hypoxia reduce performance and survival of northern bay scallops, Argopecten irradians irradians, amid a fishery collapse

Populations of the northern bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians, across the northeast US have recently experienced severe declines. Here we used high-resolution satellite-based temperature records, long-term temperature and dissolved oxygen records, field and laboratory experiments, and high-frequency measures of scallop cardiac activity in an ecosystem setting to quantify decadal summer warming and assess the vulnerability of northern bay scallops to thermal- and hypoxic-stress across their geographic distribution. This set of files contains the raw data analyzed for this study. The data are grouped into relevant subfolders: Commercial Landings Data; Field Deployment Data; Gonad Index Data; Laboratory Data; Optical Infrared Sensor Data; Remote Sensing Data.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Hourly locations and survival data of Nilgai Antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus) in South Texas

Wildlife play an important role in the emergence of livestock diseases and their movements can complicate disease management efforts. One of the most significant vector-borne diseases of livestock worldwide is bovine babesiosis, spread by cattle fever ticks, Rhipicephalus (=Boophilus) microplus and R. (B.) annulatus. Although cattle fever ticks were eradicated from the U.S. by 1943, bovine babesiosis and cattle fever ticks are prevalent in México. Recently, management of cattle fever ticks in the Texas-México region has been complicated by the presence of free-ranging, exotic nilgai antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Nilgai are abundant, are competent hosts for cattle fever ticks, and make long-distance movements. The goal of this study was to better understand nilgai movements and space use to inform cattle fever tick treatment strategies. We analyzed hourly locations from 40 GPS-collared nilgai in Cameron County, TX, USA, from April 2019–September 2020. We assigned each nilgai a movement behavior using the net squared displacement metric. We estimated nilgai home range sizes at different temporal scales (monthly, seasonally, and overall) using Brownian bridge movement models. We calculated average movement metrics, activity patterns, and space use of nilgai using the Euclidean distance between locations. We observed movement patterns consistent with residency (52.5%), seasonal movers (17.5%), dispersal (5%), and unclassified (25%). Two young females made separate dispersal movements of about 40 km from their initial capture location. Overall, nilgai had large and highly variable home ranges: annual median home range estimate for females was 563 ha (range = 105–1,545) and for males was 937 ha (range = 221–1,602). Peak nilgai movements occurred during crepuscular hours, and median hourly movement for females was 57 m/hr and for males was 66 m/hr. Nilgai home ranges and long-distance movements have the potential to overlap multiple ranches, as the typical ranch size in South Texas ranges from 250–6,000 ha. Female dispersal can increase the rate at which viable nilgai populations can be established in new areas with implications for disease spread and management. Understanding these behaviors will help the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program develop more efficacious treatment strategies to treat infestations in nilgai.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Survival data from: Canopy buffering effects

Forest ecosystems can buffer understorey microhabitats and provide refuge for understorey species in a warming world. These effects are dependent on forest complexity and management. However, the roles of soils and bedrock types are less known although they also may affect forest complexity. We assessed differences in buffering effects of deciduous broad-leaved forests from calcareous and siliceous soils in the temperate climate of south-west France predicted to become dryer with climate change. We transplanted during dry and wet years, without and with neighbours (herbaceous and shrubs from forest understories and gaps), six species in gaps and dense forests of the two soil types. Target species originated from contrasting light availabilities and the two soil types. We measured transplant survival, light transmission, air temperature and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) in all treatments. Forest structure and soil parameters were also quantified on both bedrocks. Forest structure complexity was higher and light transmission lower on calcareous than siliceous soils. Relative air humidity was higher and maximum air temperature and VPD lower in the understorey of calcareous than siliceous forests, while soil nutrients and moisture were lower in siliceous soils. We found strong direct facilitation of transplants from shaded habitats by calcareous forest canopies during dry years. Facilitation of forest canopies was much weaker on siliceous bedrocks, during wet years and for species from sunny habitats. Facilitative responses were less obvious but still observed in the presence of understorey neighbours. Calcareous forests showed a stronger buffering ability than siliceous ones due to both higher facilitative effects of calcareous woody dominants and lower survival in calcareous gaps during dry years. Considering that the two forest types were old forests with similar management histories, differences in buffering ability between them were likely due to differences in forest complexity and composition induced by differences in soil types.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Effect of temperature on the post-diapause development rate, survival, and body mass of the solitary wasp Isodontia elegans

We examined the relationship of post-diapause rearing temperature to developmental rate, survival, and adult body mass of the solitary wasp Isodontia elegans using prepupae from trap-nests. Isodontia elegans is a member of a genus often found in trap-nests in North America and Europe. Trap-nests are commonly used tools for studying cavity-nesting solitary wasps and bees. In temperate zones, progeny in nests usually overwinter as fully prepupae before pupating and emerging as adults. An important aspect of properly using trap-nests is determining temperatures that affect survival and health of developing offspring. After overwintering >600 cocoons containing prepupae after the summers of 2015 and 2016, we placed cocoons on a laboratory thermal gradient where offspring experienced one of 19 constant temperatures from 643°C; emergence of adults was monitored for 100 days. Our conservative estimate for the critical thermal minimum for development is 14°C, whereas that for the critical maximum is ~33°C. Prepupae transitioned to adults most rapidly at 29–33°C, but developmental rate was lower for some progeny exposed to temperatures ≥30°C. Offspring successfully reached the adult stage in <100 days at of temperatures of ~19–33°C. Adults from cocoons reared at lower temperatures weighed on average 6-10% more than expected based on their head widths, whereas those reared at higher temperatures weighed 4–10% less than expected. The difference may be due to greater rates of water loss and lipid metabolism during development at higher temperatures. Pre-overwintering cocoon mass was a significant predictor of relative adult body mass, indicating that adult health is partly related to their condition before overwintering. The trends we observed were similar to those for the bee Megachile rotundata, which we previously studied on the same gradient apparatus. However, data are needed on many other species of wasps and bees from a diversity of environments.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2021View details →

Replication package for PHP code smells in web apps: evolution, survival and anomalies

Replication package (dataset and programs/scripts) and extra documents for article: PHP code smells in web apps: evolution, survival and anomalies Folder zips RQ1-5 - Extra graphics for all applications studied. In the article, due to lack of space, we only present graphics for two applications. Data folder zip - data used in the study and suitable for replication. The folder is divided in subfolders and there is an "explanation.txt". scripts.zip - PHP scripts used to pre-process data R scripts.zip - R scripts used to analyze and graphics

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Data for: When does early-life telomere length predict survival? A case study and meta-analysis

Suboptimal conditions during development can shorten telomeres, the protective DNA caps on the end of chromosomes. Shorter early-life telomere length (TL) can indicate reduced somatic maintenance, leading to lower survival and shorter lifespan. However, despite some clear evidence, not all studies show a relationship between early-life TL and survival or lifespan, which may be due to differences in biology or study design (e.g., survival period measured). In superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus), we assessed whether early-life TL predicts mortality across different life-history stages (fledgling, juvenile, adult). However, in contrast to a similar study on a congener, early-life TL did not predict mortality across any life stage in this species. We then performed a meta-analysis including 32 effect sizes from 23 studies (15 birds and 3 mammals) to quantify the effect of early-life TL on mortality whilst taking into consideration potential sources of biological and methodological variation. Overall, the effect of early-life TL on mortality was significant, corresponding to a 15% reduction in mortality risk with each standard deviation increase in TL. However, the effect became weaker when correcting for publication bias. Contrary to our predictions, there was no evidence that effects of early-life TL on mortality varied with species lifespan or the period over which survival was measured. However, negative effects of early-life TL on mortality risk were pervasive throughout life. These results imply that effects of early-life TL on mortality are more likely context-dependent rather than age-dependent, although substantial power and publication bias issues highlight the need for more research.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Grandparental co-residence and grandchild survival in a pre-industrial population

Although grandparents are and have been important alloparents to their grandchildren, they are not necessarily only beneficial but can also compete with grandchildren over limited resources. Competition over parental care or other resources may exist especially if grandparents live in the same household with grandchildren and it can be dependent on grandchild age. By utilising demographic data collected from historic population registers in Finland between 1761 and 1895 (study sample n = 4041) we investigate whether grandparents living in the same household with grandchildren are detrimental or beneficial for grandchild survival. Having a living but not co-residing grandmother or grandfather were both associated with better survival whereas having a co-resident grandfather was associated with lower chance of survival for infants (age < 1 year). Separating the effect between maternal and paternal grandparents and grandmothers and grandfathers revealed no differences in the effects between lineages. Negative effect of having a co-residing grandfather was not significant when grandfathers were separated for lineage-specific models. These results implicate that accounting for the co-residence status and child's age, grandparents were mostly beneficial when not co-residing with very young children and that having a co-residing grandfather at that age could be associated with lower chances to survive. Predictions made by grandmother hypothesis and resource competition both received support. The results presented here also offered comparison points to preindustrial and contemporary three-generational families.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Data for: Immune genotypes, immune responses, and survival in a wild bird population

Individuals vary in their immune genotype, inbreeding coefficient f, immune responses, survival to adulthood, and adult longevity. However, whether immune genes predict survival or longevity, whether such relationships are mediated through immune responses, and how f affects immune genotype remain unclear. We use a wild song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) population in which survival to adulthood, adult longevity, and f were measured precisely, and in which immune responses have previously been assessed. We investigate four toll-like receptors (TLR) and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIB exon 2 genes. We test: a) whether immune genes predict fitness (survival to adulthood or adult longevity); b) whether immune genes predict immune response; c) whether immune response predicts fitness; and d) whether fitness, immune responses, or immune genotypes are correlated with f. We find that survival to adulthood is not associated with immune gene variation, but adult longevity is decreased by high MHC allele diversity (especially in birds that were relatively outbred), and by the presence of a specific MHC supertype. Immune responses were affected by specific immune genotypes. Survival to adulthood and adult longevity were not predicted by immune response, implying caution in the use of immune response as a predictor for fitness. We also found no relationship between f and immune genotype. This finding indicates that immune gene associations with longevity and immune response are not artefacts of f, and suggests that pathogen-mediated selection at functional loci can slow the loss of genetic variation arising from genetic drift and small population size.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor, Nivolumab, Combined with Chemotherapy Improved the Survival of Unresectable Ad-vanced and Metastatic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: a real world experience

Figure S1 the detail of treatments. Blue arrow means this patient was still alive at the latest date of follow up. Hollow circle means this patient die. The others were lose follow up at the latest date of follow up. Figure S2 progression free survival (PFS) of patients received immunotherapy, including 5 nivolumab and chemotherapy and 1 dual immune check point inhibitor, on different PD-L1 tumor cells (TC) expression. (A) divided by PD-L1 TC <1% or ≧1%. (B)divided by PD-L1 TC <10% or ≧10%.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Body mass, take-off speed and survival of Parus major at permanent and irregular feeders

In this study, we tested whether the body mass of wintering Great Tits (Parus major) was higher under conditions of less predictable food resources. We compared body mass, body mass index, the speed at take-off, and survival of Great Tit adult males wintering in small urban areas either near feeders providing permanent access to food for months or near feeders providing irregular access to food.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

Data from: Habitat use, survival and migration of a little-known East Asian endemic, the Yellow-throated Bunting Emberiza elegans

Basic information on the ecology of species is key for their conservation. Here we study the ecology of the little-known Yellow-throated Bunting Emberiza elegans based on a multi-year study on its breeding grounds in the Russian Far East. For the first time in this species, we quantified breeding habitat parameters, calculated sex-specific apparent survival, and determined individual non-breeding locations using light-level geolocation. We found that the habitat around song posts of male Yellow-throated Buntings is characterized by tree and shrub layers on richly littered moist ground. Habitat use overlaps with co-occurring Tristram´s Buntings Emberiza tristrami and Black-faced Buntings E. spodocephala, but territories differ especially in tree cover and litter cover. Based on four years of colour-ringing data of 72 individuals, we calculated an apparent survival rate of 36 %, with higher survival estimates for male than for female Yellow-throated Buntings. We found no effect of carrying a geolocator on survival. We retrieved six geolocators from males. All birds migrated south-westward during autumn and spent the non-breeding season at locations in China 700-1700 km away from their breeding sites. At least two individuals spent the boreal winter outside of the known range in northern or central China. Birds left the breeding area between early October and early November and returned between mid-March and mid-April. Our data on habitat use, survival rate, and migratory connectivity will help to assess threats to the populations of this enigmatic species, which might include habitat loss due to forest fires on the breeding grounds, and unsustainable harvest for consumption during the non-breeding season.

opennotspecifiedJul 2022View details →

FIG. 2 in Growth and Survival of Wild and Head-Started Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii)

FIG. 2. Survival estimates generated from top-ranked models or model averaging of multiple top-ranked models for head-started juvenile (diamonds) and wild-hatched juvenile and adult (circles) Blanding's Turtles for the SBCP population.

opennotspecifiedJul 2022View details →

FIG. 1 in Growth and Survival of Wild and Head-Started Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii)

FIG. 1. Growth of Blanding's Turtles at SBCP. (A) Growth of wild-hatched turtles from age 1–26. CL ¼ 234.1 (234.1 31.7)*e (0.082*age). (B) Growth of wild-hatched (open circles and solid line) and head-started (filled diamonds and dotted line) turtles from age class 1–7 (only a random subset of head-starts is shown for clarity). Wild-hatched: CL ¼ 234.1 (234.1 31.7)*e(0.082*age); head-starts: CL ¼ 211 (211 37.0)* e(0.109*age).