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1,425 results for “Agriculture”
Riparian forests can mitigate warming and ecological degradation of agricultural headwater streams
<p>1. Riparian forests are commonly advocated as a key management option to mitigate the effects of agriculture on headwater stream biodiversity and ecosystem functions. However, the benefits of riparian forests might be reduced by uninterrupted catchment-scale pollution.</p> <p>2.We studied the effects of riparian land use on multiple ecological endpoints in headwater streams in an agricultural landscape. We studied stream habitat characteristics, water temperature and algal accrual, and macrophyte, benthic macroinvertebrate and fish communities in 11 paired forested and open agricultural headwater stream reaches that differed in their extent of riparian forest cover but had similar water quality.</p> <p>3. Hydromorphological habitat quality was higher in forested reaches than in open reaches. Riparian forest had a strong effect on the summer water temperature regime, with maximum and mean water temperatures and temperature variation in forested reaches substantially lower than in open reaches.</p> <p>4. Macrophyte communities differed between forested and open reaches. The mean abundance of bryophytes was higher in forested reaches but the difference to open reaches was only marginally significant, whereas graminoids were significantly more abundant in open reaches. Within-stream dissimilarity of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure was significantly related to the difference in riparian land use between reach pairs. The relative DNA sequence abundance of pollution-sensitive EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) species tended to be higher in forested reaches than in open reaches. Finally, fish densities were not significantly different between forested and open reaches, although densities were higher in forested reaches.</p> <p>5. This unequivocal evidence for the ecological benefits of forested riparian reaches in agricultural headwater streams suggests that riparian forest can partly mitigate the adverse impacts of agricultural diffuse pollution on biota. The strong effect of forests on stream water temperature suggest that riparian forest could also mitigate harmful effects on headwater stream biodiversity and ecosystem functions of the predicted more frequent high summer temperatures. </p>
Similarity between agricultural and natural land covers shapes how biodiversity responds to agricultural expansion at landscape scales
<p><span>The impact of agriculture on biodiversity depends on the extent and types of agriculture and the degree to which agricultural land contrasts with the natural ecosystem. Most research on the latter comes from studies on the influence of different agricultural types within a single ecosystem with far less study on how the natural ecosystem context shapes the response of biodiversity to agricultural production. We used citizen science data from agricultural areas in Canada's Eastern Hardwood-Boreal (forest ecosystem, n=108 landscapes) and Prairie Pothole (prairie ecosystem, n=99) regions to examine how ecosystem context shapes the response of avian species diversity, functional diversity and abundance to the amount of arable crop and pastoral agriculture at landscape scales. Avian surveys were conducted along 8km transects of Breeding Bird Survey routes with land cover assembled within a 20km2 landscape around each transect. The amount of agriculture at which species diversity peaked differed between the forest (15%) and prairie (51%) ecosystems, indicating that fewer species tolerated the expansion of agriculture in the former. In both ecosystems, functional diversity initially increased with agriculture and peaked at higher amounts (forest: 42%, prairie: 77 %) than species diversity suggesting that functional redundancy was lost first as agriculture increased. Species turnover with increasing agriculture was primarily among functional groups in forest where a shift from a low to a high agriculture landscape led to a decline in the percent of the community represented by Neotropical migrants, insectivores, upper foliage gleaners and bark foragers, and an increase in the percent of the community represented by short-distance migrants, granivores, omnivores and ground gleaners. There were few distinct shifts in the percent of the community represented by different functional groups in the prairie ecosystem. Total abundance was the least sensitive measure examined in both ecosystems and indicated that species losses with agriculture are likely followed by numerical compensation from agriculture tolerant species. Our results highlight the importance of ecosystem context for understanding how biodiversity is affected by agricultural production with declines in diversity occurring at lower agricultural extents in ecosystems with lower similarity between natural and agricultural land covers. These findings allow for more specific conservation recommendations including managing for species intolerant to agriculture in prairie ecosystems and limiting the expansion of high contrast agriculture and the loss of semi-natural habitat, such as hedge rows, in historically forested ecosystems.</span></p>
Habitat-specific survival of golden-winged warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) during the non-breeding season in an agricultural landscape
<p>Nearctic-Neotropical migratory birds are considered priority species for conservation because they are subject to threats at distinct breeding, migratory and stopover locations throughout their annual cycle, and many species have undergone severe population declines. Research during the non-breeding season has focused on identifying the locations and habitats that migrants use, but wintering migrants are known to occupy habitats of both high and low quality, especially when the best sites are saturated by conspecifics. Thus, the presence or abundance of a species may not be a reliable indicator of winter habitat quality. The habitat associations of the golden-winged warbler <i>Vermivora chrysoptera</i>, a Nearctic-Neotropical migrant bird species of elevated conservation concern, are relatively well studied, yet conservation efforts are hindered by lack of information about basic demographic rates. In particular, no published estimates exist for non-breeding season survival, which can be a key vital rate affecting population viability, nor how survival rates vary among habitats, which is important to designing conservation programs to support populations during the winter period. We studied a color-banded population of golden-winged warblers in Costa Rica over a 3-year period and estimated overall survival rates, and the effects of habitat characteristics on survival. We found that monthly survival of juveniles (0.881) was lower than adult birds (0.978). Monthly survival during the non-breeding season (0.967) was higher than monthly survival during the rest of the annual cycle (0.930). Survival was negatively related to canopy height, and we observed a significant quadratic effect where survival peaked at intermediate levels of vine tangles and dead hanging leaves, which corresponds to habitat features associated with abundance in prior studies at this same site. Our findings contribute to our existing knowledge about the potential impacts of winter-season events on Nearctic-Neotropical migratory bird populations, and also informs potential conservation strategies for wintering golden-winged warblers.</p>
The Economic and Environmental Benefits of Partial Leasing of Agricultural Water Rights
<p>Code and data used for partial leasing study</p>
Data from: Exotic flies maintain pollination services as native pollinators decline with agricultural expansion
1.Globally, conversion of natural habitat to agricultural land is a primary driver of declines in critical ecosystem services, including pollination. However, exotic species are often well-adapted to human-modified environments and could compensate for ecosystem services that are lost when native species decline. 2.We measured pollination services (pollen delivery to stigma) provided by wild insects to a mass flowering crop, pak choi Brassica rapa at 12 sites across a gradient of increasing agricultural land use (agricultural expansion) in New Zealand. 3.We found that pollination services increased as the proportion of agricultural land in the surrounding landscape increased; pollination from exotic species exceeded the loss of pollination from native species. However, pollination service delivery became increasingly dominated by a few exotic fly species that were active throughout the day, compared to native species, which had more constrained activity patterns. 4.Synthesis and applications. The best way to ensure continued sufficient crop pollination is to protect and restore diverse natural habitats on or around farms, as species-rich pollinator communities are relatively resilient to further environmental change. However, we show that where human-driven disturbance has caused loss of native pollinator species, exotic pollinators can maintain sufficient pollination. Therefore, in areas where native species loss cannot easily be reversed, decisions about pesticide use and habitat provision that foster populations of beneficial exotic species are likely to maintain pollination service delivery, at least in the short term. This highlights the need for land managers to identify the pollinator communities that are present on their farms, whether native or exotic, and make decisions to support these important communities accordingly.
Data from: Lower bumblebee colony reproductive success in agricultural compared to urban environments
Urbanisation represents a rapidly growing driver of land-use change. While it is clear that urbanisation impacts species abundance and diversity, direct effects of urban land-use on animal reproductive success are rarely documented. Here we show that urban land-use is linked to long-term colony reproductive output in a key pollinator. We reared colonies from wild-caught bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) queens, placed them at sites characterised by varying degrees of urbanisation from inner city to rural farmland, and monitored the production of sexual offspring across the entire colony cycle. Our land-use cluster analysis identified three site categories, and this categorization was a strong predictor of colony performance. Crucially, colonies in the two clusters characterized by urban development produced more sexual offspring than those in the cluster dominated by agricultural land. These colonies also reached higher peak size, had more food stores, encountered fewer parasite invasions and survived for longer. Our results show a link between urbanisation and bumblebee colony reproductive success, supporting the theory that urban areas provide a refuge for pollinator populations in an otherwise barren agricultural landscape.
Data from: Slow and temperature-mediated pathogen adaptation to a non-specific fungicide in agricultural ecosystem
The spread of antimicrobial resistance and global change in air temperature represent two major phenomena that are exerting a disastrous impact on natural and social issues but investigation of the interaction between these phenomena in an evolutionary context is limited. In this study, a statistical genetic approach was used to investigate the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in agricultural ecosystem and its association with local air temperature. We found no resistance to mancozeb, a non-specific fungicide widely used in agriculture for more than half a century, in 215 Alternaria alternata isolates sampled from geographic locations along a climatic gradient and cropping system representing diverse ecotypes in China, consistent with low resistance risk in many non-specific fungicides. Genetic variance accounts for ~35% of phenotypic variation while genotype-environment interaction is negligible, suggesting that heritability plays a more important role in the evolution of resistance to mancozeb in plant pathogens than phenotypic plasticity. We also found that tolerance to mancozeb in agricultural ecosystem is under constraining selection and significantly associated with local air temperature, possibly resulting from a pleiotropic effect of tolerance with thermal and other ecological adaptations. The implication of these results for fungicide and other antimicrobial management in the context of global warming is discussed.
Data from: Predation risk for reptiles is highest at remnant edges in agricultural landscapes
Preventing biodiversity loss in fragmented agricultural landscapes is a global problem. The persistence of biodiversity within remnant vegetation can be influenced by an animal's ability to move through the farmland matrix between habitat patches. Yet, many of the mechanisms driving species occurrence within these landscapes are poorly understood, particularly for reptiles. We used scented and unscented plasticine lizard models and wildlife cameras to (a) estimate predation risk of reptiles in four farmland types (crop field, pasture paddock, restoration tree planting and areas with applied woody mulch) relative to the patch edge and remnant vegetation, and (b) examine how predation risk was influenced by temporal change in the matrix (crop harvesting). Birds (55.1%), mammals (41.1%), reptiles (3.4%), and invertebrates (0.5%) attacked models, of which 87% were native species. Mammalian predators were 60.2% more likely to attack scented models then unscented models. Bird predators were not influenced by scent. We found predator attacks on models were highest at edges (49%, irrespective of adjacent farmland type, with a reduced risk within farmland (29%) and remnant patches (33%) (p < 0.01). Both mammal and bird predators contributed to high numbers of predation attempts at edges. Removal of crops did not increase predation attempts in crop fields or other farmland types, although predation attempts were significantly lower along the crop transect after harvesting, compared to the woody debris transect. However, numbers of predation attempts were higher in edge habitats, particularly prior to harvesting. Synthesis and applications. Reptiles are at risk of predation by birds and mammals in both remnant patches and the farmland matrix, particularly in edge habitat. Our results demonstrate that edge habitats are potentially riskier for lizards than the farmland. Vulnerability to predation may be increased by a lack of shelter within edge habitats such as by increasing visibility of reptiles to predators. Therefore, to benefit reptiles, land managers could provide shelter (rocks, logs, and grasses), particularly between remnants and linear plantings which could improve landscape connectivity.
Data from: Chlorpyrifos interacts with other agricultural stressors to alter stream communities in laboratory microcosms
Chlorpyrifos is one of the most widely used agricultural insecticides in the world, but to date there is limited empirical information about its potential to interact with other common agricultural stressors. We conducted a 15-day, community-level microcosm experiment evaluating individual and combined effects of chlorpyrifos, nutrient enrichment, and sedimentation on stream invertebrate communities (abundance, biomass, richness, size structure, composition) and ecosystem processes (primary productivity and leaf decomposition). We found that sedimentation was the most detrimental stressor, with significant negative impacts on most invertebrate community and ecosystem function variables. Even though chlorpyrifos did not cause significant invertebrate mortality in the microcosms, it still altered ecosystem function by lowering leaf decomposition rates, probably through sublethal inhibition of invertebrate shredders. Furthermore, we observed a significant reversal interaction between chlorpyrifos and sediment for small-sized invertebrates collected in gravel (abundance in sediment x insecticide microcosms was 2.4 times lower than predicted by additivity), as well as an antagonistic interaction with nutrients on invertebrate richness in the same microhabitat (richness in nutrient x insecticide microcosms was 1.6 times higher than predicted by additivity). Our results suggest that chlorpyrifos has the potential to alter freshwater ecosystem function and interact non-additively with other common agricultural stressors. These findings are in keeping with a growing body of research highlighting that multiple stressor interactions and ecosystem processes should be considered when evaluating the impacts of organic toxicants on freshwater ecosystems.
Data from: Threshold dynamics in plant succession after tree planting in agricultural riparian zones
Trajectories of plant communities can be described by different models of plant succession. While a Clementsian (gradual continuum model) or Gleasonian approach (relay floristics model) has traditionally been used to inform restoration outcomes, alternative succession models developed recently may better represent restoration trajectories. The threshold dynamics succession model, which predicts an abrupt species turnover after an environmental threshold is crossed, has never been used in a restoration context. This model might, however, better describe shifts in plant competitive ranking and facilitation interactions during species turnover. Fifty-three riparian zones, planted with trees 3–17 years prior to sampling, and 14 natural riparian forests were studied in two agricultural watersheds of south-eastern Québec (Canada). The cover of vegetation strata was assessed at the site scale, and the cover of plant species was estimated in a total of 784 1-m2 plots. Canopy cover was measured stereoscopically for each plot. As revealed by Principal Response Curves and broken stick models, herbaceous species composition was stable during the first 12–13 years after tree planting, but then abruptly shifted. This two-step pattern in species turnover followed the increase in canopy cover after tree planting. Once canopy cover passed a threshold of ca 40%, plant succession started and led to the re-establishment of forest communities 17 years after planting. Following herbaceous species turnover, the cover of ecological groups changed significantly towards covers of natural riparian forests: shade-tolerant species generally increased, while light-demanding and non-native species decreased. Vegetation structure was also significantly affected by tree planting: tree and shrub cover increased, while monocot cover decreased. Synthesis and applications. Tree planting efficiently restored herbaceous forest communities in riparian zones by inducing a species turnover mediated by light availability corresponding to the threshold dynamics model in plant succession. Fostering and monitoring canopy closure in tree-planted riparian zones should improve restoration success and the design of alternative strategies. The innovative statistical approach of this study aiming to identify succession patterns and their associated theoretical models can guide future restoration in any type of ecosystem around the world to bridge the gap between science and management.
Data from: A nation-wide survey of neonicotinoid insecticides in agricultural land with implications for agri-environment schemes
1. Neonicotinoids are the most widely used class of insecticides globally. However, the link between farming practices and the extent of contamination of soils and crops by neonicotinoid insecticides, as well as and the extent of such contamination in organic fields and ecological focus areas (EFAs) are currently unclear. 2. We measured the concentrations of five neonicotinoid insecticides (imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, acetamiprid) in 702 soil and plant samples in 169 cultivated fields and EFAs from 62 conventional, integrated production and organic farms distributed over the entire lowland of Switzerland. 3. We detected neonicotinoids in 93% of organic soils and crops, and more than 80% of EFA soils and plants – two types of arable land supposedly free of insecticides. We also tested 16 samples of organic seeds, of which 14 were positive for neonicotinoids. 4. Finally, we calculated hazard quotients (HQs) and potentially affected fractions for 72 beneficial and 12 pest species. Under a field-realistic scenario, we found that between 5.3 and 8.6% of above-ground invertebrate species may be exposed to lethal concentrations of clothianidin, and 31.6 to 41.2% to sublethal concentrations, in "integrated production" and conventional fields. We also found that 1.3 to 6.8% (up to 12.5% based on HQs) of the beneficial invertebrate species may be exposed to sublethal concentrations of neonicotinoids in EFAs and organic fields. In contrast, no pest species would be exposed to lethal concentrations, even under a worst-case scenario. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our study suggests that diffuse contamination by neonicotinoids may harm a significant fraction of non-target beneficial species. The use of neonicotinoids on crops may threaten biodiversity in refuge areas, while also potentially jeopardizing the practice of organic farming by impeding the biological control of pests. Based on our results, we call for a reduction in the dispersion and overuse of neonicotinoid insecticides in order to prevent any detrimental effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services associated with agroecosystems.
Data from: Bird services and disservices to strawberry farming in Californian agricultural landscapes
1.Bird conservation in agricultural settings can be controversial. While some bird species damage some crops, others suppress insect pests. Few studies have simultaneously compared bird services and disservices to assess their net impact. 2.Using an exclusion experiment in six California strawberry farms, we show that bird suppression of berry damage by insect pests (about 3.8% of berries) is similar in magnitude to the damage birds inflict on strawberries (about 3.2% of berries). 3.Across 27 farms, we found that bird species richness and the relative abundance of insectivorous birds increased, while the relative abundance of strawberry‐eating birds and bird damage decreased on farms with more semi‐natural land cover in the surrounding landscapes (1000m radius). 4.Relative to homogeneous farms, those that implemented diversification practices, such as hedgerows, flower strips, or increased crop diversity, had greater bird species richness, total relative abundance, insectivore abundance, and strawberry‐eating bird abundance. 5.Synthesis and applications. Conserving semi‐natural land cover in the surrounding landscape benefits bird species richness locally and aids farmers through reduced abundance of strawberry‐eating birds and bird damage. These results highlight the need to consider both the services and disservices of birds when making management decisions.
Data from: A resurrection experiment finds evidence of both reduced genetic diversity and potential adaptive evolution in the agricultural weed Ipomoea purpurea
Despite the negative economic and ecological impact of weeds, relatively little is known about the evolutionary mechanisms that influence their persistence in agricultural fields. Here, we use a resurrection approach to examine the potential for genotypic and phenotypic evolution in Ipomoea purpurea, an agricultural weed that is resistant to glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide in current-day agriculture. We found striking reductions in allelic diversity between cohorts sampled nine years apart (2003 vs. 2012), suggesting that populations of this species sampled from agricultural fields have experienced genetic bottleneck events that have led to lower neutral genetic diversity. Heterozygosity excess tests indicate that these bottlenecks may have occurred prior to 2003. A greenhouse assay of individuals sampled from the field as seed found that populations of this species, on average, exhibited modest increases in herbicide resistance over time. However, populations differed significantly between sampling years for resistance: some populations maintained high resistance between the sampling years whereas others exhibited increased or decreased resistance. Our results show that populations of this noxious weed, capable of adapting to strong selection imparted by herbicide application, may lose genetic variation as a result of this or other environmental factors. We probably uncovered only modest increases in resistance on average between sampling cohorts due to a strong and previously identified fitness cost of resistance in this species, along with the potential that nonresistant migrants germinate from the seed bank.
Data from: The impact of tropical forest logging and oil palm agriculture on the soil microbiome
Selective logging and forest conversion to oil palm agriculture are rapidly altering tropical forests. However, functional responses of the soil microbiome to these land-use changes are poorly understood. Using 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we compared composition and functional attributes of soil biota between unlogged, once-logged and twice-logged rainforest, and areas converted to oil palm plantations in Sabah, Borneo. Although there was no significant effect of logging history, we found a significant difference between the taxonomic and functional composition of both primary and logged forests and oil palm. Oil palm had greater abundances of genes associated with DNA, RNA, protein metabolism and other core metabolic functions, but conversely, lower abundance of genes associated with secondary metabolism and cell–cell interactions, indicating less importance of antagonism or mutualism in the more oligotrophic oil palm environment. Overall, these results show a striking difference in taxonomic composition and functional gene diversity of soil microorganisms between oil palm and forest, but no significant difference between primary forest and forest areas with differing logging history. This reinforces the view that logged forest retains most features and functions of the original soil community. However, networks based on strong correlations between taxonomy and functions showed that network complexity is unexpectedly increased due to both logging and oil palm agriculture, which suggests a pervasive effect of both land-use changes on the interaction of soil microbes.
Data from: Soil management shapes ecosystem service provision and trade-offs in agricultural landscapes
Agroecosystems are principally managed to maximize food provisioning even if they receive a large array of supporting and regulating ecosystem services (ESs). Hence, comprehensive studies investigating the effects of local management and landscape composition on the provision of and trade-offs between multiple ESs are urgently needed. We explored the effects of conservation tillage, nitrogen fertilization and landscape composition on six ESs (crop production, disease control, soil fertility, water quality regulation, weed and pest control) in winter cereals. Conservation tillage enhanced soil fertility and pest control, decreased water quality regulation and weed control, without affecting crop production and disease control. Fertilization only influenced crop production by increasing grain yield. Landscape intensification reduced the provision of disease and pest control. We also found tillage and landscape composition to interactively affect water quality regulation and weed control. Under N fertilization, conventional tillage resulted in more trade-offs between ESs than conservation tillage. Our results demonstrate that soil management and landscape composition affect the provision of several ESs and that soil management potentially shapes the trade-offs between them
Figure 1 from: Horňák O, Mock A, Šarapatka B, Tuf IH (2020) Character of woodland fragments affects distribution of myriapod assemblages in agricultural landscape. In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 139-151. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48586
Figure 1 GAM plots evaluating effect of selected measured environmental factors to communities of centipedes and millipedes a relationship between size of wood fragments and number of centipedes' species trapped b relationship between thickness of leaf litter and number of centipedes trapped c relationship between species richness of trees in sites and number of centipedes trapped d relationship between thickness of leaf litter and number of millipedes trapped. Circles on diagram represent individual fragments of woodland.
Total Agriculture Climate Impact Distributions
<p>Percentiles of agricultural impacts due to climate change, organized by level of aggregation, climate scenario, and time period.</p> <p>Agricultural impacts are estimated by applying future climate data to dose-response functions of yields for maize, wheat, cotton, and soybeans, and combining them according to land area. The dose-response functions include the effects of moderate and extreme temperatures, precipitation, and CO2 fertilization.</p> <p>The uncertainty represented by these percentiles comes from a combination of statistical uncertainty in the dose-response functions, climate uncertainty across GCMs, and within-month weather realization, as sampled by Monte Carlo runs.</p> <p>The archive contains four folders: county_20a with county-level impacts, state_20yr with state-aggregated impacts, nca_20yr with NCA-region aggregated impacts, and national_20y with nationally aggregated impacts. Aggregation is weighted by planted area within each region</p> <p>The files are labeled as follow:</p> <p>yields-total-<RCP>-<YEAR><SUFFIX>.</p> <p>The RCP may be RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, or RCP 8.5; the years are "2020", for average impacts during 2020 - 2039, "2040" for impacts 2040 - 2059, and "2080" for impacts 2080 - 2099. Files with the suffix 'b.csv' contain percent changes; those with the suffix '-absolute.csv' contain level changes in MT.</p> <p>The columns of these files specify the region (using the FIPS code for counties), and the quantiles from 1% ("q0.01") to 99% ("q0.99").</p> <p><em>This data is provided for non-commercial research and educational purposes.</em></p>
IMPROVING THE MECHANISM OF INCREASING THE SYNERGIC EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF LAND AND WATER RESOURCES IN AGRICULTURE
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THE ROLE OF ECONOMIC REFORMS IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF OUR COUNTRY IN INCREASING THE EXPORT POTENTIAL OF OUR COUNTRY.
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METEOROLOGICAL AND AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT RISK ASSESSMENT VIA KAPLAN-MEIER SURVIVABILITY ESTIMATOR SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
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