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Figure 10 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 10. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Typhlops jamaicensis, transverse cutaway slice 146; B, Lampropeltis getula (Linnaeus, 1766), transverse cutaway slice 089; C, Dibamus novaeguineae, transverse cutaway slice 113; D, T. jamaicensis, transverse cutaway slice 186; E, Homalopsis buccata (Linnaeus, 1758), transverse cutaway slice 081; F, Xenodermus javanicus, transverse cutaway slice 070. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 2 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 2. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Morunasaurus annularis, ventral view; B, M. annularis, transverse cutaway slice 151; C, Tiliqua scincoides (White, 1790), ventral view; D, T. scincoides, transverse cutaway slice 150. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 9 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 9. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Heloderma horridum (Wiegmann, 1829), ventral view; B, H. horridum, sagittal cutaway slice 160; C, Lanthanotus borneensis, ventral view; D, L. borneensis, transverse cutaway slice 067. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 6 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 6. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Lacerta viridis (Laurenti, 1768), ventral view; B, L. viridis, transverse cutaway slice 066; C, L. viridis, sagittal cutaway slice 173; D, L. viridis, transverse cutaway slice 087; E, Cordylus mossambicus (Fitzsimons, 1958), transverse cutaway slice 107. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 7 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 7. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions of Ophisaurus apodus. A, ventral view; B, sagittal cutaway slice 161; C, transverse cutaway slice 091. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Figure 10 in Comparative morphology of the skeletal parts of the sting apparatus of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Figure 10. Basal portions of second valvifers (A–D), sting shafts (E–T) and processus articularis (U–Z), anterior to the left unless otherwise stated. (A–D) Incisura postarticularis and adjacent structures of (A) Euryglossa, (B) Diphaglossa, (C) Systropha, and (D) Nomada. (E–H) Pars articularis of (E) Caupolicana, (F) Crawfordapis, (G) Andrena, (H) Megachile. (I–L) Anterior views of sting shaft bases, dorsal to the top, of (I) Colletes, (J) Andrena (with furcula), (K) Melitta (with furcula), and (L) Exomalopsis. (M–T) Lateral view of sting shaft base of (M) Tachytes, (N) Hylaeus, (O) Eulonchopria, (P) Diphaglossa, (Q) Oxaea, showing entire sclerotized portion of sting shaft, base of membranous region dotted, (R) Dieunomia, (S) Megachile, and (T) Xylocopa. (U–Z) Ventral view of processus articularis of (U) Tachytes, (V) Diphaglossa, (W) Macropis, (X) Oxaea, (Y) Eucera, and (Z) Xylocopa.

Figure 1 in Comparative morphology of the skeletal parts of the sting apparatus of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Figure 1. Lateral view of the sting apparatus of a generalized bee, Andrena pubescens as found at rest, with each individual structure shown separately in the position interpreted to represent its morphologically correct orientation where this is possible. Anterior to the left. For the hemiterga, the lateral margins are towards the bottom of the figure, medial margins towards the top. This figure is generally representative of the structures found in all bees with the exception of the unusually short dorsal arm to the furcula in this genus.

Figure 6 in Comparative morphology of the skeletal parts of the sting apparatus of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Figure 6. Variation in 8th hemitergites of bees, morphologically dorsal views anterior to the left. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (A) Crawfordapis, 8th hemitergite and first valvifer. (B). Caupolicana. (C) Protandrena. (D) Protoxaea. (E) Corynura. (F) Melitta. (G) Dasypoda. (H) Epeolus. (I) Leiopodus.

Figure 7 in Comparative morphology of the skeletal parts of the sting apparatus of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Figure 7. Variation in the first valvifers of bees and wasps, lateral views anterior to the left. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (A) Anoplius, first valvifer with first ramus attached. (B) Pemphredon. (C) Systropha. (D) Dieunomia. (E) Fidelia, valvifer with first ramus attached. (F) Lithurgus. (G) Trachusa. (H) Nomada. (I) Leiopodus, valvifer with first ramus attached.

Figure 3 in Comparative morphology of the skeletal parts of the sting apparatus of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Figure 3. Variation in structure of 7th hemitergites of crabronid wasps and bees of the family Colletidae, views of morphologically dorsal surface with anterior to the left. In this figure and Figs 4 and 5, the tubular structure arising from the spiracular opening is the trachea of the 7th gastral segment. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (A) Tachytes. (B) Pemphredon, hemitergites of both sides showing incomplete sclerotized bridge between them. (C) Euryglossa. (D) Hylaeus. (E) Chilicola. (F) Crawfordapis.

Figure 11 in Comparative morphology of the skeletal parts of the sting apparatus of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Figure 11. Variation in structure of the furcula and sting shaft in the Apoidea, viewed from the anterior unless otherwise stated. (A) Tachytes, showing articulation of furcula with the processi mediani on each side of the sting shaft base, ventral view with furcula rotated anteriorly. (B) Colletes, showing dorsal and lateral views of sting shaft with inset enlarged view of sting shaft base, anterior to left. (C) Hesperapis, lateral view of sting shaft and furcula, anterior to left. (D) Hylaeus, anterior and lateral views of furcula. (E) Colletes, furcula. (F) Macropis, furcula and base of sting shaft and other sting sclerites, dorsal towards top of figure. (G) Lithurgus, furcula and sting shaft base with furcula rotated somewhat anteriorly. (H) Megachile, furcula. (I) Epeolus, furcula, sting shaft base and portions of sting sclerites, dorsal towards top of figure.

Figure 4 in Comparative morphology of the skeletal parts of the sting apparatus of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Figure 4. Hemitergites of various short-tongued bees other than Colletidae, views of morphologically dorsal surface anterior to the left. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (A) Protandrena. (B) Macrotera. (C) Protoxaea. (D) Dieunomia. (E) Dasypoda. (F) Meganomia.

Figure 2 in Comparative morphology of the skeletal parts of the sting apparatus of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Figure 2. Variation in overall appearance of the sting apparatus in bees and apoid wasps. Anterior to the left, scale bar = 1 mm. (A) Tachytes, dorsal view, (B) Orphana, ventral view of partially flattened apparatus with second rami pushed out of position towards the anterior. (C) Stenotritus, ventral view of partially flattened apparatus. (D) Ctenocolletes, ventral view. (E) Trachusa, ventral view of slightly flattened apparatus. (F) Osiris, lateral view with inset showing dorsal view of all but the sting shaft; 7th hemiterga omitted in both parts of this figure; the sting has been pulled down from the rest of the apparatus, and so for the sting shaft the anterior end is towards the top of the figure.

Figure 9 in Comparative morphology of the skeletal parts of the sting apparatus of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Figure 9. Variation in the first and second valvifers or gonostyli of various bees and apoid wasps, lateral views anterior to the left unless otherwise stated. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (A) Systropha, second valvifer. (B) Corynura, first and second valvifers. (C) Dasypoda, first and part of second valvifers. (D) Eucera, second valvifer and sting shaft. (E) Tachytes, gonostylus in ventral view. (F) Colletes, gonostylus. (G) Dieunomia, second valvifer, ventro-lateral view. (H) Dasypoda, gonostylus. (I) Dieunomia, gonostylus ventral view. (J) Lithurgus, anteior ridge region of second valvifer in dorsal view. (K) Dieunomia, gonostylus in lateral view. (L) Coelioxoides, second valvifer and apex of rami and furcula.

Figure 8 in Comparative morphology of the skeletal parts of the sting apparatus of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Figure 8. Variation in second valvifers of bees and apoid wasps, lateral view, anterior to the left unless otherwise stated. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (A) Whole sting apparatus of Mellinus. Apico-dorsal view of sting apparatus to show sclerotized bridges uniting the two 7th hemiterga, the two 8th hemiterga and the second valvifers, ventral surface at bottom of figure. (B) Euryglossa, second valvifer. (C) Hylaeus, first and second valvifers. (D) Crawfordapis, first and second valvifers. (E) Protandrena, first and second valvifers with first ramus and base of lancet. (F) Macrotera, ventral view of sting shaft, and parts of first and second valvifers. (G) Protoxaea, first and second valvifers with gonostylus omitted.

Figure 5 in Comparative morphology of the skeletal parts of the sting apparatus of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Figure 5. Variation in hemitergites of various long-tongued bees, views of morphologically dorsal surface anterior to the left unless stated otherwise. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (A) Fidelia. (B) Megachile, dorsal view on left, posterior view on right to show blister-like protrusion in profile. (C) Epeolus. (D) Xylocopa. (E) Eucera. (F) Leiopodus.

Figure 32. Dorsal gill arches. A in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha)

Figure 32. Dorsal gill arches. A, Hiodon alosoides (UMA F10597, 62 mm SL). B, Xenomystus nigri (FMNH 69494, approx. 90 mm SL). C, Myomyrus macrodon (MCZ 50218, 102 mm SL). D, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (UMA F10336, approx. 55 mm SL); iph1 of the left side is missing from this specimen and is indicated by dashed line. E, Pantodon buchholzi (FMNH 63752, 74 mm SL); iph2 of right side is abnormally small. F, Arapaima gigas (UMA F11261, 145 mm SL); gill rakers omitted from the left side. All in ventral (= oral) view except Hiodon, which is in dorsal view. Cartilage shown in black. Anterior facing left. Illustration of Hiodon modified from Hilton (2002: fig. 56).

Figure 41 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha)

Figure 41. Semi-schematic illustrations of right opercles in medial view (except C, which is left opercle in lateral view). A, Elops (UMA F10255; 425 mm SL). B, Hiodon (UMA F10177; 267 mm SL). C, †Lycoptera (Modified from Jin et al., 1995: fig. 6). D, Arapaima (UMA F11263; est. 1270 mm SL). E, Pantodon (UMA F11264; 70 mm SL). F, Xenomystus (FMNH 69494; approx. 90 mm SL). G, Scleropages (UMA F11266, approx. 320 mm SL). H, Osteoglossum (UMA F10160, 365 mm SL). I, Gnathonemus (UMA F11267, approx. 140 mm SL). Anterior facing left.

Figure 38. Caudal skeleton. A in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha)

Figure 38. Caudal skeleton. A, †Phareodus testis (UMA F11332, 260 mm SL). B, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (FMNH 109232a, 270 mm SL). C, Pantodon buchholzi (FMNH 63752, 62 mm SL). D, Heterotis niloticus (UMA F10653, 75 mm SL). Anterior facing left.

Figure 31 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha)

Figure 31. Ventral elements of the gill arches and basihyal of mormyrids. A, Petrocephalus simus (MCZ 50113, 55 mm SL). B, Campylomormyrus tamandua (FMNH 55300B, 84 mm SL). C, basibranchial toothplate, basibranchial 1 and urohyal of C. rhynchophorus (MCZ 50166, 97 mm SL). A & B shown in dorsal and ventral views; C shown in lateral view. Arrow in A & B indicates the position at which the hypohyals and ceratohyals meet the basihyal/basibranchial skeleton. Cartilage shown in black. Anterior facing left.