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Fig. 6 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 6. Geometry used to compute the area, centroid, and second moments of area of a nasal cross−section (from middle region of fused Tyrannosaurus rex nasals: TMP 98.86.01; cast of BHI 2033). A. Decomposition of the cross−section to compute area by summing areas of triangles. Small "+"s are centroids of individual triangles. Large "+" is the centroid for the complete section. B. Cross−section partitioned into horizontal and vertical strips of known area and position, used to calculate second moments of area.
Fig. 5 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 5. CT cross sections and reconstructions of Allosaurus fragilis nasals: A, largest (UUVP 1663/UMNH VP 9146); B, midsize (UUVP 1913/ UMNH VP 9144); and C, smallest (UUVP 10854/UMNHVP 7784). Anterior is to the right. Cross sections are from the strongly pneumatized regions of the nasals, at positions indicated by the dashed lines. The slices are normalized to the same size to show the relative degree of pneumatic excavation, evident despite mineral infilling in some sections. Reconstructions are in lateral views and in dorsal views with single left or right specimens mirrored to replicate complete pairs. Specimen B is broken over the posterior part of the external nares. Scale bar 10 cm.
Fig. 4 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 4. CT reconstructions of tyrannosaurid nasals in side and top views. Anterior is to the right. A. Tyrannosaurus rex (TMP 98.86.01; cast of BHI 2033). B. Daspletosaurus torosus (TMP 98.48.1). C. Albertosaurus sarcophagus (TMP 2000.12.1). D. Adult Gorgosaurus libratus (TMP 86.64.1). E. Juvenile Gorgosaurus libratus (TMP 86.144.1). Scale bars 15 cm.
Fig. 1 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 1. Comparison of cranial and nasal morphology of: A, the tyrannosaurid Tyrannosaurus rex (TMP 98.86.01; cast of BHI 2033) and B, the carnosaur Allosaurus fragilis (UUVP 1663/UMNH VP 9146; mirrored to depict a complete pair). Scale axes for crania are in meters. Nasals in their life positions are highlighted in lateral and dorsal cranial views, and rendered in oblique view (not to scale). The T. rex nasals are tall, vaulted, and fused, while the A. fragilis nasals are lower and unfused.
(G) Higher magnification of dinosaur femur fragment in oblique view shows dense CB lined with newly described bone tissue, also seen in oblique view of emu (H) and ostrich (I) tibia. Ostrich MB is apparently unique in forming longitudinal tubules. in Gender-Specific Reproductive Tissue in Ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex
(G) Higher magnification of dinosaur femur fragment in oblique view shows dense CB lined with newly described bone tissue, also seen in oblique view of emu (H) and ostrich (I) tibia. Ostrich MB is apparently unique in forming longitudinal tubules.
Figure 3 in Dinosaur Census Reveals Abundant Tyrannosaurus and Rare Ontogenetic Stages in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), Montana, USA
Figure 3. Tyrannosaurus (MOR 1125, ''B-rex'') teeth from the lower jaw of this medium-sized skeleton illustrate the extreme range in overall tooth size within one individual. A. A smaller posterior tooth from position #14 from the front of the jaw. B. A larger tooth from position #4 in the same jaw. This demonstrates why shed dinosaur teeth are not a reliable indicator of relative skeletal size and ontogenetic age. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016574.g003
Figure 3 in An approach to scoring cursorial limb proportions in carnivorous dinosaurs and an attempt to account for allometry
Figure 3. Theropod phylogeny, with CLP scores reported for individual species and average CLP scores reported for larger clades.
Figure 2 in An approach to scoring cursorial limb proportions in carnivorous dinosaurs and an attempt to account for allometry
Figure 2. Log/log plot of femur vs. lower-leg length for the initial dataset of 53 theropod taxa. The red line denotes the best-fit power curve and the dotted lines denote the confidence interval.
Figure 1 in An approach to scoring cursorial limb proportions in carnivorous dinosaurs and an attempt to account for allometry
Figure 1. The general observation that smaller-bodied non-avian theropods tend to have proportionately longer lower legs holds true across comparisons between distantly related taxa (A), closely related taxa (B), and ontogenetic stages within a single taxon (C). All illustrations scaled to the same proximodistal femur length.
Figure 1 in A fossil protein chimera; difficulties in discriminating dinosaur peptide sequences from modern cross-contamination
Figure 1. Tandem mass spectrum from high-resolution (HCD) fragmentation analysis of the peptide sequence (GPPGESGAVGPAGPIGSR) matched from our analysis of ostrich bone collagen that is homologous to the peptide proposed as unique to T. rex and B. canadensis.
Figure 2 in A fossil protein chimera; difficulties in discriminating dinosaur peptide sequences from modern cross-contamination
Figure 2. Tandem mass spectrum of the peptide sequence claimed as being endogenous to both dinosaurs with sequence (GLPGESGAVGPAGPPGSR) downloaded from the B. canadensis analysis by Schweitzer et al. [14].
Formation binning: a new method for increased temporal resolution in regional studies, applied to the Late Cretaceous dinosaur fossil record of North America
<p>The advent of palaeontological occurrence databases has allowed for detailed reconstruction and analyses of species richness through deep time. While a substantial literature has evolved ensuring that taxa are fairly counted within and between different time periods, how time itself is divided has received less attention. Stage-level or equal-interval age bins have been frequently used for regional and global studies in vertebrate palaeontology. However, when assessing diversity at a regional scale, these resolutions can prove inappropriate with the available data. Herein, we propose a new method of binning geological time for regional studies that intrinsically incorporates the chronostratigraphic heterogeneity of different rock formations to generate unique stratigraphic bins. We use this method to investigate the diversity dynamics of dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of the Western Interior of North America prior to the Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction. Increased resolution through formation binning pinpoints the Maastrichtian diversity decline to between 68–66 Ma, coinciding with the retreat of the Western Interior Seaway. Diversity curves are shown to exhibit volatile patterns using different binning methods, supporting claims that heterogeneous biases in this time-frame affect the pre-extinction palaeobiological record. We also show that apparent high endemicity of dinosaurs in the Campanian is a result of non-contemporaneous geological units within large time bins. This study helps to illustrate the utility of high-resolution, regional studies to supplement our understanding of factors governing global diversity in deep time and ultimately how geology is inherently tied to our understanding of past changes in species richness.</p>
Appendix 1 in Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado
Appendix 1 (continued on next page). Localities containing dinosaurian fossils in Denver Basin, Colorado. Strata in reverse stratigraphic order. See Figure 1 for plot of localities. Precise locality information on file at University of Colorado Museum, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Yale Peabody Museum, and National Museum of Natural History. Some sites are no longer accessible due to construction. Some sites were recorded but specimens were too scrappy for collection; these are added for completeness. Locality numbers given where available (many sites have no number).
Figure 11 in Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado
Figure 11, left. Fossils referred to Torosaurus sp. (DMNH 17060), formerly known as Leyden Triceratops. Left dentary in lateral (A) and medial (S') views. Left coracoid (C), and left scapula (D). Crushed left humerus in anterior (E), and posterior (E) views. Right pubis (G) and ischium (FT). Scale bar = 10 cm.
Figure 17 in Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado
Figure 17. Restored pelvis of the ceratopsian shown in Figure 8 in right lateral view (pubis reversed). Scale bar = 10 cm.
Figure 3 in Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado
Figure 3, facing page, right panel. Another holotype by Cope (1874a) from Bijou Creek is Polyonax mortuarius (AMNH 1568). A, dorsal centrum; B, bone fragment; C, fibula (misidentified as a horn by Hatcher, 1907); and D-I, bone fragments. Compare with Cope (1875) pl. 2 figs. 3-5, pl. 3 figs. 1-4. Scale in cm.
Figure 2 in Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado
Figure 2, facing page, left panel. Some of first dinosaur specimens to be described from Denver Basin include these of holotype of Cionodon arctatus (AMNH 3951), described by Cope (1874a). Specimens were collected along Bijou Creek. A and B, proximal ends of metatarsals; C, distal end of metatarsal III; andD, E, F, maxillary fragments. Compare with Cope (1875) pl. 1, pl. 2 figs. 1-4. Scale in cm.
Figure 5 in Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado
Figure 5. Famous "Bison" alticornis horn cores from bluffs along South Platte River, opposite confluence with Cherry Creek in lateral (A) and anterior (B) views. Had Marsh attempted to reconstruct the horns as bison, the skull would have looked as in C.
Fig. 29 in Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada
Fig. 29. Daspletosaurus sp. (TMP 94.143.1). Left palatine (and part of pterygoid) in lateral (A), medial (B), anterior (C), and ventral (D) views.
Fig. 24 in Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada
Fig. 24. Daspletosaurus sp. (TMP 94.143.1). Left quadratojugal in lateral (A), medial (B), and posterior (C) views.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.