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Figure 45 Character 45 in New morphological characters for classifying Phoridae (Diptera) from the structure of the thorax

Figure 45 Character 45. Lumen of hind coxa large (0); lumen of hind coxa reduced (1). A, Javanoxenia. B, Brownphora. C, Apodicrania. D, Neopleurophora. E, Diplonevra. F, Borophaga.

Figure 44 Character 44 in New morphological characters for classifying Phoridae (Diptera) from the structure of the thorax

Figure 44 Character 44. Strong postpronotal seta present (0); reduced (1); absent (2). A, Callomyia. B, Lonchoptera. C, Sciadocera. D, Chonocephalus. E, Javanoxenia. F, Latiborophaga.

Figure 38 Character 38 in New morphological characters for classifying Phoridae (Diptera) from the structure of the thorax

Figure 38 Character 38. Limit between meron and anepimeron marked by a suture (0); suture between meron and anepimeron absent or largely missing (1). A, Sciadocera. B, Chonocephalus. C, Ctenopleuriphora. D, Beckerina. E, Coniceromyia. F, Misotermes.

Figure 1 in New morphological characters for classifying Phoridae (Diptera) from the structure of the thorax

Figure 1 Lateral view of the thorax of Cyclotelus (Therevidae). Abbreviations: AnII, anterior anepisternum II; AnIII, metanepisternum; AnP, posterior anepisternum; Ap, antepronotum; CeS, cervical sclerite; CxI, forecoxa; CxII, midcoxa; Cx III, hind coxa; EsI, proepisternum I; Em I, proepimeron I; Em II (Ae), anepimeron II; Em II (Ke), katepimeron II; Em III, epimeron III; KtII, katepisternum (= mesokatepisternum); KtIII, metakatepisternum; Lt, laterotergite; Md, mediotergite; MeII, meron; Pp, postpronotum; PtII, mesopleurotrochantin; RR, paratergite; ScIII, metascutum; TgII, mesothoracic tegula.

Figure 41 Character 41 in New morphological characters for classifying Phoridae (Diptera) from the structure of the thorax

Figure 41 Character 41. Meron microtrichose (0); with microtrichia reduced or absent (1). A, Chonocephalus. B, Javanoxenia. C, Ctenopleuriphora. D, Dohrniphora. E, Hypocera. F, Peromitra.

Figure 39 Character 39 in New morphological characters for classifying Phoridae (Diptera) from the structure of the thorax

Figure 39 Character 39. Meron dorsally slightly convex or relatively flat (0); dorsal part of meron deeply concave (1). A, Sciadocera. B, Chonocephalus. C, Apodicrania. D, Phora. E, Psyllomyia. F, Peromitra.

Figure 19 Character 12 in New morphological characters for classifying Phoridae (Diptera) from the structure of the thorax

Figure 19 Character 12. Mesopleural suture in an almost right angle with anapleural suture (0); mesopleural suture joining anapleural suture at an obtuse angle (1). A, Sciadocera. B, Chonocephalus. C, Ctenopleuriphora. D, Mannheimsia. E, Phora. F, Chaetocnemistoptera.

Figure 38. Character 77 in Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis and classification of the family Rhinocryptidae (Aves: Passeriformes)

Figure 38. Character 77 and its postulated states. Syrinx, ventrolateral surface, cranial half, sulcus: A, absent – 77.0; B, present – 77.1. Stippled areas are cartilaginous tissue, non-stippled areas are calcified structures. A1/B1 elements are indicated. Syringes of (A) Liosceles thoracicus (MZUSP, uncatalogued) and (B) Scelorchilus rubecula (MCP 2400) in lateral view. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 40. Character 83 in Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis and classification of the family Rhinocryptidae (Aves: Passeriformes)

Figure 40. Character 83 and its postulated states. Syrinx and lower trachea, lateral surface, musculature, configuration: A, not forming an intrinsic muscle – 83.0; B, forming a single pair of intrinsic muscles – 83.1; C, forming two pairs of intrinsic muscles – 83.2. Stippled areas are cartilaginous tissue, non-stippled areas are calcified structures. A1/B1 elements are indicated. Syringes of (A) Conopophaga lineata (MCP 2490), (B) Psilorhamphus guttatus (MCP 2699) and (C) Dendrocolaptes platyrostris (MCP 2602) in lateral view (A, B, left side; C, right side). Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 41. Character 85 in Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis and classification of the family Rhinocryptidae (Aves: Passeriformes)

Figure 41. Character 85 and its postulated states. Syrinx and lower trachea, dorsoventral intrinsic muscle: A, absent – 85.0; B, present – 85.1. Stippled areas are cartilaginous tissue, non-stippled areas are calcified structures. A1/B1 elements are indicated. Syringes of (A) Myornis senilis (QCAZ 3724) and (B) Pteroptochos castaneus (AMNH 11694) in lateral view. Scale bars 2 mm.

Figure 37. Character 75 and its postulated states. A2–A6 in Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis and classification of the family Rhinocryptidae (Aves: Passeriformes)

Figure 37. Character 75 and its postulated states. A2–A6 elements, ventral surface, cartilaginous protuberance: A, absent – 75.0; B, present – 75.1. Stippled areas are cartilaginous tissue, non-stippled areas are calcified structures. A1/B1 elements are indicated. Syringes of (A) Myornis senilis (QCAZ 3724) and (B) Merulaxis ater (MCP 2001) in lateral view. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 35. Character 71 in Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis and classification of the family Rhinocryptidae (Aves: Passeriformes)

Figure 35. Character 71 and its postulated states. Processus vocalis, left one, size relative to the right processus: A, equal or subequal – 71.0; B, shorter – 71.1. Stippled areas are cartilaginous tissue, non-stippled areas are calcified structures. A1/B1 elements are indicated. Syringes of (A) Liosceles thoracicus (MZUSP, uncatalogued) and (B) Scytalopus pachecoi (MCP 1040) in dorsal view. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 33. Character 67 in Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis and classification of the family Rhinocryptidae (Aves: Passeriformes)

Figure 33. Character 67 and its postulated states. Processus vocalis, cranial portion, orientation: A, same as the main axis – 67.0; B, ventrally oriented – 67.1; C, ventrad and then craniad – 67.2. Stippled areas are cartilaginous tissue, non-stippled areas are calcified structures. A1/B1 elements are indicated. Syringes of (A) Acropternis orthonyx (QCAZ 3723), (B) Pteroptochos castaneus (AMNH 11694), and (C) Eleoscytalopus indigoticus (MCP 2332) in lateral view. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 34. Character 70 in Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis and classification of the family Rhinocryptidae (Aves: Passeriformes)

Figure 34. Character 70 and its postulated states. Processus vocalis, lateral surface, rectangular ossified plate: A, absent – 70.0; B, present – 70.1. Stippled areas are cartilaginous tissue, non-stippled areas are calcified structures. A1/B1 elements are indicated. Syringes of (A) Merulaxis ater (MCP 2001) and (B) Eleoscytalopus indigoticus (MCP 2332) in lateral view (A, left side; B, right side). Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 30. Character 64 in Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis and classification of the family Rhinocryptidae (Aves: Passeriformes)

Figure 30. Character 64 and its postulated states. Processus vocalis, composition: A, cartilage – 64.0; B, cartilaginous caudal half, ossified cranial half – 64.1; C, mostly ossified, with a cartilaginous base – 64.2; D, entirely ossified – 64.3. Stippled areas are cartilaginous tissue, non-stippled areas are calcified structures. A1/B1 elements are indicated. Syringes of (A) Melanopareia torquata (MCP 2588), (B) Liosceles thoracicus (MZUSP, uncatalogued), (C) Myornis senilis (QCAZ 3724), and (D) Furnarius rufus (MCP 1058) in lateral view (shown are the right side in A, B and D and the left side in C). Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 31. Character 65 in Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis and classification of the family Rhinocryptidae (Aves: Passeriformes)

Figure 31. Character 65 and its postulated states. Processus vocalis, caudal end, attachment: A, from A2 craniad – 65.0; B, from A1 craniad – 65.1. Stippled areas are cartilaginous tissue, non-stippled areas are calcified structures. A1/B1 elements are indicated. Syringes of (A) Melanopareia torquata (MCP 2588) and (B) Formicarius colma (MCP 2478) in ventral view. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 29. Characters 55 and 56 and their postulated states. Char. 55 in Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis and classification of the family Rhinocryptidae (Aves: Passeriformes)

Figure 29. Characters 55 and 56 and their postulated states. Char. 55. Hypotarsus, posterolateral tendinal canal, configuration: A, closed – 55.0; B, open – 55.1. Char. 56. Hypotarsus, posteromedial tendinal canal, configuration: B, closed – 56.0; A, open – 56.1. Proximal end of right tarsometatarsus of (A) Eugralla paradoxa (MCP 2398) and left tarsometatarsus of (B) Pteroptochos tarnii (MCP 2397). Not to scale.

Figure 28. Character 51 in Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis and classification of the family Rhinocryptidae (Aves: Passeriformes)

Figure 28. Character 51 and its postulated states. Synsacral vertebrae, paired fenestrae: A, present throughout the synsacrum – 51.0; B, present only in the caudal portion – 51.1. Pelvis of (A) Scelorchilus rubecula (MCP 2400) and (B) Rhinocrypta lanceolata (MCP 2395) in dorsal view. Not to scale.

Figure 26. Character 49 in Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis and classification of the family Rhinocryptidae (Aves: Passeriformes)

Figure 26. Character 49 and its postulated states. Ilium, dorsal iliac crests, configuration: A, well separated, with no fusion – 49.0; B, largely or completely fused medially – 49.1. Pelvis of (A) Psilorhamphus guttatus (MCP 2699) and (B) Rhinocrypta lanceolata (MCP 2395) in dorsal view. Not to scale.

Figure 25. Character 47 in Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis and classification of the family Rhinocryptidae (Aves: Passeriformes)

Figure 25. Character 47 and its postulated states. Humerus, fossa pneumotricipitalis, internal osseous wall: A, absent – 47.0; B, present – 47.1. Note in A the presence of trabecula ossea well inside the hollow head of humerus, beyond fossa pneumotricipitalis (fp). Ventral surface of humerus of (A) Liosceles thoracicus (MZUSP, uncatalogued) and (B) Pteroptochos tarnii (MCP 2397). Not to scale.