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FIGURES 19–23 in New genera, species and subspecies of tessaratomine true bugs (Heteroptera: Tessaratomidae, Tessaratominae)

FIGURES 19–23: Oukhypencha, female genitalia, evaporatoria.—19–22: female genitalia.—23: evaporatoria.—19, 23: Oukhypencha clemenceae n. sp.—20: Oukhypencha ophthalmica ophthalmica—21: Oukhypencha ophthalmica sumaterensis— 22: Oukhypencha stali. Abbreviations: ad—anterior duct, ev—evaporatoria field, ip—intermediate part, o—ostiole, pd—posterior duct, pw—posterior wall of vagina, r—receptacle, rs—ring sclerite, sd—striated dilation All scales 1 mm.

FIGURES 7–9 in New genera, species and subspecies of tessaratomine true bugs (Heteroptera: Tessaratomidae, Tessaratominae)

FIGURES 7–9: habitus.—7 Oukhypencha stali n. sp. ♀ (holotype); 8–9: Homoiacoris annemarieae n. sp.—8: ♂ (holotype)— 9: ♀ (paratype). Scale 10 mm

FIGURES 24–28 in New genera, species and subspecies of tessaratomine true bugs (Heteroptera: Tessaratomidae, Tessaratominae)

FIGURES 24–28: Homoiacoris annemarieae n. sp. (holotype ♂, paratype ♀); 24: phallus (lateral view)—25: ventral processus (ventral view, right side)—26: paramere (dorsal and lateral view, pilosity omitted in lateral view)—27: spermatheca and sclerotized rings—28: evaporatoria. Abbreviations: ad—anterior duct, ev—evaporatoria field, ip—intermediate part, o—ostiole, pd—posterior duct, pw—posterior wall of vagina, r—receptacle, rs—ring sclerite, sd— striated dilation, sld—sclerified latero-dorsal processus, slv—slerified latero-ventral processus, sml—slerified medio-lateral processus. All scales 1 mm.

FIGURES 4–6 in New genera, species and subspecies of tessaratomine true bugs (Heteroptera: Tessaratomidae, Tessaratominae)

FIGURES 4–6: habitus.—4 Oukhypencha ophthalmica ophthalmica Stål ♀ (holotype); 5–6: Oukhypencha ophthalmica sumaterensis n. sp.—5: ♂ (holotype)—6: ♀ (paratype). Scale 10 mm

FIGURES 1–3 in New genera, species and subspecies of tessaratomine true bugs (Heteroptera: Tessaratomidae, Tessaratominae)

FIGURES 1–3: habitus.—1–2 Oukhypencha clemenceae n.sp.; 1:—♂ (paratype, Sabah)—2: ♀ (West Kalimantan)—3: Oukhypencha florenceae n. sp. (holotype ♂). Scale 10 mm

FIGURE 29 in New genera, species and subspecies of tessaratomine true bugs (Heteroptera: Tessaratomidae, Tessaratominae)

FIGURE 29: distribution map of Oukhypencha n. gn. and Homoiacoris n. gn.: ✦: Oukhypencha clemenceae n.sp.—⦿: Oukhypencha florenceae n.sp. △: Oukhypencha ophthalmica sumaterensis n.subsp.—▲: Oukhypencha ophthalmica s.str.—❀: Oukhypencha stali n. sp.—★: Homoiacoris annemarieae n. sp.

Fig. 9 in Comparing morphology of Myzus persicae regarding the taxonomic clarification of a subspecies colonising tobacco

Fig. 9. SEM images of sensilla on the hind tibia of Myzus persicae nicotianae (A-D) and Myzus persicae persicae (E-H). (A, E) The leg of L2 apterous larvae with ventrally located, short type-I trichoid sensilla and a dorsally located long, curved type-I trichoid sensilla. (B, F) Apterous adult leg with evenly distributed type-I trichoid sensilla of the same length. (C, G) Type-I trichoid sensilla are elongated on the dorsal side of the hind tibia of alate L3-L4 nymphs. (D, H) Alate adults bear the same short type-I trichoid sensilla like apterae ones.

Fig. 3 in Comparing morphology of Myzus persicae regarding the taxonomic clarification of a subspecies colonising tobacco

Fig. 3. SEM images of different stages of alate Myzus persicae nicotianae. (A–A′′′′) Larval stage two to three (L2-L3), (B–B′′′′) L3-L4 nymph bearing wing sheaths, and (C–C′′′′) alata. (A′-C′) Dorsal view of scabrous aphid head with distinctive vertex and diverging antennal tubercles (C′). Details of the thorax with enlarged second segment (A′′) and the base of wing buds (B′′), or fully evolved wings (C′′). The abdomen (A′′′ -C′′′) and the posterior abdominal tergites with siphunculi and cauda (A′′′′-C′′′′).

Fig. 1 in Comparing morphology of Myzus persicae regarding the taxonomic clarification of a subspecies colonising tobacco

Fig. 1. Schematic sketch of green peach aphid morphology. (A) Overview of a winged adult aphid (alata) displaying the different features analysed for morphological differentiation. [1] length of the hind femur (hf); [2] length of hind tibia (ht). (B) Aphid antenna segments (I-VI). [I] scape; [II] pedicel; [III- VI] flagellum; [at] antennal tubercle; [pt] processus terminalis; [1] length of antennal segment III (ant III); [2] diameter of the basal part of segment III (dante III); [3] length of trichoid sensilla on antennal segment III (sensant III), V (sensant V) or base of segment VI (sensant VI); [4] length of the base of segment VI (base VI); [5] length of processus terminalis (pt). (C) Ventral view of the head showing the rostrum. Distance between antennal tubercles (tb); the length of the trichoid sensilla located medially on antennal tubercles (hat). (D) Siphunculus with indicated morphometric characters. Length of siphunculus (ls); minimal width of the proximal part ('stem') of siphunculus (pws); maximal width of distal, swollen part of siphunculus (mws).

Fig. 6 in Comparing morphology of Myzus persicae regarding the taxonomic clarification of a subspecies colonising tobacco

Fig. 6. SEM images of the antenna and corresponding sensilla of the apterous L1 larva (A–A′′′), apterous L2 larva (B–B′′′), and apterous adult (C–C′′′), as well as alate L2-L3 nymph (D–D′′′), alate L3-L4 nymph (E–E′′′), and alate adult (F–F′′′) of Myzus persicae nicotianae. (A–F) The third antennal segment with (B–F) or without (A) type-I trichoid sensilla (blue-coloured). Adult alate specimens bore small multiporous placoid sensilla (secondary rhinaria, pink-coloured) within cuticle cavities along the segment (F). (A′-F′) The distal fifth segment with type-I trichoid sensilla (blue-coloured) and big multiporous placoid sensillum (secondary rhinarium, redcoloured), partially covered by cuticular protrusions. (A′′-F′′) The base of the antennal segment VI with multiple big placoid sensilla (primary rhinaria, red-coloured), type-I (green-coloured), and type-II (yellow-coloured) sunken coeloconic rhinaria, all enclosed by cuticle protrusions in separate cavities. (A′′′ -F′′′) Distal processus terminalis with four type-II trichoid sensilla (purple-coloured).

Fig. 5 in Comparing morphology of Myzus persicae regarding the taxonomic clarification of a subspecies colonising tobacco

Fig. 5. SEM images of juvenile and adult alate Myzus persicae persicae. Nymph at developmental stages two to three, L2-L3 (A–A′′′′) or three to four, L3-L4 (B–B′′′′), and adult (C–C′′′′). The head and antennal tubercles (A′, B′) with diverging features and distinctive vertex (C′). The thoracic segments show an enlarged, still wingless second segment (A′′), the roots of the nymphal wing buds (B′′), and the segment with the attachment point of the forewings (C′′). The overview of the abdominal tergites identifies structural differences between juveniles (A′′′, B′′′) and adult (C′′′). Posterior abdominal tergites and cauda with the siphunculi (A′′′′, B′′′′) exhibiting distal swelling (C′′′′).

Fig. 4 in Comparing morphology of Myzus persicae regarding the taxonomic clarification of a subspecies colonising tobacco

Fig. 4. SEM images of different morphs of apterous Myzus persicae persicae. Larva at developmental stage one, L1 (A–A′′′′) and two, L2 (B–B′′′′), and adult (C–C′′′′). The dorsal, wrinkled head (A′, B′) with some spicules (C′). The three dorsally sculptured thoracic segments (A′′-C′′) and the abdomen (A′′′-C′′′). (A′′′′ -C′′′′) Details of the posterior abdominal tergites with the dorsally located, compressed, and distally swollen (A′′′′, B′′′′) or long cylindrical (C′′′′) siphunculi and the transition to the cauda.

Fig. 2 in Comparing morphology of Myzus persicae regarding the taxonomic clarification of a subspecies colonising tobacco

Fig. 2. SEM images of different stages of apterous Myzus persicae nicotianae. (A–A′′′′) L1, (B–B′′′′) L2, (C–C′′′′) adult. (A′-C′) Dorsal head structure. (A′′-C′′) Thoracic segments. (A′′′-C′′′) Abdominal segments. (A′′′′ -C′′′′) The 8th tergite and the cauda with siphunculi.

Fig. 7 in Comparing morphology of Myzus persicae regarding the taxonomic clarification of a subspecies colonising tobacco

Fig. 7. SEM images of the antennal segments III, V, VI, and corresponding sensilla of Myzus persicae persicae. Apterous L1 (A–A′′′), L2 (B–B′′′), apterous adult (C–C′′ ′), alate L2-L3 nymph (D–D′′′), alate L3-4 nymph (E), and alate adult (F). Antennal segment III without sensilla (A, B) or with evenly distributed type-I trichoid sensilla (blue-coloured, C–F). Adult alate also bore small multiporous placoid sensilla (secondary rhinaria, pink-coloured, F). Segment V with type-I trichoid sensilla (blue-coloured,C′,D′) and big multiporous placoid sensillum (red-coloured) enclosed in a cuticular cavity and covered by protrusions (A′, B′, E′, F′). (A′′-F′′) Base of the sixth segment with type-I trichoid sensilla (blue-coloured) and a group of primary rhinaria composed of three big multiporous placoid sensilla of different sizes (red-coloured), and sunken type-I (green-coloured) and type-II (yellow-coloured) coeloconic sensilla. (A′′′-F′′′) Group of four type-II trichoid sensilla (purple-coloured) at the distal terminal process.

Fig. 8 in Comparing morphology of Myzus persicae regarding the taxonomic clarification of a subspecies colonising tobacco

Fig. 8. SEM images of wings of adult alatae Myzus persicae nicotianae and Myzus persicae persicae (A–D) and nymphal wing buds (E, F). Adult M. p. nicotianae forewing (A′) and hindwing (A′′) surface with distinct crescent- and arrow-shaped structures covering the edges. (B) The M. p. persicae fore- and hindwing surface. (B′, B′′) Small crescent-shaped structures cover the distal parts and veins of the wing with centered small knobby structures. (B′) An arrow marks a hamulus on the claval apparatus of the hindwing. (C) White arrows point to the hamuli on the hindwings of alate specimen of M. p. persicae. Hamuli on the left (C′) and right (C′′) hindwing are surrounded by numerous crescent-shaped structures that also cover the veins and distal parts of the wing. (D) The fore- and hindwing of an alate M. p. persicae show the pterostigma and surrounding structures on the wing membrane with scale-shaped elements of varying shapes (D′). Nymphal wing buds of M. p. persicae (E) and M. p. nicotianae (F).

Figure 4 in A review of the subspecies status of the Icelandic Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima littoralis

Figure 4. Discriminant analysis of principal components based on multilocus sequence data for Calidris maritima from Canada, Iceland, and Svalbard. The first two principal axes are shown, with the first plotted on the vertical axis. The relative contribution of the two axes is shown in the panel. Ellipses are inertia ellipses calculated by the variance of both principal component axes, and represent 67% of the variance (Jombart et al., 2010).

Figure 3 in A review of the subspecies status of the Icelandic Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima littoralis

Figure 3. Haplotype networks for the different markers. Shadings represent the sampled populations: Iceland in black; Canada in dark grey; Svalbard in light grey; and Greenland in white. The size of the circle indicates the number of individuals scaled by a factor of log base 10, the greyscale indicates the population origin. The small black dots between connections represent the mutational distance between haplotypes, with one dot representing one mutational step. The list of haplotypes, their frequencies, and accession numbers are given in Table S2.

Figure 2. A in A review of the subspecies status of the Icelandic Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima littoralis

Figure 2. A multidimensional scaling plot of the pairwise Mahalanobis distances between populations identified in Engelmoer & Roselaar (1998), and by sex. The species names are given for the different subspecies; capital letters refer to samples from Canada (C), Greenland (G), and the North Atlantic (N); , males; ○, females.

Figure 1 in A review of the subspecies status of the Icelandic Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima littoralis

Figure 1. Breeding distribution of the three Calidris maritima subspecies recognized by Engelmoer & Roselaar (1998; redrawn from Cramp & Simmons, 1983). The breeding area for the nominate subspecies is coloured black, the breeding area for the Icelandic subspecies is shown by diagonal hatching, and the breeding area of Calidris maritima belcheri is coloured dark grey. Numbers refer to the sample sites listed in Engelmoer & Roselaar (1998: 1, Northern Canada (other than 2 and 3); 2, Baffin Island; 3, Hudson Bay; 4, Greenland; 5, Iceland; 6, Northern Fennoscandia; 7, Svalbard; 8, Franz Josef Land; 9, Novaya Zemlya; 10, Taymyr.