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Native fauna interact differently with native and alien trees in a tropical megacity

These data files contain data collected on the interaction of urban avian and mammalian pollinators in Bengaluru, India. These data were collected on 8 species each of native and alien tree species in the city. Animals interacting with the trees were observed from December 2019 to March 2020. The observations were made by two observers and classified into various categories like pollination, nectar theft, flower depredation or merely occupancy of the trees. Data on the various tree characteristics like the height and floral display sizes are also included.  Apart from the files that summarise the raw data, here we have also uploaded R files that were used for the data analyses. Each of the fields in the dataset are explained in more detail in the annotation word file.

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Data from: Plant Community Structure in Tropical Rain Forest Fragments of the Western Ghats, India

DESCRIPTIONThis dataset includes vegetation plot data on trees, lianas, understorey plants, and regeneration, and related data and species name matching files in five rainforest sites collected in 2003 as part of the following study:MUTHURAMKUMAR, S., AYYAPPAN, N., PARTHASARATHY, N., MUDAPPA, D., RAMAN, T. R. S., SELWYN, M. A. & PRAGASAN, L. A. 2006. <a href="http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00118.x">Plant community structure in tropical rain forest fragments of the Western Ghats, India</a>. Biotropica 38: 143–160. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00118.xThe regeneration data were analysed and presented in the following publication and related dataset:OSURI, A. M., CHAKRAVARTHY, D., MUDAPPA, D., RAMAN, T. R. S., AYYAPPAN, N., MUTHURAMKUMAR, S. & PARTHASARATHY, N. 2017. Successional status, seed dispersal mode and overstorey species influence tree regeneration in tropical rain-forest fragments in Western Ghats, India. Journal of Tropical Ecology 33(4): 270-284. DOI: <a href="http://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467417000219">10.1017/S0266467417000219</a>OSURI, A. M., CHAKRAVARTHY, D., MUDAPPA, D., RAMAN, T. R. S., AYYAPPAN, N., MUTHURAMKUMAR, S. & PARTHASARATHY, N. 2017. <a href="http://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vd0nn">Data from: Successional status, seed dispersal mode and overstorey species influence tree regeneration in tropical rain-forest fragments in Western Ghats, India</a>, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vd0nn CONTACTSCONTACT #1 1. Name: <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1347-3953">T. R. Shankar Raman</a> 2. Work Address: Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, 12th A Main, Vijayanagar 1st Stage, Mysuru 570017, Karnataka, India 3. Work Phone: +91 821 2515601 4. Email address: trsr@ncf-india.org 5. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1347-3953CONTACT #2 1. Name: <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9708-4826">Divya Mudappa</a> 2. Work Address: Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, 12th A Main, Vijayanagar 1st Stage, Mysuru 570017, Karnataka, India 3. Work Phone: +91 821 2515601 4. Email address: divya@ncf-india.org 5. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9708-4826CONTACT #3 1. Name: <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9909-5633">Anand M. Osuri</a> 2. Work Address: Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, 12th A Main, Vijayanagar 1st Stage, Mysuru 570017, Karnataka, India 3. Work Phone: +91 821 2515601 4. Email address: aosuri@ncf-india.org 5. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9909-5633CONTACT #4 1. Name:  <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4383-557X">N. Ayyappan</a> 2. Work Address: French Institute of Pondicherry, No. 11, Post Box No. 33, Saint Louis Street, Pondicherry – 605 001, India. 3. Work Phone: + 91- 413-2231616 4. Email address: ayyappan.n@ifpindia.org 5. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4383-557XCONTACT #5 1. Name:  <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7791-8499">S. Muthuramkumar</a> 2. Work Address: V.H.N.S.N. College, 3/151-1, College Road, Virudhunagar - 626001, Tamil Nadu, India. 3. Work Phone: + 91-4562-280154 4. Email address: muthuramkumar@vhnsnc.edu.in 5. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7791-8499CONTACT #6 1. Name:  <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4172-5441">N. Parthasarathy</a> 2. Work Address: Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, R Venkat Raman Nagar, Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India 3. Work Phone: + 91-413-2654326 4. Email address: parthapu@yahoo.com 5. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4172-5441 KEYWORDSAnamalai hills; biodiversity hotspot; disturbance; endemics; fragmentation; lianas; plant conservation; tree diversity; tropical rain forest; understory plants. GEOGRAPHIC COVERAGE1. Location/Study Area: Valparai Plateau, Tamil Nadu, India; Anamalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India2. GPS coordinates: Valparai Plateau (10°15'- 10°22'N, 76°52' - 76°59'E); Anamalai Tiger Reserve (10°12' - 10°35'N, 76°49' - 77°24'E) TEMPORAL COVERAGE1. Begins: 2003-03-01 (Year, Month, Day) 2. Ends: 2003-04-30 (Year, Month, Day) METHODSMethods involved systematic vegetation plots for trees, lianans and understorey plants as described in Muthuramkumar et al. 2006 (Biotropica 38: 143–160. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00118.x) and for tree and woody regeneration as described in Osuri et al. 2017 (Journal of Tropical Ecology 33(4): 270-284. DOI: 10.1017/S0266467417000219). The vegetation sampling methods are briefly described below.The present study was conducted in five tropical wet evergreen forest fragments located on the Valparai plateau (Fig. 1): Akkamalai (AK, 2600 ha), Upper Manamboli (UM, 100 ha), Lower Manamboli (LM, 100 ha), Tata Finlay (TF, 32 ha), and Injipara (IP, 18 ha).In each site, vegetation was sampled in randomly placed noncontiguous plots of 20 × 20 m located at least 50 m apart and at least 20 m into the fragment interior from the edges, major trails, or roads. We sampled 20 plots each in IP, TF, and LM, and 25 plots each in UM and AK. Within each plot, all trees ≥30cm girth at breast height (gbh, at 1.3 m; corresponding to DBH of 9.55 cm) and lianas ≥1 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were identified to species, counted, and their girth/diameter measured. For multi-stemmed trees bole girths were measured separately, basal area calculated and summed. Each 20 x 20 m plot was divided into four 10 × 10 m quarters.For understory plants, 2 × 2 m quadrats were laid at the four corners of the 20 × 20 m plot (one in each of the corresponding four quarters) and all shrubs, undershrubs, herbs, ferns, and small twiners found within the quadrats were enumerated and identified. The regeneration sampling was done in a 5 × 5-m plot (0.0025 ha) placed at the outer corner of the first (south-west) quarter of the 20 x 20 m plot. Within each regeneration plot, we identified, counted and measured all tree saplings >1 cm diameter at breast height (dbh, at 1.3 m) and <9.55 cm dbh (equivalent to <30 cm girth at breast height, gbh). Woody shrubs of 1–9.55 cm dbh were alsorecorded in the regeneration plots (but these were excluded in the Osuri et al. 2017 analysis).For vegetatively propagating plants a clump of stems that is basally connected was considered as one individual. Canopy height was measured with a range finder and canopy closure was measured using a spherical densiometer. Vouchers were identified with regional flora and confirmed with the Western Ghats collections available in the herbarium of Salim Ali School of Ecology, Pondicherry University, from our previous works in the region. ACKNOLWEDGEMENTSFunders and other supporters of the research are acknowledged in the original publications. The compilation and publication of this dataset was carried out as part of an NCF project supported by Fondation Franklinia. FILES INCLUDEDBesides the 00_README.txt file that contains this metadata, the dataset includes the following 11 files, whose details and contents are explained below. 01_all_sites.csvDescription: The file contains details of the five study sites (three continuous forest and two forest fragment sites).   Note: Current Name of TF (Tata Finlay) site is Old Valparai, current name of Akkamalai (AK) is Iyerpadi-Akkamalai complex. Sites and codes correspond to the Muthuramkumar et al. 2006 paper (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00118.x).Column names and descriptions: eventDate: Date range when sampling was carried out in the sites old_sitename: Name of the site as used in the Muthuramkumar et al. (2006) paper (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00118.x) sitecode: Site code as used in the Muthuramkumar et al. (2006) paper (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00118.x) site: Site name as at present and used in this dataset decimalLatitude: latitude in decimal degrees North decimalLongitude: longitude in decimal degrees East geodeticDatum: Geodetic Datum WGS 84 coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: Uncertainty in metres of the GPS location (as only one location available for entire site where points were distributed) type: Indicates whether site was continuous rainforest or rainforest fragment Area_ha: Area in hectares Altitude_min_m: Minimum altitude in metres of sampled plots Altitude_max_m: Maximum altitude in metres of sampled plots Ownership: Whether site is in privately owned land or within state-protected reserve Average_canopy_height_m: average canopy height in metres Canopy_closure_%: estimated canopy closure in percentage Nearby_plantations: Adjoining plantations 02_all_trees_adult_data.csvDescription: The file contains records of all adult trees >= 30 cm girth at breast height of 1.3 m (gbh) recorded within 20 m x 20 m plots across three continuous forests and two forest fragments.Note: Same as in the Osuri et al. (2017) dataset (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vd0nn), with Tithonia diversifolia added back in Injipara and data from one additional site (Manamboli Lower) added back from the original dataset corresponding to the Muthuramkumar et al. 2006 paper (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00118.x).   Column names and descriptions: x: Row index site: Name of forest site plot_no: An unique plot number assigned to each 20m x 20m adult tree plot within each site q_no: An unique number assigned to each of four 10m x 10m quarters within each adult plot t_no: An unique number assigned to each individual tree within each site. old_code: Species codes used at the time of data collection (refer to Appendix A of the main paper for full species names, and the 06_all_species_names.csv file with this dataset) osuri_code: Revised species codes used in the Osuri et al. 2017 paper in Journal of Tropical Ecology 33: 270-284 (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467417000219) and related dataset (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vd0nn) current_code: Species codes used at present gbh_1 to gbh_16: Girth at breast height of single- (gbh_1) and multi-stemmed (gbh_2 – gbh_16) individuals, measured in centimetres (cm) P_ID: Unique plot ID created by combining columns site and plot_no 03_all_liana_data.csvDescription: The file contains records of all lianas >= 1 cm diameter at breast height of 1.3 m (dbh) recorded within 20 m x 20 m plots across three continuous forests and two forest fragments.Note: Lianas were not included in the Osuri et al. (2017) dataset (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vd0nn).Column names and descriptions: x: Row index site: Name of forest site plot_no: An unique plot number assigned to each 20m x 20m adult tree plot within each site q_no: An unique number assigned to each of four 10m x 10m quarters within each adult plot t_no: An unique number assigned to each individual tree within each site. old_code: Species codes used at the time of data collection (refer to Appendix A of the main paper for full species names, and the 06_all_species_names.csv file with this dataset) osuri_code: Indicated as NA since these data were not used in the Osuri et al. 2017 paper in Journal of Tropical Ecology 33: 270-284 (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467417000219) and related dataset (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vd0nn) current_code: Species codes used at present dbh_1 to dbh_11: Diameter at breast height of single- (dbh_1) and multi-stemmed (dbh_2 – dbh_11) individuals, measured in centimetres (cm)     P_ID: Unique plot ID created by combining columns site and plot_no 04_all_herbs_data.csvDescription: The file contains records of all understorey plants (shrubs, undershrubs, herbs, ferns, and small twiners) recorded in 2 m × 2 m quadrats laid at the four corners of each 20 m × 20 m plot in three continuous forests and two forest fragments.Note: Understorey plants were not included in the Osuri et al. (2017) dataset (https: //doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vd0nn).Column names and descriptions: x: Row index site: Name of forest site plot_no: An unique plot number assigned to each 20m x 20m plot within each site corner_no: An unique number assigned to each of four 2 m x 2 m quadrat laid at the four corners of the 20 m x 20 m plot t_no: A number assigned to each individual species recorded within the corner plot. old_code: Species codes used at the time of data collection (refer to Appendix A of the main paper for full species names, and the 06_all_species_names.csv file with this dataset) osuri_code: Indicated as NA since these data were not used in the Osuri et al. 2017 paper in Journal of Tropical Ecology 33: 270-284 (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467417000219) and related dataset (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vd0nn) current_code: Species codes used at present count: Number of individuals counted (for vegetatively propagating plants a clump of stems that was basally connected was considered as one individual) P_ID: Unique plot ID created by combining columns site and plot_no 05_all_regeneration_data.csvDescription: The file contains records of woody seedlings and saplings (1-5 cm diameter at breast height at 1.3 m, dbh) and larger-stemmed trees (>5 cm dbh) recorded within single 5 m x 5 m regeneration plots nested within 20 m x 20 m plots. Plots were located in three continuous forests and two forest fragments. Data were filtered during analysis in Osuri et al. (2017, Journal of Tropical Ecology) to retain only seedling and saplings, defined as individuals with effective diameter <=5 cm.Note: Same as in the Osuri et al. (2017) dataset, with Tithonia diversifolia added back in Injipara from original dataset; and data from one additional site (Manamboli Lower) added back from the Muthuramkumar et al. 2006 dataset.   Column names and descriptions: x: Row index site: Name of forest site plot_no: An unique plot number assigned to each 20m x 20m adult tree plot within each site q_no: The 5 m x 5 m plot was placed in the SW corner of the 20 m x 20 m plot in this q_no which indicates one of the four 10 m x 10 m quarters of the 20 m x 20 m plot, where each quarter was given a unique number in each site t_no: An unique number assigned to each individual seedling, sapling or tree within each site. old_code: Species codes used at the time of data collection (for full species names refer to 06_all_species_names.csv file with this dataset) osuri_code: Revised species codes used in the Osuri et al. 2017 paper in Journal of Tropical Ecology 33: 270-284 (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467417000219) and related dataset (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vd0nn) current_code: Species codes used at present dbh_1 to dbh_12: Diameter at breast height of single- (dbh_1) and multi-stemmed (dbh_2 – dbh_12) individuals, measured in centimetres (cm)     eff_dbh: Effective diameter at breast height (cm)- calculated as ((dbh)^2 +(dbh_1)^2 +...+(dbh_12)^2)^(1/2), P_ID: Unique plot ID created by combining columns site and plot_no 06_all_canopy_readings.csvDescription: The file contains canopy-related measurements taken in each 20 m × 20 m plot in three continuous forests and two forest fragments.Note: Units of light meter reading were not recordedColumn names and descriptions: site: Name of forest site plot_no: An unique plot number assigned to each 20m x 20m adult tree plot within each site reading: A number assigned to the 1 to 4 readings taken in each plot light: Light measurement taken with a light meter in the plot canopy_openness: Canopy openness (scored from 0-100%) using a spherical densiometer (Canopy cover = 100 - canopy openness) P_ID: Unique plot ID created by combining columns site and plot_no 07_all_extracanopy_trees_data.csvDescription: The file contains records of additional trees outside the 5 x 5 m plot whose canopy was overhead of the plot.Note: Species codes are used to denote presence (not count of stems) of that species in the overhead canopy.Column names and descriptions: site: Name of forest site plot_no: An unique plot number assigned to each 20m x 20m adult tree plot within each site q_no: The 5 m x 5 m plot was placed in the SW corner of the 20 m x 20 m plot in this q_no which indicates one of the four 10 m x 10 m quarters of the 20 m x 20 m plot, where each quarter was given a unique number in each site old_code: Species codes used at the time of data collection (for full species names refer to 06_all_species_names.csv file with this dataset) osuri_code: Revised species codes used in the Osuri et al. 2017 paper in Journal of Tropical Ecology 33: 270-284 (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467417000219) and related dataset (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vd0nn) current_code: Species codes used at present P_ID: Unique plot ID created by combining columns site and plot_no 08_all_species_names.csvDescription: This file provides species codes and species scientific names as originally used in the Muthuramkumar et al. 2006 paper (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00118.x), and as matched with the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) species name matching toolNote: For plots that had no species occurrences (old_code = No herbs, Noliana), NA has been used for other columnsColumn names and descriptions: group: Code indicating main dataset group where species occurs (tree and regeneration data, liana data, understorey plants data) old_code: Species codes used at the time of data collection (refer to traits data file for full species names) osuri_code: Revised species codes if used in the Osuri et al. 2017 paper in Journal of Tropical Ecology 33: 270-284 (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467417000219) and related dataset (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vd0nn) or else indicated as NA current_code: Species codes used at present original_name: Scientific name of plant species as used at the time of the original publication (Muthuramkumar et al. 2006) original_fullname: Scientific name and authorship of plant species as used at the time of the original publication (Muthuramkumar et al. 2006) original_family: Family of the plant species as used at the time of original publication GBIFname: Scientific name as matched by GBIF species name matching tool key: GBIF name matching tool key number matchType: Type of match confidence: Confidence returned by name matching tool status: Whether accepted name or synonym rank: Taxanomic rank (level) to which identified kingdom: Taxonomic Kingdom phylum: Taxonomic Phylum class: Taxonomic Class order: Taxonomic Order family: Taxonomic Family genus: Taxonomic Genus species: Taxonomic Species canonicalName: Canonical part of scientific name matched by GBIF authorship: Authorship of scientific name matched by GBIF scientificName: Current scientific name (from species, genus, or family columns) 09_tabula_Biotropica_appendix1.csvDescription: This file contains tabled values extracted from Appendix 1 of Muthuramkumar et al. 2006 paper in Biotropica (DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00118.x); extraction from PDF carried out using Tabula software (https://tabula.technology/)Note: Last 5 columns contain total abundance (count of individuals/stems) in the corresponding site.Column names and descriptions: slno: serial number habit: Plant habit indicating trees, lianas, or understorey plants species: species name as used in Appendix 1 of Muthuramkumar et al. 2006 asterisk: species endemic to Western Ghats are indicated by an asterisk (∗ ), and invasive species by double asterisk (∗∗ ). voucher_number: voucher number of herbarium specimen deposited in the herbarium of Salim Ali School of Ecology, Pondicherry University, India. family: plant family as in Appendix 1 Iyerpadi-Akkamalai: abundance (total number of individuals counted) in this site Manamboli_Upper: abundance (total number of individuals counted) in this site Manamboli_Lower: abundance (total number of individuals counted) in this site Old_Valparai: abundance (total number of individuals counted) in this site Injipara: abundance (total number of individuals counted) in this site 10_Muthuramkumar et al 2006_Abstract and Appendix 1_extract_Biotropica.pdfExtracted PDF of first page with Abstract and Appendix 1 of Muthuramkumar et al. 2006 (DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00118.x). 11_figure_1_Biotropica_paper.jpgJPEG image of Figure 1 (map of study area) from the following publication: MUTHURAMKUMAR, S., AYYAPPAN, N., PARTHASARATHY, N., MUDAPPA, D., RAMAN, T. R. S., SELWYN, M. A. & PRAGASAN, L. A. 2006. Plant community structure in tropical rain forest fragments of the Western Ghats, India. Biotropica 38: 143–160. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00118.x

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WRF output for the Geophysical Research Letters publication "Potential Impacts of Radio Occultation Data Assimilation on Forecast Skill of Tropical Cyclone Formation in the Western North Pacific"

This dataset is the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model output for the Geophysical Research Letters publication entitled "Potential Impacts of Radio Occultation Data Assimilation on Forecast Skill of Tropical Cyclone Formation in the Western North Pacific". The dataset includes the azimuthal-averaged parameters with 0.2°resolution, three-day forecast, and two experiments for all cases analyzed in the publication. Due to the data size, only the variables used in the figures are uploaded (i.e., relative humidity, relative vorticity, temperature, and water vapor mixing ratio). Detailed information, composite calculation, and model settings can be found in the publication.

Figure 11 in A small slug from a tropical greenhouse reveals a new rathouisiid lineage with triaulic tritrematic genitalia (Gastropoda: Systellommatophora)

Figure 11. Genitalia of Rathouisia sinensis from Nandaheyuan, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, M. Wu leg. 21.9.2021 (FGC 51209): A, general view; B, distal male genitalia. See Morphological study for explanation of abbreviations.

Figure 13 in A small slug from a tropical greenhouse reveals a new rathouisiid lineage with triaulic tritrematic genitalia (Gastropoda: Systellommatophora)

Figure 13. Illustrations of the genitalia of Rathouisia sinensis enlarged and re-interpreted according to our re-examination. See Morphological study for explanation of abbreviations.

Figure 9 in A small slug from a tropical greenhouse reveals a new rathouisiid lineage with triaulic tritrematic genitalia (Gastropoda: Systellommatophora)

Figure 9. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree of concatenated COI + 18S rDNA sequences obtained from Barkeriella museensis gen. et sp. nov. and Rathouisia sinensis compared with sequences deposited in GenBank for representatives of the families Rathouisiidae, Onchidiidae and Veronicellidae (see Supporting Information, Tables S1, S2 for sequences obtained from GenBank for analysis). Concatenated sequences are listed with species names. They were 2184 positions in length (566 COI + 1618 16S rDNA). Bootstrap support above 50% from ML (left) and NJ (middle) analysis, as well as posterior probabilities PP above 0.5 (right) from Bayesian inference analysis are indicated next to the branches. Bootstrap analysis was run with 1000 replicates (Felsenstein, 1985). The tree was rooted with stylommatophoran Deroceras reticulatum KF894313 (COI) and AY145373 (18S rDNA) sequences deposited in GenBank by Rowson et al. (2014) and Passamaneck et al. (2004), respectively.

Figure 12 in A small slug from a tropical greenhouse reveals a new rathouisiid lineage with triaulic tritrematic genitalia (Gastropoda: Systellommatophora)

Figure 12. Genitalia of Rathouisia sinensis from Nandaheyuan, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, M. Wu leg. 21.9.2021 (FGC 51209): A, gonad, male proximal genitalia and female distal genitalia; B, another view of gonad, male proximal genitalia and female distal genitalia; C, gonad, vagina and male proximal genitalia. See Morphological study for explanation of abbreviations.

Figure 1 in A small slug from a tropical greenhouse reveals a new rathouisiid lineage with triaulic tritrematic genitalia (Gastropoda: Systellommatophora)

Figure 1. Live specimen of Barkeriella museensis gen. et sp. nov. from the tropical greenhouse of the Science Museum (MUSE) of Trento, Italy, Debora Barbato leg. 4.5.2019 (FGC 51191).

Figure 8 in A small slug from a tropical greenhouse reveals a new rathouisiid lineage with triaulic tritrematic genitalia (Gastropoda: Systellommatophora)

Figure 8. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree of concatenated COI + 16S rDNA + ITS2 (flanked with 5.8S and 28S rDNA) + H3 sequences obtained from Barkeriella museensis gen. et sp. nov. and Rathouisia sinensis compared with sequences deposited in GenBank for representatives of the other systellommatophoran families Onchidiidae and Veronicellidae (see Supporting Information, Table S8 for concatenated sequence sets used in analysis). Concatenated sequences were 2122 positions in length (614 COI + 458 16S rDNA + 54 5.8S rDNA + 662 ITS2 + 40 28S rDNA + 294 H3). Bootstrap support above 50% from ML (left) and NJ (middle) analysis, as well as posterior probabilities above 0.5 PP, from Bayesian inference analysis (right) are indicated next to the branches. Bootstrap analysis was run with 1000 replicates (Felsenstein, 1985). The tree was rooted with stylommatophoran Monacha pantanellii sequences (see Supporting Information, Table S8).

Figure 10 in A small slug from a tropical greenhouse reveals a new rathouisiid lineage with triaulic tritrematic genitalia (Gastropoda: Systellommatophora)

Figure 10. Illustrations of the genitalia of Rathouisia sinensis and their legend published by Rathouis (1885).

Figure 3 in A small slug from a tropical greenhouse reveals a new rathouisiid lineage with triaulic tritrematic genitalia (Gastropoda: Systellommatophora)

Figure 3. Genitalia of Barkeriella museensis gen. et sp. nov. from the tropical greenhouse of the Science Museum (MUSE) of Trento, Italy, Debora Barbato leg. 4.5.2019 (FGC 51191): A, general view; B, distal female and proximal male genitalia; C, distal male genitalia. See Morphological study for explanation of abbreviations.

Figure 2 in A small slug from a tropical greenhouse reveals a new rathouisiid lineage with triaulic tritrematic genitalia (Gastropoda: Systellommatophora)

Figure 2. Body and internal anatomy of Barkeriella museensis gen. et sp. nov. from the tropical greenhouse of the Science Museum (MUSE) of Trento, Italy, Debora Barbato leg. 4.5.2019 (FGC 51191): A, B, D, general view of internal anatomy of adult (A, D) and juvenile (B) specimens; C, head and anterior portion of body in ventral view. In A, salivary glands were partly cut away. See Morphological study for explanation of abbreviations.

Figure 7 in A small slug from a tropical greenhouse reveals a new rathouisiid lineage with triaulic tritrematic genitalia (Gastropoda: Systellommatophora)

Figure 7. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree of ITS2 (flanked with 5.8S and 28S rDNA) sequences obtained from Barkeriella museensis gen. et sp. nov. (ITS2 1) and Rathouisia sinensis (ITS2 2–ITS2 4) compared with sequences deposited in GenBank for representatives of the other systellommatophoran families Onchidiidae and Veronicellidae (see Supporting Information, Table S3). ITS2 (flanked with 5.8S and 28S rDNA) sequences were 774 positions (54 5.8S rDNA, 680 ITS2, 40 28SrDNA) in length. Numbers next to the branches indicate bootstrap support above 50% calculated for 1000 replicates by ML (left) and NJ (right) analysis (Felsenstein, 1985). The tree was rooted with stylommatophoran Monacha pantanellii sequence deposited in GenBank by us (see Table 3).

Figure 5 in A small slug from a tropical greenhouse reveals a new rathouisiid lineage with triaulic tritrematic genitalia (Gastropoda: Systellommatophora)

Figure 5. Radula of Barkeriella museensis gen. et sp. nov. from the tropical greenhouse of the Science Museum (MUSE) of Trento, Italy, Debora Barbato leg. 4.5.2019 (FGC 51191): A, general view; B, detail of central sector [c, central teeth (A, B)].

Figure 6 in A small slug from a tropical greenhouse reveals a new rathouisiid lineage with triaulic tritrematic genitalia (Gastropoda: Systellommatophora)

Figure 6. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree of concatenated COI + 16S rDNA haplotypes obtained from Barkeriella museensis gen. et sp. nov. and Rathouisia sinensis compared with sequences deposited in GenBank for representatives of the families Onchidiidae, Veronicellidae and Philomycidae (see Supporting Information, Tables S1, S4 for sequences obtained from GenBank for analysis). Concatenated sequences are listed with species names. They were 1028 positions in length (573 COI + 455 16S rDNA). Bootstrap support above 50% from ML (left) and NJ (middle) analysis, as well as posterior probabilities PP above 0.5 from Bayesian Inference analysis (right) are indicated next to the branches. Bootstrap analysis was run with 1000 replicates (Felsenstein, 1985). The tree was rooted with stylommatophoran Monacha pantanellii sequences deposited in GenBank by us and by Pieńkowska et al. (2020) according to Table 3 and Supporting Information, Table S1, respectively.

Fig. 108 in Comb-footed spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) in the tropical rainforest of Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

Fig. 108. Yunohamella gibbosa sp. nov., holotype male. A. Pedipalpus, ventral view; B. Embolus, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.10 mm.

Fig. 100 in Comb-footed spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) in the tropical rainforest of Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

Fig. 100. Theridion papillatum sp. nov., holotype male. A. Pedipalpus (cymbium removed), ventral view; B. Pedipalpus, ventral view; C. Pedipalpus, prolateral view; D. Pedipalpus, retrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

Fig. 97 in Comb-footed spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) in the tropical rainforest of Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

Fig. 97. Theridion papillatum sp. nov., holotype male and paratype female. A. Pedipalpus, prolateral view; B. Pedipalpus, retrolateral view; C. Epigynum (vulva), ventral view; D. Epigynum (vulva), dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

Fig. 109 in Comb-footed spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) in the tropical rainforest of Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

Fig. 109. Yunohamella gibbosa sp. nov., holotype male. A. Pedipalpus (cymbium removed), ventral view; B. Pedipalpus, ventral view; C. Pedipalpus, prolateral view; D. Pedipalpus, retrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

Fig. 93 in Comb-footed spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) in the tropical rainforest of Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

Fig. 93. Theridion mucidum sp. nov., holotype male and paratype female. A. Pedipalpus, prolateral view; B. Pedipalpus, retrolateral view; C. Epigynum (vulva), ventral view; D. Epigynum (vulva), dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.