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Fig. 5 in Describing biodiversity in the genomics era: A new species of Nearctic Cynipidae gall wasp and its genome
Fig. 5. Scanning electron microscopies of N. valhalla catkin generation female. (a) head anterior view. (b) mesosoma dorsal view; (c) mesosoma posterior view. (d) antennae. (e) tarsal claws. (f) mesosoma lateral view; (g) metasoma lateral view.
Oak galls exhibit ant-dispersal convergent with myrmecochorous seeds
<p>Ants disperse oak galls of some cynipid wasp species similarly to how they disperse seeds with elaiosomes. We conducted choice assays in field and lab settings, with ant-dispersed seeds and wasp-induced galls found in ant nests and found that seed-dispersing ants retrieve these galls as they do myrmecochorous seeds. We also conducted manipulative experiments in which we removed the putative ant-attracting appendages ("kapéllos") from galls and found ants are specifically attracted to kapéllos. Finally, we compared chemical composition and the histology of ant-attracting appendages on seeds and galls, and they both had similar fatty-acid compositions as well as morphology. We also observed seed-dispersing ants retrieve oak galls to their nests, and rodents and birds consuming oak galls that were not retrieved by ants. These results suggest convergence in ant-mediated dispersal between myrmecochorous seeds and oak galls. Based on our observations, a protective advantage for galls retrieved to ant nests seems a more likely benefit than dispersal distance, as also has been suggested for myrmecochorous seeds. These results require reconsideration of established ant-plant research assumptions as ant-mediated seed and gall dispersal appear strongly convergent and galls may be far more abundant in eastern North American deciduous forests than myrmecochorous seeds.</p>
FIGURE 1 in A new genus and species of gall midges the tribe Winnertziini (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Porricondylinae) from lower Eocene Fushun amber from China
FIGURE 1. Fushuniola mai Fedotova & Perkovsky, gen. et sp. nov. in lower Eocene Fushun amber, female. A, General appearance with two separated fore tarsi and one hind tarsus. B, Antenna. C, Tarsomeres 3–5 of hind leg and tarsomere 5 of fore leg. D, Head. E, Flagellomeres 3–5. F, Apex of abdomen. G, Ovipositor. H, Wing. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A new genus and species of gall midges the tribe Winnertziini (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Porricondylinae) from lower Eocene Fushun amber from China
FIGURE 2. Fushuniola mai Fedotova & Perkovsky, gen. et sp. nov. in lower Eocene Fushun amber, female. A, General appearance. B, C, tarsomeres 2–5 of fore leg. D, Tarsomeres 2–5 of hind leg. E, Tarsomeres 4–5 of hind leg. F, Flagellomeres 4–10. G, 5th flagellomere. H, Scape, pedicel and flagellomeres 1–3. I, Mouthparts and palpi. J, Ovipositor. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Descriptions of all the female developmental stages of Endernia despoliata Danzig a gall-inducing pit scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Asterolecaniidae)
FIGURE 3. First-instar nymph of Edernia despoliata Danzig; A. Anal ring with associated setae; B. 8-shaped pore; C. Trilocular pore; D. Quinquelocular pore; E. Simple disc pore.
FIGURE 2 in Descriptions of all the female developmental stages of Endernia despoliata Danzig a gall-inducing pit scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Asterolecaniidae)
FIGURE 2. Adult female of Edernia despoliata Danzig; A. Antenna; B. Anal ring with associated setae; C. Long tubular duct; D. Simple disc pore; E. Quinquelocular pore; F. Trilocular pore; G. Short tubular duct; H. Multilocular pore; I. Short seta.
FIGURE 1 in Descriptions of all the female developmental stages of Endernia despoliata Danzig a gall-inducing pit scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Asterolecaniidae)
FIGURE 1. Photographs of Edernia despoliata Danzig in life: A. Galls of adult females induced in a twig; B. Gall cut open to show adult female inside; C. Gall cut open to show eggs; D. First-instar parasitic nymphs on a one-year-old twig, with a single insect indicated by the red arrow; E. Second-instar nymphs, each in a slightly developed gall; F. Gall cut to show third-instar nymph inside.
FIGURE 5 in Descriptions of all the female developmental stages of Endernia despoliata Danzig a gall-inducing pit scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Asterolecaniidae)
FIGURE 5. Third-instar nymph of Edernia despoliata Danzig; A. Antenna; B. Anal ring with associated setae; C. Simple disc pore; D. Quinquelocular pore; E. 8-shaped pore; F. Short tubular duct.
FIGURE 4 in Descriptions of all the female developmental stages of Endernia despoliata Danzig a gall-inducing pit scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Asterolecaniidae)
FIGURE 4. Second-instar nymph of Edernia despoliata Danzig; A. Antenna; B. Anal ring with associated setae; C. Simple disc pore; D. Quinquelocular pore; E. 8-shaped pore.
FIGURES 113–117. 113–114 in Description of five new eulophid species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with leaf vein galls of Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig) (Sapotaceae) in India
FIGURES 113–117. 113–114, biology of Aprostocetus madhucae Singh sp. nov.: 113, 114, dissected gall of Madhuca longifolia showing pupae inside the pupal skin of Selitrichodes madhucae Singh & Kaneria, sp. nov.. 115–117, biology of Chrysonotomyia madhucae Singh, sp. nov.: 115, gall dissected to show pupa in dorsal view; 116, dissected out pupa in ventral view; 117, pupa with larva of an unidentified ectoparasitoid.
FIGURES 108–112 in Description of five new eulophid species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with leaf vein galls of Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig) (Sapotaceae) in India
FIGURES 108–112. Biology of Selitrichodes madhucae Singh sp. nov.: 108, dissected gall of Madhuca longifolia showing larvae; 109, male pupa; 110, female pupa in ventral view; 111, female pupa in dorso-lateral view; 112, some emerged males and females in pre-mating courtship.
FIGURES 90–96 in Description of five new eulophid species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with leaf vein galls of Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig) (Sapotaceae) in India
FIGURES 90–96. Chrysonotomyia madhucae Singh sp. nov., female: 90, body in lateral view; 91, body in dorsal view; 92, head in dorsal view; 93, antenna; 94, mesosoma in dorsal view; 95, forewing; 96, ovipositor.
FIGURES 83–89 in Description of five new eulophid species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with leaf vein galls of Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig) (Sapotaceae) in India
FIGURES 83–89. Quadrastichus manmohani Singh, sp. nov., 83–84, female: 83, ovipositor; 84, distal part of ovipositor enlarged to show cercal setae. 85–89, male: 85, body in dorso-lateral view; 86, body in lateral view; 87, antenna; 88, mesosoma in dorsal view; 89, forewing.
FIGURES 74–82 in Description of five new eulophid species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with leaf vein galls of Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig) (Sapotaceae) in India
FIGURES 74–82. Quadrastichus manmohani Singh sp. nov., female: 74, body in dorsal view; 75, body in lateral view; 76, antenna; 77, part of antenna showing anelli; 78, distal segments of club showing apical spine; 79, mesosoma in dorsal view; 80, forewing; 81, part of forewing showing dorsal seta on SMV; 82, part of forewing venation showing postmarginal and stigmal veins.
FIGURES 103–107 in Description of five new eulophid species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with leaf vein galls of Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig) (Sapotaceae) in India
FIGURES 103–107. Chrysonotomyia madhucae Singh sp. nov., male: 103, body in dorsal view; 104, antenna; 105, forewing; 106; genitalia; 107, distal part of genitalia showing digitus spines.
FIGURES 61–66 in Description of five new eulophid species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with leaf vein galls of Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig) (Sapotaceae) in India
FIGURES 61–66. Aprostocetus dehradunensis Singh sp. nov., male: 61, body in dorso-lateral view; 62, head in frontal view; 63, antenna; 64. forewing; 65, genitalia; 66, distal part of genitalia showing digitus spines.
FIGURES 45–50 in Description of five new eulophid species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with leaf vein galls of Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig) (Sapotaceae) in India
FIGURES 45–50. Aprostocetus madhucae Singh sp. nov. 45–48, female: 45, head in frontal view; 46, mesosoma in dorsal view; 47, antenna; 48, distal segments of gaster showing cercal setae and exserted part of ovipositor; 49–50, male: 49, head in frontal view; 50, mesosoma in dorsal view.
FIGURES 39–44 in Description of five new eulophid species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with leaf vein galls of Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig) (Sapotaceae) in India
FIGURES 39–44. Aprostocetus madhucae Singh sp. nov., male: 39, dorsal body view showing color variations among the specimens; 40, head in frontal view; 41, antenna; 42, forewing; 43, genitalia; 44, distal part of genitalia showing digitus spines.
FIGURES 17–25 in Description of five new eulophid species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with leaf vein galls of Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig) (Sapotaceae) in India
FIGURES 17–25. Selitrichodes madhucae Singh & Kaneria sp. nov. 17–22, female: 17, lateral body view; 18, antenna; 19, anelli of antenna; 20, apical seta of club; 21, mesosoma in dorsal view; 22, distal tip of gaster in lateral view showing cercal setae and exserted part of ovipositor; 23–25, male: 23, lateral body view; 24, antenna; 25, ventral view of distal tip of gaster showing genitalia.
FIGURES 33–38 in Description of five new eulophid species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with leaf vein galls of Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig) (Sapotaceae) in India
FIGURES 33–38. Aprostocetus madhucae Singh sp. nov., female: 33, dorsal body view showing color variations among the specimens; 34, head in frontal view; 35, antenna; 36, distal segments of club showing apical spine; 37, forewing; 38, ovipositor.
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