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Figure 56 in Jumping spiders of the Phidippus princeps group in the southeastern United States (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina)

Figure 56. Agonistic encounters. All encounters were staged by placing spiders near each other on plants in the laboratory. 1, Two male Phidippus princeps from Laurens County, South Carolina. 2, P. pulcherrimus-like males from Orangeburg County, South Carolina. 3-5, P. pulcherrimus males from Nassau County, Florida. 6, Aggressive/defensive encounter between male and female from Nassau County, Florida.

Figure 58 in Jumping spiders of the Phidippus princeps group in the southeastern United States (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina)

Figure 58 (continued on next page). Orange to red forms of Phidippus species in the southeastern United States. Representatives in the northern part of the range of each of these species tend to lack this coloration, although most P. clarus populations usually contain a variety of color forms. 1-2, Two adult female Phidippus audax (Hentz 1845) from Columbia County in northern Florida. A variety of related color forms have been found in roadside post holes in northern Florida (Hill 1978a). 3-4, Two adult male Phidippus audax from Columbia County in northern Florida. 5-6, Two adult female P. clarus Keyserling 1885 from southern Greenville County, South Carolina (See Hill 2014).

Figure 41 in Jumping spiders of the Phidippus princeps group in the southeastern United States (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina)

Figure 41. Behavior of adult female princeps-pulcherrimus intermediates from Screven County, Georgia, in the laboratory. 1, Pedipalps and legs I were held to the sides until irritating compounds released by this heteropteran dispersed after the bug was rubbed against a leaf. Many heteropterans release a mixure of aldehydes and other volatile compounds (source of the distinctive "bug" odor) when attacked (Aldrich 1988). 2-3, Two views of a spider feeding on a captured heteropteran while suspended on her dragline. The dragline was held with claws of right leg IV, stabilizing this spider as she fed. 4, View from above of two tufts of wound dragline silk discarded by a spider after she jumped from and then climbed back up to respective leaves. When a salticid climbs a dragline, that dragline is wound up as shown here, perhaps with assistance of the toothed serrula that lines the outer margin of each endite. 5-6, Detailed views of wound silk from tuft shown in (4, inset). 7-8, Sometimes spiders regurgitate fluid after feeding, perhaps to clean the mouthparts. Up close (8) the grey rostrum can be seen.

Figure 31 in Jumping spiders of the Phidippus princeps group in the southeastern United States (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina)

Figure 31. Juvenile and pre-penultimate Phidippus pulcherrimus from Nassau County, Florida (locality 8). 1-4, Juveniles (instar 4). 5, Juvenile (instar 5). 6-12, Pre-penultimates (instar 6), with iridescent chelicerae.

Figure 42 in Jumping spiders of the Phidippus princeps group in the southeastern United States (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina)

Figure 42. Results of staged encounters between Phidippus pulcherrimus from Nassau County, Florida, and insect or spider prey. 1, Adult male rubbing a Buffalo Treehopper (Stictocephala bisonia) against a leaf to remove defensive chemicals. 2-4, Adult female feeding on a captured heteropteran. In a closer view (3) the grey rostrum of this spider can be seen between the chelicerae. 5, Adult female feeding on a pisaurid spider (Pisaurina). 6, Adult male feeding on an oxyopid spider (Oxyopes).

Figure 27 in Jumping spiders of the Phidippus princeps group in the southeastern United States (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina)

Figure 27 (continued on next page). Adult female intermediate Phidippus princeps-pulcherrimus from Screven County, Georgia (locality 7). Some females from this locality had scale patterns on the dorsal opisthosoma typical for P. pulcherrimus (12), but many had more complex patterns including an assortment of different scales along the middorsal tract, following the dorsalis pattern.

Figure 44 in Jumping spiders of the Phidippus princeps group in the southeastern United States (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina)

Figure 44. Feeding by an adult female Phidippus pulcherrimus from Tavares in Lake County, Florida. All encounters with prey shown here were staged in the laboratory. 1, 5-6, Feeding on brachyceran flies. 2-3, Feeding on a sawfly (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). This sawfly buzzed or vibrated loudly when captured but that did not deter the spider. 4, Feeding on a mayfly (Ephemeroptera). 7, Feeding on a bee. 8, Feeding on a spider. 9, Feeding on a caterpillar.

Figure 13 in Jumping spiders of the Phidippus princeps group in the southeastern United States (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina)

Figure 13. Adult male Phidippus princeps from Greenville County, South Carolina (locality 2). In this locality the carapace is completely black. Note the variation in scale cover of the dorsal opisthosom, from almost complete cover (3, 9, 12) to presentation of a black and red pattern (1, 5, 8). Iridescent chelicerae vary from green (2) to blue-green (11).

Figure 14 in Jumping spiders of the Phidippus princeps group in the southeastern United States (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina)

Figure 14. Immature Phidippus princeps from Laurens County, South Carolina (locality 3). 1-2, Juveniles. 3-6, Penultimate females. 7-12, Penultimate males.

Figure 12 in Jumping spiders of the Phidippus princeps group in the southeastern United States (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina)

Figure 12. Adult female Phidippus princeps from Greenville County, South Carolina (locality 2). 1-5, Ventral view of five females, showing variation in the appearance of the darker median band flanked by lighter bands. P. pulcherrimus females have essentially the same appearance. 6, Detail of epigynum of female shown in (5). Here the posterior notch is semi-circular, but it can also be more shallow, angular or triangle-shaped. 8, Detail from (7), showing grey rostrum between the chelicerae.

Figure 9 in Do jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) draw their own portraits?

Figure 9. Derbid (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Derbidae: Otiocerinae: Rhotanini: Rhotana) planthoppers that appear to mimic salticid spiders. 1, Rhotana sp. that appears to mimic a salticid when viewed from either side, Singapore. Photo by Melvyn Yeo, used with permission. 2, A different Rhotana sp. that extends and rears its wings to look like a salticid from the front, from the Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia. Photographed on a wall at night by Marcus Ng, 24 JUL 2013, used with permission. 3, A third Rhotana sp. from Simao, Yunnan, China. Photo by John Horstman/itchydogimages, used with permission. When this photo was posted it was compared to Telamonia dimidiata. 4, Adult female Telamonia dimidiata from Karnataka for comparison. Photo by Abhijith APC, 1 OCT 2018. When this photo was taken a sepsid fly (left, center) was entering the nest of this spider. T. dimidiata is widely distributed throughout the range of these derbid planthoppers in south and southeast Asia.

Figure 4 in Jumping spiders of the Phidippus princeps group in the southeastern United States (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina)

Figure 4. Early instars of Phidippus princeps from Greenville County, South Carolina (locality 2). 1-6, Emergent or instar 2 spiderlings. When placed on Prunus stems and leaves spiderlings sought out extrafloral nectaries (4-6). Note the uniform black color of the body and the relatively light, translucent legs and pedipalps of this stage. 7-9, Early juvenile or instar 3. 10- 12, Juvenile or instar 4. Note the shiny gold scale cover of the carapace (10), typical of juvenile P. princeps.

Figure 7 in Do jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) draw their own portraits?

Figure 7. Barklice (Psocoptera). 1, Barklouse from Singapore. Photo by David Ball, used with permission. 2, A second barklouse of the species shown in (1), also photographed in Singapore. Photo by Melvyn Yeo, used with permission. 3-5, Graphopsocus cruciatus, Rock Creek Park, Washington D.C., and Meadowside Nature Center, Rockville, Maryland. Photos by Katja Schultz, used under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license. This species is widely distributed from the Americas to Afroeurasia. 6-7, Two views of a boldly-marked barklouse (Pscocodea: Psocidae: Clematoscenea sp.) from Karnataka. Photos by Abhijith APC, 9 JAN 2019. From the front (6) a row of four black spots is visible at the rear of the thorax. Although the markings of this barklouse might confuse a salticid predator, they have little resemblance to a salticid.

Figure 6 in Do jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) draw their own portraits?

Figure 6. Nectopsyche sp. from Caves Branch Jungle Lodge, Belmopan, Belize. Photos by Judy Gallagher, 22 JAN 2013, used under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license. Many related leptocerid Tricoptera have similar patterns that appear to mimic a salticid spider as viewed from the front.

Figure 5 in Do jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) draw their own portraits?

Figure 5. Moths that appear to mimic salticid spiders when viewed from the side. 1-2, Two views of an iridescent Sedge Moth Glyphipterix sp. (Glyphipterigidae) with a remarkable salticid image on either side, photographed by João Burini in the Southeast Atlantic Forest of Tapirai, São Paulo, Brazil, 10 JAN 2016. This species has also been photographed in Ecuador (Kay 2012), and closely related Glyphipterix species including G. circumscriptella (Chambers 1881) can also be found in North America (Heppner 1985). A very similar form that might represent the same species has also be found in Wayanad, North Kerala, India (Shyamal 2014). 3, Aeolocosma cycloxantha (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) on Boronia ovata, at Kalamunda near Perth in Western Australia. Photo by Jean and Fred Hort, 12 NOV 2016, used under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license. 4, Tortricid moth from Singapore. Photo by Melvyn Yeo, 27 NOV 2015, used with permission.

Figure 8 in Do jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) draw their own portraits?

Figure 8. Fulgoroid Hemiptera that appear to mimic salticid spiders. 1-4, Brixia albomaculata (Cixiidae) from Puttur, Karnataka. Photos by Abhijith APC and Sanath Ramesh. 5, Cixiid planthopper from Tapiraí, São Paulo Brazil. Photo by João P. Burini. 6, Rear view of fulgoroid nymph from the Philippines. Photo by Aloke Sahu.

Figure 4 in Do jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) draw their own portraits?

Figure 4. Tortricid moths of the genus Olethreutes. 1-2, Arched Marble Olethreutes arcuella from Dolná Súča, Slovakia, 16 MAY 2015 3-5, O. arcuella from Melčice-Lieskové, Slovakia, 16 MAY 2010. Photos 1-5 by František Šaržík, used under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license. 6, Silver-spotted Olethreutes, O. cf. astrologana from Rock Creek Park in Washington, D. C. Photo by Katja Schultz, used under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license. This moth has bright, reflective spots that might confuse a salticid, but lacks the arrangement of salticid-like features (row of eyes, legs) seen in O. arcuella.

Figure 8 in Jumping spiders of the Phidippus princeps group in the southeastern United States (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina)

Figure 8. Penultimate (nominally instar 7) male Phidippus princeps from Greenville County, South Carolina (locality 2).

Figure 11 in Jumping spiders of the Phidippus princeps group in the southeastern United States (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina)

Figure 11 (continued from previous page). Adult female Phidippus princeps from Greenville County, South Carolina (locality 2). 31-32, Darker individual, with two pairs of posterior spots on the dorsal opisthosoma.

Figure 2 in Do jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) draw their own portraits?

Figure 2. Flies (Diptera) that may mimic salticid spiders. 1, Peacock Fly, Goniurellia sp. (Tephritidae), Swaziland. Photo by Kate Braun, used with permission (Braun 2019). 2, Goniurellia tridens (Tephritidae), Dubai. Photo by Peter Roosenschoon, used with permission. 3, Trupanea sp. (Tephritidae) from Ban Nang Lae, Chang Rai, Thailand. This fly rested on a leaf and extended/rotated one wing at a time as it was approached. Photo and information by Ian Jacobs, 22 MAR 2013, used under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 2.0 Generic (CC BY-NC 2.0) license. 4 -5, Platensina sp. (Tephritidae) dancing on a leaf in Karnataka. Photo by Abhijith APC, 8 OCT 2018. 6-7, Picture-winged Fly (Ulidiidae: Tritoxa incurva), Greenville County, South Carolina. Scale bar 1.0 mm. Photos by David E. Hill. 8, Chrysops sp. (Tabanidae) in Karnataka. Photo by Abhijith APC, 15 JUL 2018.