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FIGURE 5. Alecton discoidalis last instar larva. A, B in Description of life cycle and preimaginal stages of Alecton discoidalis Laporte 1833 (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) under laboratory conditions
FIGURE 5. Alecton discoidalis last instar larva. A, B: dorsal and ventral habitus. C, D: dorsal and ventral view of the larva head. E: right antenna (dorsal view). F: left maxilla (ventral view). G: left mandible (dorsal view). Scale bar for F and G (3 mm).
FIGURE 3 in Description of life cycle and preimaginal stages of Alecton discoidalis Laporte 1833 (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) under laboratory conditions
FIGURE 3. Duration of immature stages of Alecton discoidalis. Beyond the original larvae reared from eggs, additional larvae were collected from the field and reared in the laboratory. These additional larvae were not included in the E-L7 life stage duration calculations but were included in the dataset for PP and P durations (above). Duration of eighth larval instar was not included because this larva died as an 8th instar larva (see Table 1).
FIGURE 2. A in Description of life cycle and preimaginal stages of Alecton discoidalis Laporte 1833 (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) under laboratory conditions
FIGURE 2. A: Alecton discoidalis, newly emerged brachypterous female and alate male. B: A. discoidalis, eggs and newly hatched first instar larva.
FIGURE 1. A in Description of life cycle and preimaginal stages of Alecton discoidalis Laporte 1833 (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) under laboratory conditions
FIGURE 1. A: Habitat of collection site, near of the Water Reservoir Caunavaco, Pan de Matanzas, Cuba. B: Specific area where Alecton discoidalis larvae were found, along trail to the Water Reservoir Caunavaco. C: Microhabitat where larvae were collected.
FIGURE 4 in Description of life cycle and preimaginal stages of Alecton discoidalis Laporte 1833 (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) under laboratory conditions
FIGURE 4. Measurements taken across larval instars of Alecton discoidalis, both sexes. The eighth larval instar was not measured due to the sole specimen (a female) reaching this instar died before pupating (i.e. before reaching the end of the eighth instar).
Data from: Long-lasting insecticidal net use and asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia among household members of laboratory-confirmed malaria patients attending selected health facilities in Abuja, Nigeria, 2016: a cross-sectional survey
Introduction: In Nigeria, malaria remains a major burden. There is the presupposition that household members could have common exposure to malaria parasite and use of long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) could reduce transmission. This study was conducted to identify factors associated with asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia and LLIN use among households of confirmed malaria patients in Abuja, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to August 2016 in twelve health facilities selected from three area councils in Abuja, Nigeria. Participants were selected using multi-stage sampling technique. Overall, we recruited 602 participants from 107 households linked to 107 malaria patients attending the health facilities. Data on LLIN ownership, utilization, and house characteristics were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Blood samples of household members were examined for malaria parasitaemia using microscopy. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and logistic regression (α=0.05). Results: Median age of respondents was 16.5 years (Interquartile range: 23 years); 55.0% were females. Proportions of households that owned and used at least one LLIN were 44.8% and 33.6%, respectively. Parasitaemia was detected in at least one family member of 102 (95.3%) index malaria patients. Prevalence of asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia among study participants was 421/602 (69.9%). No association was found between individual LLIN use and malaria parasitaemia (odds ratio: 0.9, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.6-1.3) among study participants. Having bushes around the homes was associated with having malaria parasitaemia (adjusted OR (aOR): 2.7, 95%CI: 1.7-4.2) and less use of LLIN (aOR: 0.4, 95%CI: 0.2-0.9). Living in Kwali (aOR: 0.1, 95% CI: 0.0-0.2) was associated with less use of LLIN. Conclusion: High prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and low use of LLIN among household members of malaria patients portend the risk of intra-household common source of malaria transmission. We recommend household health education on LLIN use and environmental management. Study to explore the role of preventive treatment of household members of confirmed malaria patient in curbing transmission is suggested. Strategies promoting LLIN use need to be intensified in Kwali.
Data from: Laboratory rearing of Anopheles arabiensis: impact on genetic variability and implications for Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) based mosquito control in northern Sudan
Background: Mosquito colony populations often show significant changes in their population genetic make-up compared to the field populations that were used as founding source. Most of the changes that have been reported are indicators of depletion in the overall genetic diversity of the colony populations. The Sterile Insect Techniques programme of mosquito control that is underway in Northern Sudan uses sterilized males produced from a laboratory-maintained colony population. The genetic diversity of an advanced generation of this colony population was quantitatively assessed and compared to the field population from which the colony was derived. Methods: Anopheles arabiensis mosquito samples from the 13th generation of the colony, and from the locality that was the source of the first generation of the colony, were genotyped at 11 microsatellite loci distributed throughout the species' genome. Standard population genetic analyses were carried out to quantify and compare their population genetic make-up and diversities. Results: The colony samples showed significant reduction in the total number of alleles, the numbers of rare and private alleles, and the fractions of heterozygote individuals at all the loci. The pattern of change is consistent with the expected effect of the use of a small number of mosquitoes when the colony was established. Departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in the direction of homozygote excess was observed at some loci and attributed to the presence of null-alleles. Conclusions: This study highlights the need for broad sampling when initiating colony populations and for ongoing assessment of the population genetic make-up of colony populations. Previous assessments of survivorship, dispersive behaviour and swarm formation indicate that the inbreeding and reduced genetic variability reported in this study may not have had direct fitness consequences yet. However, noting the lessons learned in other SIT programmes about the impact of colonization on male sexual behaviour and longevity, as well as other inbreeding related adverse effects, a systematic investigation of these potential effects is recommended because they have direct impact on the ultimate success of the programme.
Data from: Assessing stable isotope dynamics of diapausing Calanus finmarchicus and C. hyperboreus during the overwintering period: a laboratory experiment
This study aimed at describing changes in the stable isotopic composition of late copepodite stage V (CV) subarctic marine copepods (Calanus finmarchicus and C. hyperboreus) during overwintering non-feeding periods. Diapausing stage CVs sampled in deep waters of the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary (Québec, Canada) in late-September 2009 were monitored for 4 months under controlled laboratory conditions. CVs and newly moulted adults were analyzed for δ13C and δ15N signatures as well as lipid, carbon and nitrogen content. Lipids were extracted in half of the samples to compare δ13C of individuals with and without lipids and to evaluate the accuracy of mass balance correction models for δ13C under lipid influence. Lipid content generally decreased with time for both species, which was reflected in an increase of δ13C values of CVs but a constant δ13C in newly moulted adults. Accordingly, lipid extraction resulted in an increase of δ13C in CVs and adults. The mean δ13C signature of lipid-extracted individuals remained constant through the time for CVs of both species and for C. finmarchicus adults. δ15N signatures of individuals increased after lipid extraction, but this did not result in a constant value over time, suggesting that several endogenous metabolic processes affected nitrogen isotopic content. The accuracy of the mass balance model differed between species and stages, suggesting that lipid extraction should always be performed prior to applying mathematical corrections.
Data from: Adaptive patterns of phenotypic plasticity in laboratory and field environments in Drosophila melanogaster
Identifying mechanisms of adaptation to variable environments is essential in developing a comprehensive understanding of evolutionary dynamics in natural populations. Phenotypic plasticity allows for phenotypic change in response to changes in the environment, and as such may play a major role in adaptation to environmental heterogeneity. Here, the plasticity of stress response in D. melanogaster originating from two distinct geographic regions and ecological habitats was examined. Adults were given a short-term, 5-day exposure to combinations of temperature and photoperiod to elicit a plastic response for three fundamental aspects of stress tolerance that vary adaptively with geography. This was replicated in both the laboratory and in outdoor enclosures in the field. In the laboratory, geographic origin was the primary determinant of the stress response. Temperature and the interaction between temperature and photoperiod also significantly affected stress resistance. In the outdoor enclosures, plasticity was distinct among traits and between geographic regions. These results demonstrate that short-term exposure of adults to ecologically relevant environmental cues results in predictable effects on multiple aspects of fitness. These patterns of plasticity vary among traits and are highly distinct between the two examined geographic regions, consistent with patterns of local adaptation to climate and associated environmental parameters.
Data from: Generational conservation of composition and diversity of field-acquired midgut microbiota in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato during colonization in the laboratory
The gut microbiota is known to play a role in the mosquito vectors' life history, which is a subject of increasing research. Laboratory experiments are essential for such studies and require laboratory colonies. In this study, the conservation of field-obtained midgut microbiota was evaluated in laboratory-reared Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes continuously hatched in water from the field breeding habitats. Pupae and late instars were obtained from the field and reared, and the emerged adults were blood fed. The eggs obtained from them were hatched in either water from the field or in dechlorinated tap water. The mosquito colonies were maintained for 10 generations. Midguts of female adults from unfed F0 (emerging from field-caught pupae and larvae), F5, and F10 were dissected out and genomic DNA were extracted for 16S metagenomic sequencing. The sequences were compared to investigate the diversity, and bacteria compositional differences using ANCOM and correlation clustering methods. Less than 10% of the bacteria families identified had differential relative abundances between generational groups and accounted for 46% of the variation observed. Although diversity reduced in F10 mosquitoes during lab colonization (Shannon-Weaver; p-value< 0.05), 50% of bacteria genera were conserved in those bred continuously in field-water compared to 38% in those bred in dechlorinated tap water. The study is the first report on the assessment of gut bacterial community of mosquitoes during laboratory colonization and recommends the use of water from the natural breeding habitats if they are intended for microbiota research.
Data from: Laboratory colonisation and genetic bottlenecks in the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes
Background: The IAEA colony is the only one available for mass rearing of Glossina pallidipes, a vector of human and animal African trypanosomiasis in eastern Africa. This colony is the source for Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) programs in East Africa. The source population of this colony is unclear and its genetic diversity has not previously been evaluated and compared to field populations. Methodology/Principal Findings: We examined the genetic variation within and between the IAEA colony and its potential source populations in north Zimbabwe and the Kenya/Uganda border at 9 microsatellites loci to retrace the demographic history of the IAEA colony. We performed classical population genetics analyses and also combined historical and genetic data in a quantitative analysis using Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC). There is no evidence of introgression from the north Zimbabwean population into the IAEA colony. Moreover, the ABC analyses revealed that the foundation and establishment of the colony was associated with a genetic bottleneck that has resulted in a loss of 35.7% of alleles and 54% of expected heterozygosity compared to its source population. Also, we show that tsetse control carried out in the 1990's is likely reduced the effective population size of the Kenya/Uganda border population. Conclusions/Significance: All the analyses indicate that the area of origin of the IAEA colony is the Kenya/Uganda border and that a genetic bottleneck was associated with the foundation and establishment of the colony. Genetic diversity associated with traits that are important for SIT may potentially have been lost during this genetic bottleneck which could lead to a suboptimal competitiveness of the colony males in the field. The genetic diversity of the colony is lower than that of field populations and so, studies using colony flies should be interpreted with caution when drawing general conclusions about G. pallidipes biology.
Data from: Vertical distribution of marine invertebrate larvae in response to thermal stratification in the laboratory
We investigated the effect of the presence of an experimentally generated thermocline on the vertical distribution of larval Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, Asterias rubens and Argopecten irradians. Vertical distributions were recorded over 90 min in rectangular plexiglass thermocline chambers designed to regulate the temperature of a central observation compartment to the desired values. The temperature in the bottom water layer (B) and the temperature difference between layers (ΔT) were manipulated in an orthogonal design. We used, for S. droebachiensis: 4 levels of ΔT (0, 3, 6 and 12 °C) and 3 levels of B (3, 6 and 9 °C); for A. rubens: 3 levels ΔT (0, 6 and 12 °C) and 2 levels of B (6 and 12 °C); and for A. irradians: 3 levels of ΔT (0, 5 and 11 °C) and 2 levels of B (5 and 11 °C). The difference in temperature between water layers did not affect the vertical distribution of echinoderms consistently, while the distribution of A. irradians was limited to the bottom layer when any thermal stratification was present regardless of strength. Our results suggest that the vertical position of larvae of S. droebachiensis and A. rubens is related to the temperatures of the surface layer and that the presence alone or the steepness of the thermocline has less influence on their distribution. Consequently, in the field, echinoderm larvae would aggregate at the surface unless temperature extremes were encountered. In contrast, the position of A. irradians was limited to the bottom layer in the presence of a thermocline of at least 5 °C (the shallowest used in our study). Such thermoclines are common in a natural setting and could affect the vertical distribution and horizontal dispersal of larvae by acting as a barrier to vertical migration.
Exposure to high endotoxin concentration increases wheezing prevalence among laboratory animal workers: a cross-sectional study
<p><strong>Background:</strong> Endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria are found in different concentrations in dust and on the ground of laboratories dealing with small animals and animal houses. <strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional study performed in workplaces of two universities. Dust samples were collected from laboratories and animal facilities housing rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits or hamsters and analyzed by the “<em>Limulus amebocyte lysate</em>” (LAL) method. We also sampled workplaces without animals. The concentrations of endotoxin detected in the workplaces were tested for association with wheezing in the last 12 months, asthma defined by self-reported diagnosis and asthma confirmed by bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to mannitol. <strong>Results: </strong>Dust samples were obtained at 145 workplaces, 92 with exposure to animals and 53 with no exposure. Exposed group comprised 412 subjects and non-exposed group comprised 339 subjects. Animal-exposed workplaces had higher concentrations of endotoxin, median of 34.2 endotoxin units (EU) per mg of dust (interquartile range, 12.6-65.4), as compared to the non-exposed group, median of 10.2 EU/mg of dust (interquartile range, 2.6-22.2) (p < 0.001). The high concentration of endotoxin (above median, 20.4 EU/mg) was associated with increased wheezing prevalence (p < 0.001), i.e. 61% of workers exposed to high endotoxin concentration reported wheezing in the last 12 months compared to 29% of workers exposed to low endotoxin concentration. The concentration of endotoxin was not associated with asthma report or with BHR confirmed asthma. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Exposure to endotoxin is associated with a higher prevalence of wheezing, but not with asthma as defined by the mannitol bronchial challenge test or by self-reported asthma. Preventive measures are necessary for these workers.</p>
FIGURE 9 in Morphology of the larval stages of the spider crab Herbstia condyliata (Fabricius, 1787) (Brachyura: Majoidea: Pisidae) obtained in laboratory conditions
FIGURE 9. Herbstia condyliata (Fabricius, 1787). First zoea. Spines of the telson furca. Scale bar = 100 μm.
FIGURE 5 in Morphology of the larval stages of the spider crab Herbstia condyliata (Fabricius, 1787) (Brachyura: Majoidea: Pisidae) obtained in laboratory conditions
FIGURE 5. Herbstia condyliata (Fabricius, 1787), first zoea. A, first maxilliped; B, second maxilliped. Megalopa. C, first maxilliped; D, second maxilliped. Scale bars = 100 μm.
FIGURE 4 in Morphology of the larval stages of the spider crab Herbstia condyliata (Fabricius, 1787) (Brachyura: Majoidea: Pisidae) obtained in laboratory conditions
FIGURE 4. Herbstia condyliata (Fabricius, 1787), maxilla. A, first zoea; B, second zoea; C, megalopa. Scale bars = 100 μm.
FIGURE 1 in Morphology of the larval stages of the spider crab Herbstia condyliata (Fabricius, 1787) (Brachyura: Majoidea: Pisidae) obtained in laboratory conditions
FIGURE 1. Herbstia condyliata (Fabricius, 1787), carapace. A, first zoea, frontal view; B, first zoea, lateral view; C, second zoea, lateral view; D, megalopa, dorsal view; E, megalopa, lateral view. Scale bars = 500 μm.
FIGURE 8 in Morphology of the larval stages of the spider crab Herbstia condyliata (Fabricius, 1787) (Brachyura: Majoidea: Pisidae) obtained in laboratory conditions
FIGURE 8. Herbstia condyliata (Fabricius, 1787), megalopa. A, pleon, dorsal view; B, pleon, lateral view; C–F, pleopods 1–4; G, uropod. Scale bars of A and B = 200 μm; scale of C–G = 100 μm.
FIGURE 7 in Morphology of the larval stages of the spider crab Herbstia condyliata (Fabricius, 1787) (Brachyura: Majoidea: Pisidae) obtained in laboratory conditions
FIGURE 7. Herbstia condyliata (Fabricius, 1787), pleon. A, first zoea, lateral view; B, second zoea, lateral view; C, first zoea, dorsal view; D, second zoea, dorsal view; E, first zoea, detail of telson; F, second zoea, detail of telson. Scale bar of A–D = 200 μm; scale of E and F = 100 μm.
FIGURE 6 in Morphology of the larval stages of the spider crab Herbstia condyliata (Fabricius, 1787) (Brachyura: Majoidea: Pisidae) obtained in laboratory conditions
FIGURE 6. Herbstia condyliata (Fabricius, 1787), second zoea. A, third maxilliped and pereopods. Abbreviations: mxpd3, third maxilliped; p1–p5, pereopods 1–5. Megalopa. B, third maxilliped; C, first pereopod; D, sternum and coxa of pereopods 1–5 and ischium of pereopods 2–5; E–H, dactylus of pereopods 2–5. Scale bars of B and E–H = 100 μm; scale of C and D = 200 μm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.