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Text-fig. 2. P3, morphotypes of Parasorex depereti from BRS 25. a) P3 with only one lingual cusp, hypocone. b) P3 with fused protocone and hypocone, forming a ridge-like complex. c) P3 with well-developed protocone and hypocone. Scale bar 1 mm. in New Light On Parasorex Depereti (Erinaceomorpha: Erinaceidae: Galericini) From The Late Messinian (Mn 13) Of The Monticino Quarry (Brisighella, Faenza, Italy)

Text-fig. 2. P3, morphotypes of Parasorex depereti from BRS 25. a) P3 with only one lingual cusp, hypocone. b) P3 with fused protocone and hypocone, forming a ridge-like complex. c) P3 with well-developed protocone and hypocone. Scale bar 1 mm.

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Text-fig. 3. Scatter diagrams of a) upper and b) lower teeth from BRS 25 (black profile), French localities (cyan; data from Crochet 1986) and Moncucco Torinese (red ones; unpublished data). in New Light On Parasorex Depereti (Erinaceomorpha: Erinaceidae: Galericini) From The Late Messinian (Mn 13) Of The Monticino Quarry (Brisighella, Faenza, Italy)

Text-fig. 3. Scatter diagrams of a) upper and b) lower teeth from BRS 25 (black profile), French localities (cyan; data from Crochet 1986) and Moncucco Torinese (red ones; unpublished data).

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TYPES: Male holotype from Panama: Panama: Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, 1 hectare PANCODING Inventory, 895 m, 8.68333°, -79.92972°, June 14–19, 2007, M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, M. Ramírez, deposited in MIUP, PBI_OON 42313; same data, 1 male paratype deposited in MACN-Ar 29895, PBI_OON 42312. ETYMOLOGY: A noun in apposition; in Greek religion and mythology, Pan is the god of the wild natural world, of shepherds, flocks, and mountains, and of hunting and rustic music. He has hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat, and the name is here employed to note the large mac- rosetae at the eye region of males that resemble the horns in some illustrations of this god. DIAGNOSIS: This is one of the most autapomor- phic species from the Americas; males have the labium fused with the sternum (fig. 34B), small chelicerae, shorter than the endite length, with anterior blunt projections, and directed backward in lateral view (fig. 34D, E); clypeus directed back- ward (fig. 34D); two light areas on the sternum just below the endites (fig. 34B), carapace almost flat in lateral view and two strong macrosetae at the eye region, pointing forward (fig. 34C–E). Other characters of the male palp, such as the presence of two apophyses, also distinguish this species from others (fig. 38D–F). MALE (PBI_OON 42312): Total length 1.00. Habitus as in figure 34A–C. CEPHALOTHO- RAX: Carapace orange, with brown stripe along in Taxonomic Revision Of The Jumping Goblin Spiders Of The Genus Orchestina Simon, 1882, In The Americas (Araneae: Oonopidae)

TYPES: Male holotype from Panama: Panama: Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, 1 hectare PANCODING Inventory, 895 m, 8.68333°, -79.92972°, June 14–19, 2007, M. Arnedo, D. Dimitrov, G. Hormiga, F. Labarque, M. Ramírez, deposited in MIUP, PBI_OON 42313; same data, 1 male paratype deposited in MACN-Ar 29895, PBI_OON 42312. ETYMOLOGY: A noun in apposition; in Greek religion and mythology, Pan is the god of the wild natural world, of shepherds, flocks, and mountains, and of hunting and rustic music. He has hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat, and the name is here employed to note the large mac- rosetae at the eye region of males that resemble the horns in some illustrations of this god. DIAGNOSIS: This is one of the most autapomor- phic species from the Americas; males have the labium fused with the sternum (fig. 34B), small chelicerae, shorter than the endite length, with anterior blunt projections, and directed backward in lateral view (fig. 34D, E); clypeus directed back- ward (fig. 34D); two light areas on the sternum just below the endites (fig. 34B), carapace almost flat in lateral view and two strong macrosetae at the eye region, pointing forward (fig. 34C–E). Other characters of the male palp, such as the presence of two apophyses, also distinguish this species from others (fig. 38D–F). MALE (PBI_OON 42312): Total length 1.00. Habitus as in figure 34A–C. CEPHALOTHO- RAX: Carapace orange, with brown stripe along

Fig. 3 in Fish ladder of Lajeado Dam: migrations on one-way routes?

Fig. 3. Mean values of water transparency (Secchi disc, m) upstream from (248 and 173 km) and within Lajeado Reservoir, from October, 2003 through September, 2004.

Fig. 1 in Fish ladder of Lajeado Dam: migrations on one-way routes?

Fig. 1. Sampling sites in the Tocantins River and Lajeado Reservoir (detail: area close to the dam and the fish ladder).

Fig. 4 in Fish ladder of Lajeado Dam: migrations on one-way routes?

Fig. 4. Proportions of the different orders of fish in the larval samples taken near the Lajeado Dam, before (bold font) and after (regular font) dam closure and above the reservoir after its formation.

Fig. 2 in Fish ladder of Lajeado Dam: migrations on one-way routes?

Fig. 2. Spatial variations in the density (± standard deviation - SD) of planktonic fish eggs and larvae in the Middle Tocantins River, before (October, 1999 – September, 2001 - a) and after (October, 2002 – September, 2004 - b) the formation of Lajeado Reservoir (UHE Luís Eduardo Magalhães).

Figures 238–243 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 238–243. 'Spermophora' usambara. Left male palp in prolateral (238) and retrolateral (239) views, modified hairs distally on male chelicerae (240), male chelicerae in frontal view (241), and cleared epigynum in ventral (242) and dorsal (243) views. 'e': embolus; 'hp': hinged process. Scale bars = 0.3 mm (238, 239), 0.2 mm (242, 243), 0.1 mm (241), 50 Mm (240).

Figures 258–261 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 258–261. 'Spermophora' kivu. Left male palp in prolateral (258) and retrolateral (259) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (260), and modified hairs distally on male chelicerae (261). 'e': embolus; 'fa': distinctive femur apophysis. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (258, 259), 0.3 mm (260), 50 Mm (261).

Figures 234–237 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 234–237. 'Spermophora' sangarawe. Left male palp in prolateral (234) and retrolateral (235) views, and cleared epigynum in ventral (236) and dorsal (237) views. 'e': embolus; 'hp': hinged process. Scale bars = 0.3 mm.

Figures 274–279 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 274–279. 'Spermophora' lambilloni. Left male palp in prolateral (274) and retrolateral (275) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (276), modified hairs distally on male cheliceral apophyses (277), and cleared epigynum in ventral (278) and dorsal (279) views. 'e': embolus; 'hp': putative hinged process; arrow points to structure distinctive for Comoran 'Spermophora' species. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (274, 275), 0.4 mm (278, 279), 0.2 mm (276), 50 Mm (277).

Figures 218–220 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 218–220. Buitinga kanzuiri. Left male palp in prolateral (218) and retrolateral (219) views, and male chelicerae in frontal view (220). 'e': embolus; 'dt': dorsal trichobothrium. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (218, 219), 0.3 mm (220).

Figures 212–217 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 212–217. Buitinga mulanje. Left male palp in prolateral (212) and retrolateral (213) views, modified hairs distally on male chelicerae (214), male chelicerae in frontal view (215), and cleared epigynum in ventral (216) and dorsal (217) views. 'e': embolus; 'dt': base of dorsal trichobothrium; 'hp': hinged process. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (212, 213), 0.2 mm (215– 217), 50 Mm (214).

Figures 204, 205 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 204, 205. Buitinga kikura. Left male palp in prolateral (204) and retrolateral (205) views. 'e': embolus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figures 227–233 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 227–233. 'Spermophora' morogoro. 227. Left procursus, prolateral view. 228. Modified hairs on distal male cheliceral apophysis. 229. Male gonopore with epiandrous spigots. 230. Epigynum, and folded cuticle between epigynum and spinnerets (arrow). 231. Embolus ('e') and bulbal apophysis. 232. Male palpal tarsal organ. 233. Male ALS spigots. Scale bars = 8 Mm (228, 232, 233), 30 Mm (229), 50 Mm (231), 100 Mm (227), 200 Mm (230).

Figures 193–203 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 193–203. Buitinga kihanga (193–199), and ruwenzori (200–203). 193. Left procursus, prolateral view, with process winding around procursus ('wp'). 194. Distal cheliceral apophyses with modified hairs. 195, 200. Male gonopores with epiandrous spigots. 196. Male palpal tarsal organ. 197. Epigynum with frontal scape ('s'). 198, 202. Epigynal scapes, coiled up at rest. 199, 203. Male ALS spigots. 201. Spines distally on male chelicerae. Scale bars = 10 Mm (199, 203), 20 Mm (194, 196, 200), 40 Mm (195), 50 Mm (201), 60 Mm (198, 202), 200 Mm (193, 197).

Figures 170–181. Buitinga uzungwa. 170. Male chelicerae. 171 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 170–181. Buitinga uzungwa. 170. Male chelicerae. 171. Spines proximally on male chelicerae. 172. Distal cheliceral apophysis with modified hairs. 173. Process winding around procursus ventrally. 174. Male gonopore with epiandrous spigots. 175. Left procursus, retrolateral view ('wp': process winding around procursus ventrally). 176. Female prosoma, frontal view. 177. Scape coiled up at rest. 178. Tip of female palp with tarsal organ. 179. Male ALS and PMS. 180. Proximal part of process winding around procursus. 181. Bulbal apophysis and embolus ('e'). Scale bars = 10 Mm (172), 20 Mm (171, 179, 180), 30 Mm (178), 40 Mm (174), 80 Mm (177, 181), 100 Mm (173), 200 Mm (170, 175), 300 Mm (176).

Figures 164–169 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 164–169. Buitinga uzungwa. Left male palp in prolateral (164) and retrolateral (165) views, modified hairs on male cheliceral apophysis (166), male chelicerae in frontal view (167), and cleared epigynum in ventral (168) and dorsal (169) views. 'e': embolus; 'hp': putative hinged process; 'l': transparent lamina; 'pa': distinctive bulbal papilla; 'wp': process winding around procursus. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (164, 165), 0.2 mm (167), 0.3 mm (168, 169), 50 Mm (166).

Figures 288–291 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 288–291. 'Spermophora' jocquei. Left male palp in prolateral (288) and retrolateral (289) views, male chelicerae in frontal view (290), and modified hairs distally on male cheliceral apophyses (291). 'e': embolus; 'hp': hinged process; 'ta': prolateral trochanter apophysis; arrow points to structure distinctive for Comoran 'Spermophora' species. Scale bars = 0.4 mm (288, 289), 0.2 mm (290), 50 Mm (291).

Figures 147–150 in High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae: Pholcidae: Buitinga n. gen., Spermophora Hentz)

Figures 147–150. Buitinga asax. Left male palp in prolateral (147) and retrolateral (148) views, and cleared epigynum in ventral (149) and dorsal (150) views. 'e': embolus; 'wp': distinctive process winding around procursus. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (147, 148), 0.3 mm (149, 150).