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4,243 results for “seasonality”
Data from: The transcriptional landscape of seasonal coat colour moult in the snowshoe hare
Seasonal coat colour change is an important adaptation to seasonally changing environments but the evolution of this and other circannual traits remains poorly understood. In this study we use gene expression to understand seasonal coat colour moulting in wild snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). We used hair colour to follow the progression of the moult, simultaneously sampling skin from three moulting stages in hares collected during the peak of the spring moult from white winter to brown summer pelage. Using RNA-sequencing, we tested if patterns of expression were consistent with predictions based on the established phases of the hair growth cycle. We found functionally consistent clustering across skin types, with 766 genes differentially expressed between moult stages. "White" pelage showed more differentially expressed genes that were upregulated relative to other skin types, involved in the transition between late telogen (quiescent stage) and the onset of anagen (proliferative stage). Skin samples from transitional "intermediate" and "brown" pelage were transcriptionally similar and resembled the regressive transition to catagen (regressive stage). We also detected differential expression of several key circadian clock and pigmentation genes, providing important means to dissect the bases of alternate seasonal colour morphs. Our results reveal that pelage colour is a useful biomarker for seasonal change but that there is a consistent lag between the main gene expression waves and change in visible coat colour. These experiments establish that developmental sampling from natural populations of non-model organisms can provide a crucial resource to dissect the genetic basis and evolution of complex seasonally changing traits.
Data from: Age‐dependent leaf physiology and consequences for crown‐scale carbon uptake during the dry season in an Amazon evergreen forest
* Satellite and tower-based metrics of forest-scale photosynthesis generally increase with dry season progression across central Amazônia, but the underlying mechanisms lack consensus. * We conducted demographic surveys of leaf age composition, and measured age-dependence of leaf physiology in broadleaf canopy trees of abundant species at a central eastern Amazon site. Using a novel leaf-to-branch scaling approach, we used this data to independently test the much-debated hypothesis—arising from satellite and tower-based observations—that leaf phenology could explain the forest-scale pattern of dry season photosynthesis. * Stomatal conductance and biochemical parameters of photosynthesis were higher for recently mature leaves than for old leaves. Most branches had multiple leaf age categories simultaneously present, and the number of recently mature leaves increased as the dry season progressed because old leaves were exchanged for new leaves. * These findings provide the first direct field evidence that branch-scale photosynthetic capacity increases during the dry season, with a magnitude consistent with increases in ecosystem-scale photosynthetic capacity derived from flux towers. Interaction between leaf age-dependent physiology and shifting leaf age-demographic composition are sufficient to explain the dry season photosynthetic capacity pattern at this site, and should be considered in vegetation models of tropical evergreen forests.
Data from: Seasonal food scarcity prompts long-distance foraging by a wild social bee
Foraging is an essential process for mobile animals and its optimization serves as a foundational theory in ecology and evolution; however, drivers of foraging are rarely investigated across landscapes and seasons. Using a common bumble bee species from the Western US (Bombus vosnesenskii), we ask if seasonal decreases in food resources prompt changes in foraging behavior and space use. We employ a unique integration of population genetic tools and spatially-explicit foraging models to estimate foraging distances and rates of patch visitation for wild bumble bee colonies across three study regions and two seasons. By mapping the locations of 669 wild-caught individual foragers, we find substantial variation in colony-level foraging distances, often exhibiting a 60-fold difference within a study region. Our analysis of visitation rates indicates that foragers display a preference for high-cover destination patches and forage significantly further for these patches, but only in the summer, when landscape-level resources are low. Overall, these results indicate that an increasing proportion of long-distance foraging bouts take place in the summer. As pollinators, the foraging dynamics of wild bees are of urgent concern given the potential impacts of global change on their movement and services. The behavioral shift towards long-distance foraging with seasonal declines in food resources suggests a novel phenologically-directed approach to landscape-level pollinator conservation and increased evaluation of late-season floral resources.
Data from: Seasonality determines patterns of growth and age structure over a geographic gradient in an ectothermic vertebrate
<p>Environmental variation connected with sea- sonality is likely to affect the evolution of life-history strategies in ectotherms, but there is no consensus as to how important life-history traits like body size are influ- enced by environmental variation along seasonal gradients. We compared adult body size, skeletal growth, mean age, age at first reproduction and longevity among 11 common frog (<em>Rana temporaria</em>) populations sampled along a 1,600-km-long latitudinal gradient across Scandinavia. Mean age, age at first reproduction and longevity increased linearly with decreasing growth season length. Lifetime activity (i.e. the estimated number of active days during life-time) was highest at mid-latitudes and females had on average more active days throughout their lives than males. Variation in body size was due to differences in lifetime activity among populations—individuals (especially females) were largest where they had the longest cumula- tive activity period—as well as to differences between populations in skeletal growth rate as determined by skel- etochronological analyses. Especially, males grew faster at intermediate latitudes. While life-history trait variation was strongly associated with latitude, the direction and shape of these relationships were sex- and trait-specific. These context-dependent relationships may be the result of life- history trade-offs enforced by differences in future reproductive opportunities and time constraints among the populations. Thus, seasonality appears to be an important environmental factor shaping life-history trait variation in common frogs.</p>
Learning from dynamic traits: Seasonal shifts yield insights into ecophysiological tradeoffs across scales from macroevolutionary to intra-individual
<p><strong>Premise of the Research.</strong> Phylogenetic comparative methods provide a powerful approach for exploring the macroevolution of plant functional traits. Such approaches can uncover trait-trait correlations through evolutionary time, as well as provide evidence of the role of traits in adaptation across environmental gradients. For continuous traits, most phylogenetic comparative approaches to date employ a single trait value per species, often a mean of sampled individuals, or alternatively incorporate intraspecific variation as a distribution around such a mean. It has been known for quite some time that many of the most physiologically and ecologically important plant traits are actually highly plastic, changing dynamically across a growing season, with whole-plant development, or in response to environmental conditions. Here we demonstrate one possible approach to assessing the evolution of such dynamic traits, the use of function-valued phylogenetic comparative methods.<br> <strong>Methodology.</strong> Leaf traits were sampled across 25 taxa in the genus <em>Cornus</em> at six time points throughout the growing season in a common garden context, followed by contrasting sets of alternative analyses to demonstrate the consequences of researcher decisions on study conclusions.<br> <strong>Pivotal Results. </strong>The vast majority of assessed traits exhibit substantial seasonal shifts. These shifts cause traditional macroevolutionary correlations assessed at different sampling dates to yield conflicting results. Function-valued approaches indicate that seasonal shifts in many traits are evolutionarily correlated, with implications for the origin of trait-trait tradeoffs. Seasonal trait plasticity is also evolutionarily correlated with native habitat environmental gradients across <em>Cornus</em>.<br> <strong>Conclusions.</strong> Because a very large number of plant functional traits are not fixed, but vary dynamically over time or with environmental conditions, stronger insights into the evolution of plant functional traits can emerge when this dynamism is explicitly incorporated into phylogenetic comparative approaches. We encourage the adoption of such approaches, as well as the development of better tools for doing so.</p>
Data from: Preventing Zika virus infection during pregnancy using a seasonal window of opportunity for conception
It has come to light that Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can result in trans-placental transmission to the fetus along with fetal death, congenital microcephaly and/or Central Nervous System (CNS) malformations. There are projected to be > 9, 200, 000 births annually in countries with ongoing ZIKV transmission. In response to the ZIKV threat, the World Health Organization (WHO) is strategically targeting prevention of infection in pregnant women and funding contraception in epidemic regions. I propose that the damaging effects of ZIKV can be reduced using a seasonal window of opportunity for conception that may minimize maternal exposure. Like other acute viral infections—including the related flavivirus, dengue virus (DENV)—the transmission of ZIKV is anticipated to be seasonal. By seasonally planning pregnancy, this aspect of pathogen ecology can be leveraged to align sensitive periods of gestation with the low-transmission season.
Seasons of Syn
<p><i>Synechococcus</i> is a widespread and important marine primary producer. Time series provide critical information for identifying and understanding the factors that determine abundance patterns. Here, we present the results of analysis of a 16‐yr hourly time series of <i>Synechococcus</i> at the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory, obtained with an automated, in situ flow cytometer. We focus on understanding seasonal abundance patterns by examining relationships between cell division rate, loss rate, cellular properties (e.g., cell volume, phycoerythrin fluorescence), and environmental variables (e.g., temperature, light). We find that the drivers of cell division vary with season; cells are temperature‐limited in winter and spring, but light‐limited in the fall. Losses to the population also vary with season. Our results lead to testable hypotheses about <i>Synechococcus</i> ecophysiology and a working framework for understanding the seasonal controls of <i>Synechococcus</i> cell abundance in a temperate coastal system.</p>
Data from: Microclimate predicts within-season distribution dynamics of montane forest birds
Aim Climate changes are anticipated to have pervasive negative effects on biodiversity and are expected to necessitate widespread range shifts or contractions. Such projections are based upon the assumptions that (1) species respond primarily to broad-scale climatic regimes, or (2) that variation in climate at fine spatial scales is less relevant at coarse spatial scales. However, in montane forest landscapes, high degrees of microclimate variability could influence occupancy dynamics and distributions of forest species. Using high-resolution bird survey and under-canopy air temperature data, we tested the hypothesis that the high vagility of most forest bird species combined with the heterogeneous thermal regime of mountain landscapes would enable them to adjust initial settlement decisions to track their thermal niches. Location Western Cascade Mountains, Oregon, USA. Methods We used dynamic occupancy models to test the degree to which microclimate affects the distribution patterns of forest birds in a heterogeneous mountain environment. In all models we statistically accounted for vegetation structure, vegetation composition and potential biases due to imperfect detection of birds. We generated spatial predictions of forest bird distributions in relation to microclimate and vegetation structure. Results Fine-scale temperature metrics were strong predictors of bird distributions; effects of temperature on within-season occupancy dynamics were as large or larger (1–1.7 times) than vegetation effects. Most species (86.7%) exhibited apparent within-season occupancy dynamics. However, species were almost as likely to be warm associated (i.e., apparent settlement at warmer sites and/or vacancy at cooler sites; 53.3% of species) as cool associated (i.e., apparent settlement at cooler sites and/or vacancy at warmer sites; 46.7% of species), suggesting that microclimate preferences are species specific. Main conclusions High-resolution temperature data increase the quality of predictions about avian distribution dynamics and should be included in efforts to project future distributions. We hypothesize that microclimate-associated distribution patterns may reflect species' potential for behavioural buffering from climate change in montane forest environments.
Data from: Seasonality promotes grassland diversity: interactions with mowing, fertilization and removal of dominant species
1. Current biodiversity declines in species-rich grasslands are connected with the cessation of management, eutrophication and the expansion of dominant grass species. One of the theoretical mechanisms limiting biodiversity loss is the ability of subordinate species to avoid competitive exclusion by seasonal niche separation from dominant species. Here we explore how seasonality underpins the maintenance of diversity in temperate meadows under different management regimes and competition intensities in relation to species functional traits. 2. We studied eight different communities in a long-term meadow experiment that manipulated mowing, fertilization and dominant species (Molinia caerulea) removal. In each community, species-specific trait and biomass data were taken five times during the year to test whether seasonal variation in species composition and functional strategies enable species to coexist. 3. Mown unfertlized meadows exhibited pronounced seasonal variations in community composition and structure, linked to differences in resource-use strategies between mid-summer dominants and the spring and autumn subordinates. Higher specific leaf area and foliar nitrogen concentration in the fast-growing dominants, and increased water use (δ13C) and nutrient acquisition (δ15N) efficiency in resource-retentive subordinates, best predicted their temporal niche separation. Seasonal segregation of species with contrasting strategies increased after mowing cessation, and the resulting summer dominance of Molinia. Conversely, the seasonal dynamics were markedly reduced by fertilization, promoting tall grasses over sedges and forbs throughout the entire year, thereby decreasing the overall taxonomic and functional diversity. When Molinia was removed the compositional changes during the season became less pronounced, being significant only in mown unfertilized plots. 4. Seasonal shifts in community composition reduced the competitive interactions and promoted the coexistence of dominant and subordinate species. Seasonality reversed the negative mid-summer diversity-productivity relationship to a positive one during the spring and autumn, and seasonality only prevented diversity loss in unfertilized conditions possibly because competition is most intense in summer. In fertilized meadows, subordinate species are not able to escape competitive exclusion by shifting their phenological peaks to the spring or autumn periods because asymmetric competition is intense over the entire growing season. Studying seasonal dynamics is key to understanding the maintenance of grassland diversity under ongoing land use change.
Seasonal release from competition explains partial migration in European moose
Partial migration, whereby a proportion of a population migrates between distinct seasonal ranges, is common throughout the animal kingdom. However, studies linking existing theoretical models of migration probability, with empirical data are lacking. The competitive release hypothesis for partial migration predicts that due to density-dependent habitat selection, the proportion of migrants increases as the relative quality and size of the seasonal range increases, but decreases with increasing migration cost and population density. To test this prediction, we developed a quantitative framework to predict the proportion of migrants, using empirical data from 545 individually GPS-marked moose (Alces alces) from across Fennoscandia, spanning latitudes of 56° to 68°N. Moose contracted their ranges to common and spatially limited winter areas (typically at lower elevation), but expanded them during summer due to an increase in suitable habitat (at highland ranges). As predicted from our model, a better and larger highland range relative to the lowland range corresponded to a higher proportion of migrants in an area. Quantitative predictions coupling the balance of habitat availability of seasonal ranges with the probability of migrating in a large herbivore is a necessary step towards an enhanced understanding of the mechanisms underlying migration at the population level.
Pyotr Tchaikovsky – The Seasons (A corpus of annotated scores)
No description provided.
Seasonal Variation of Thermospheric Composition Observed by NASA GOLD
We examine characteristics of the seasonal variation of thermospheric composition using column number density ratio ∑O/N2 observed by the NASA Global Observations of Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission from low-mid to mid-high latitudes. We found that the ∑O/N2 seasonal variation is hemispherically asymmetric: in the southern hemisphere, it exhibits the well-known annual and seminal pattern, with highs near the equinoxes, and primary and secondary lows near the solstices. In the northern hemisphere, it is dominated by an annual variation, with a minor semiannual component with the highs shifting towards the wintertime. We also found that the durations of the December and June solstice seasons in terms of thermospheric composition are highly variable with longitude. Our hypothesis is that ion-neutral collisional heating in the equatorial ionization anomaly region and auroral Joule heating play substantial roles in this longitudinal dependency.
Universal microbial network decomposes mammals despite varied climate, location, and seasonal influence
<p>Microbial breakdown of organic material is one of the most important processes on earth, yet enormous knowledge gaps exist about its controls. We demonstrate that a universal, inter-kingdom microbial network assembles in response to nutrient-rich, terrestrial mammalian decomposition, despite selection effects of location, climate and season. We created the first metagenome-assembled genome library from mammalian decomposition-associated soils and combined it with metabolomics to identify a microbial decomposer network that interacts by cross-feeding to efficiently metabolize labile decomposition products. The key fungal and bacterial decomposers appear unique to the breakdown of terrestrial cadavers, and are rare in relative abundance across non-decomposition environments. Blow flies are suggested as an important decomposer vector and the observed lockstep of microbial interactions underlies a robust microbial forensic tool for predicting the time since death. </p>
The overlooked contribution of the seasonal mixed layer pump to carbon export in low-latitude regions
<ul> <li> <p><strong>MLP_data_processing.R</strong><br>Code for preprocessing datasets in the study</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>MLP_figures.R</strong><br>Code for generating all figures presented in the study</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>MLP_functions.R</strong><br>Code of custom functions in the study</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>low_bbs_all.RData</strong><br>Quality-controlled BGC-Argo floats dataset in this study</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>low_mlp_ncp_ratio_new_2023.RData</strong><br>EMLP and EMLP/EP for all 37 float_year</p> </li> <li><strong>low_mlp_ratio_2023.RData</strong><br>1°*1° EMLP and EMLP/EP for low-latitude regions</li> </ul> <p> </p>
Citizen science data reveals altitudinal movement and seasonal ecosystem use by hummingbirds in the Andes Mountains
Ensuring connectivity is crucial to protect landscapes but it requires knowledge about how animals use ecosystems throughout the year. However, animal movements remain largely unknown in biodiversity hotspots, even for species that fulfill key ecological roles, as is the case of hummingbirds in the Andes. In the complex topography of mountain slopes, movement of these avian pollinators may occur either between habitat patches with asynchronous plant blooms or across ecosystems that are located within same elevation bands or along altitudinal gradients. Here, we used two decades (2000-2020) of records from citizen science data and boosted regression trees to predict monthly distributions for 55 hummingbird species in the Andes. We identified shifts in altitudinal distribution between contiguous months and calculated changes in the proportion of predicted distributions occupied by ecosystem types. Our findings reveal substantial altitudinal movement and differences in the proportion of ecosystem types utilized throughout the year that had not been previously reported for several species. Yet the magnitude of altitudinal and ecosystem shifts varies between hummingbird clades, and in some cases changes in the proportion of ecosystem types within estimated distributions occurs with little variation in altitude. All ecosystems across the Andes show temporal changes in hummingbird occurrence, but these are higher in natural landscapes compared to croplands or urban areas. Finally, we used phylogenetic logistic regression to test whether altitudinal and ecosystem shifts affect population trends. We found that higher ecosystem seasonality is more strongly associated with decreasing populations in comparison to altitudinal shifts. Altogether, our study reveals complex patterns of movement in hummingbirds and highlights the importance of ecological connectivity across different ecosystem types. More generally, it demonstrates the opportunity of using citizen science data to increase understanding about species' seasonal occurrences so that landscapes can be better managed to protect animal movement.
Characterization of leaf transcriptome in a tropical tree species, Shorea curtisii, over a flowering season
<p><span>General flowering (GF) is a synchronous flowering event in the Southeast Asian tropical rainforests that occurs at irregular intervals of multiple years. The unpredictable intervals of GF raise conservation concerns for these under-researched forests with rich economically and ecologically important species. In this study, the leaf transcriptome of a GF species, <em>Shorea</em> <em>curtisii</em> obtained from three time points – before and after floral initiation, and post flowering stage – was sequenced. We assembled 243,759,478 sequencing reads into 39,943 non-redundant unigenes including 677 putative homologs of <em>Arabidopsis</em> <em>thaliana</em> flowering-related genes. Differential expression analysis conducted on pairwise comparisons of the time points identified 930 differentially expressed unigenes, which includes 17 flowering-related homologs. The differential expression of unigenes with significant enrichments of functions related to drought corroborated the involvement of drought as an environmental cue for GF. The outcomes of this study offer an insight into the conservation of floral regulatory genes and pathways in Shorea and could be used as a model to better understand the floral initiation cues and regulation of GF trees.</span></p>
Database of experimental determinations of soil respiration in pine and spruce forests during the growing season of 2023 at the Lyalsky test site (middle taiga, northeast of the East European Plain)
<p>The data set includes the results of 342 measurements of CO2 emissions (SR, gС/m2/day) from the soil surface of coniferous ecosystems at the Lyalsky test site during the growing season (May-September) of 2023. The objects of the study were: pine forest (PS, Gleyic Folic Albic Podzol (Arenic)) and spruce forest (SM, Albic Retisols). The values of temperature (Ts, at a depth of 10 cm), moisture (Ms, in a layer of 0-5 cm) of the soil and air temperature (Ta) are also given.</p><p>The research was carried out by employees of the Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences as part of the most important innovative project of national importance "Development of a system for ground-based and remote monitoring of carbon pools and greenhouse gas fluxes in the territory of the Russian Federation, ensuring the creation of recording data systems on the fluxes of climate-active substances and the carbon budget in forests and other terrestrial ecological systems" (Registration number: 123030300031-6). </p>
Geographic, seasonal and ontogenetic variations of δ15N and δ13C of Japanese sardine explained by baseline variations and diverse fish movements
<p><span>Understanding and predicting variability in the stable isotope ratios of nitrogen and carbon (δ15N and δ13C, respectively) of small pelagic fish is crucial to enable isotopic studies of a variety of marine predators that feed on them. However, because the isotope ratios reflect plastic feeding habits and fish migration in addition to baseline variation, their predictions require a mechanistic understanding of how each factor contributes. Here, we investigated the habitat-wide variability of δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>13</sup>C of the Japanese sardine <em>Sardinops melanostictus</em> in the western North Pacific and its marginal seas (the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan). By combining this with the archived particulate organic matter (POM) dataset as a baseline, we aimed to understand how ecological processes and baseline fluctuations affect isotope ratios of the sardine. Both δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>13</sup>C of sardine showed significant geographical and seasonal trends, with higher values in southern nearshore areas, including the Seto Inland Sea, intermediate values in marginal seas and lower values in Pacific offshore areas. As the variations were largely consistent with the geographic and temporally integrated seasonal trends of isotope ratios of POM, respectively, the baseline variations are the main determinant of sardine isotope composition. The trophic levels of sardine are therefore not significantly different between regions, with possible minor increases in the southern nearshore area. Adults showed less geographic variation than larvae and juveniles, likely due to slower turnover periods and wider migration ranges. Although larval and juvenile isotope ratios in marginal seas mostly reflected the local baseline, those in the Pacific offshore often reflected the baseline in the neighbouring southern region, suggesting contrasting juvenile movements between regions. Our results suggest that the δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>13</sup>C of Japanese sardine strongly reflect baseline variations, but can also be influenced by life-stage- and region-dependent fish movements, thereby demonstrating both the possibility and difficulty of mechanistically modelling the isoscapes of lower trophic level species.</span></p>
Data for: The pace of mitochondrial molecular evolution varies with seasonal migration distance
<p>This repository contains data associated with "The pace of mitochondrial molecular evolution varies with seasonal migration distance." This study demonstrates relationships between traits (migration distance, mass, population genetic parameters representing genetic diversity) and molecular evolutionary rates (dS and dN/dS). The main conclusions are based on models from the program Coevol. The files included here are input files necessary to run models with Coevol, as well as selected Coevol output files used for figure generation associated with the manuscript. We also include a copy of a GitHub repository of manuscript code. Other necessary data for replicating analyses in the manuscript are included in the manuscript supplement. </p>
Magnolia Warbler (Setophaga magnolia) flight calls demonstrate individuality and variation by season and recording location
<p><span>Flight calls are short vocalizations frequently associated with migratory behavior that may maintain group structure, signal individual identity, and facilitate intra- and interspecific communication. In this study, Magnolia Warbler (<em>Setophaga magnolia</em>) flight call characteristics varied significantly by season and recording location, but not age or sex, and an individual's flight calls were significantly more similar to one another than to calls of other individuals. To determine if flight calls encode traits of the signaling individual during migration, we analyzed acoustic characteristics of the calls from the nocturnally migrating Magnolia Warbler. Specifically, we analyzed calls recorded from temporarily captured birds across the northeastern United States, including Appledore Island in Maine, Braddock Bay Bird Observatory in New York, and Powdermill Avian Research Center in Pennsylvania to quantify variation attributable to individual identity, sex, age, seasonality, and recording location. Overall, our findings suggest that Magnolia Warbler flight calls may show meaningful individual variation and exhibit previously undescribed spatiotemporal variation, providing a basis for future research.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.