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4,669 results for “Environment;”
Adapting a propane turkey fryer to manipulate temperature in aquatic environments - Thermal manipulation datasets
<p>There is a growing need to better understand the potential impacts of altered thermal regimes on biodiversity and ecosystem function as mean temperatures, and the likelihood of extreme temperatures, continue to increase. One valuable approach to identify mechanisms and pathways of thermally-driven change at the community level is through the manipulation of temperature in the field. However, where methods exist, they are often costly or unable to produce ecologically relevant changes in temperature. Here, we present a low cost, easily assembled, and readily customizable thermal manipulation system for tide pools or other small bodies of water – the Seaside Array for Understanding Thermal Effects (SAUTE) – and demonstrate its ability to effectively alter the temperature in tide pools. During our three-hour heating manipulation, heated pools reached temperatures 4°C warmer than unmanipulated pools. During the cooling manipulation, cooled pools remained on average 1.8°C cooler than control pools. The novel SAUTE system can be used to alter the temperature of tide pools in situ. Further, it could be modified to heat other environments such as freshwater vernal pools and settlement tiles in a realistic and meaningful manner, serving as a useful tool to test questions surrounding the relationship between climate warming, thermal variability, and ecological processes in natural aquatic communities.</p>
Data from: Palynology of a short sequence of the Lower Devonian Beartooth Butte Formation at Cottonwood Canyon (Wyoming): Age, depositional environments and plant diversity
<p>The Beartooth Butte Formation hosts the most extensive Early Devonian macroflora of western North America. The age of the flora at Cottonwood Canyon (Wyoming) has been constrained to the Lochkovian-Pragian interval, based on fish biostratigraphy and unpublished palynological data. We present a detailed palynological analysis of the plant-bearing layers at Cottonwood Canyon. The palynomorphs comprise 32 spore, five cryptospore, two prasinophycean algae and an acritarch species. The stratigraphic ranges of these palynomorphs indicate a late Lochkovian - Pragian age, confirming previous age assignments. Analyses on samples from three different depositional environments of the plant-bearing sequence – layers with in situ lycophyte populations, flood layers that buried those populations and an organic matter accumulation zone within a flood layer – demonstrate distinct palynofacies. Comparisons between palynomorph and plant macrofossil diversity reveal some discrepancies. Whereas zosterophylls and lycophytes, most diverse and abundant among the macrofossils, have only one known corresponding spore type (assignable to zosterophylls) in the palynomorph assemblage, the trimerophytes, rare in the macrofossil assemblage, are represented by three spore types. Some of these discrepancies reflect taphonomic differences between macrofossils and palynomorphs, others could be due to the fact that the parent plants of most palynomorph types in the Cottonwood Canyon assemblage are unknown. These observations emphasize the need for concerted efforts to bring together the knowledge of macro- and microfloras within Early Devonian localities. Nevertheless, given the palaeophytogeographic significance of the Beartooth Butte Formation flora, its palyno- and macrofossil assemblages, taken together, provide new data relevant to future discussions of Early Devonian biogeography.</p>
Complex trait‒environment relationships underlie the structure of forest plant communities
<p>Traits differentially adapt plant species to particular conditions generating compositional shifts along environmental gradients. As a result, community-scale trait values show concomitant shifts, termed trait‒environment relationships. Trait‒environment relationships are often assessed by evaluating community-weighted mean (CWM) traits observed along environmental gradients. Regression-based approaches (CWMr) assume that local communities exhibit traits centered at a single optimum value and that traits do not covary meaningfully. Evidence suggests that the shape of trait‒abundance relationships can vary widely along environmental gradients—reflecting complex interactions—and traits are usually interrelated. We used a model that accounts for these factors to explore trait‒environment relationships in herbaceous forest plant communities in Wisconsin (USA). We built a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) to analyze how abundances of 185 species distributed among 189 forested sites vary in response to four functional traits (vegetative height-VH, leaf size-LS, leaf mass per area-LMA, and leaf carbon content), six environmental variables describing overstory, soil, and climate conditions, and their interactions. The GLMM allowed us to assess the nature and relative strength of the resulting 24 trait‒environment relationships. We also compared results between GLMM and CWMr to explore how conclusions differ between approaches. The GLMM identified five significant trait‒environment relationships that together explain ~40% of variation in species abundances across sites. Temperature appeared as a key environmental driver, with warmer and more seasonal sites favoring taller plants. Soil texture and temperature seasonality affected LS and LMA; seasonality effects on LS and LMA were nonlinear, declining at more seasonal sites. Though often assumed for CWMr, only some traits under certain conditions had centered optimum trait‒abundance relationships. CWMr more liberally identified (13) trait‒environment relationships as significant but failed to detect the temperature-seasonality‒LMA relationship identified by the GLMM. Synthesis. Although GLMM represents a more methodologically complex approach than CWMr, it identified a reduced set of trait‒environment relationships still capable of accounting for the responses of forest understory herbs to environmental gradients. It also identified separate effects of mean and seasonal temperature on LMA that appear important in these forests, generating useful insights and supporting broader application of GLMM approach to understand trait‒environment relationships.</p>
Functionally distinct tree species support long-term productivity in extreme environments
<p>Dataset used for the article "Functionally distinct tree species support long-term productivity in extreme environments", submitted to <em>Proceedings of the Royal society B</em>. Contains raw output of simulations performed with the ForCEEPS forest gap model (http://capsis.cirad.fr/capsis/help_en/forceeps). For a description of the simulations performed and the dataset, see the associated GitHub (https://github.com/LDelalandre/Project-1_Distinct-sp_BEF) and the article.</p> <p>Simulations are grouped in 11 folders corresponding to the 11 environmental conditions used for simulating community dynamics. Subfolders group outputs by species richness gradients (30 random orders, plus "decreasing" order, which is from the most functionally distinct to the least functioonally distinct species, and "increasing, which is the other way around, and monocultures).</p> <p>For each species richness level (from 1: all the species, to 30, the last species of the richness gradient), four different files were generated:</p> <p>- biomass data: 'complete' (every individual); 'mean' (aggregated at the community level each year);</p> <p>- productivity data: productivity (every individual); productitity_scene (aggregated at the species level each year).</p>
Combined genotype and phenotype analyses reveal patterns of genomic adaptation to local environments in the subtropical oak Quercus acutissima
Understanding the effects of the demographic dynamics and environmental heterogeneity on the genomic variation of forest species is important not only for uncovering the evolutionary history of the species but also for predicting their ability to adapt to climate change. In this study, we combined a common garden experiment with range-wide population genomics analyses to infer the demographic history and characterize patterns of local adaptation in a subtropical oak species, Quercus acutissima. We scanned about 8% of the oak genome using a balanced representation of both genic and non-genic regions and identified a total of 55,361 SNPs in 167 trees. Genomic diversity analyses revealed an east-west split in the species distribution range. Coalescent-based model simulations inferred a late Pleistocene divergence in Q. acutissima between the east and west groups as well as subsequent pre-glaciation population expansion events. Consistent with observed genetic differentiation, morphological traits also showed east-west differentiation and the biomass allocation in seedlings was significantly associated with precipitation. Environment was found to have a significant and stronger impact on the non-neutral than the neutral SNPs, and also significantly associated with the phenotypic differentiation, suggesting that apart from the geography, environment had played a role in determining non-neutral and phenotypic variation. Our approach, which combined a common garden experiment with landscape genomics data, validated the hypothesis of local adaptation of this long-lived oak tree of subtropical China. Our study joins the small number of studies that have combined genotypic and phenotypic data to detect patterns of local adaptation.
Many roads to success: Different combinations of life-history traits provide accurate germination timing in seasonally dry environments
Germination timing is determined by several plant life-history traits. Seed dormancy regulates the time and place of early plant development and spreads recruitment risks over time. Dispersal phenology and syndrome can influence germination timing and buffer spatial heterogeneity. The ecological requirements for germination (the germination niche) can also influence when and where germination takes place. To date, the relative importance of each of these four traits to ensure the phenological adaptation of individual species in diverse communities remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the functional interactions among them and their relevance in heterogenous, seasonally dry environments. We collected seed dispersal phenology and syndrome for 82 species of the Brazilian savanna (cerrado) and evaluated the dormancy and germination behavior of the seeds of every taxon. Based on these data, we developed two new ecological indexes to estimate the likelihood of a non-dormant seed to germinate upon dispersal (∆G) and the overall variability of germination through time (σT). We then evaluated the influence of each trait on germination timing within a phylogenetically controlled framework. Our results show that even though germination is concentrated at the beginning of the rainy season, seed dispersal takes place year-round. Non-dormant seeds released during the dry season were characterized by high ∆G values that delayed their germination until the onset of the favorable season. Simultaneously, seed dormancy and spatial dispersal (i.e., the two risk-reduction mechanisms) were negatively correlated as dormancy and high σT values were only prevalent in seeds with reduced spatial dispersal ability. We conclude that the timing of seed germination is ultimately the net outcome of adaptive interactions among life-history traits, which can result in multiple functionally equivalent phenotypes. It is possible that this might contribute to community diversity by providing opportunities for the coexistence of different species.
FIG. 5 in Architectural analysis of Buxus vahlii Baill. (Buxaceae) in two different environments in Puerto Rico
FIG. 5. — Reproductive structures of Buxus vahlii Baill. G. Carrero 161 (MAPR).
FIG. 4 in Architectural analysis of Buxus vahlii Baill. (Buxaceae) in two different environments in Puerto Rico
FIG. 4. — Axillar bud on A2 axis of Buxus vahlii Baill. Scale bar: 100 μm.
FIG. 2 in Architectural analysis of Buxus vahlii Baill. (Buxaceae) in two different environments in Puerto Rico
FIG. 2. — Isabela forest, municipality of Isabela, Puerto Rico.
Leaf size variations in a dominant desert shrub, Reaumuria soongarica, adapted to heterogeneous environments
<p>The climate in arid Central Asia (ACA) has changed rapidly in recent decades, but the ecological consequences of this are far from clear. To predict the impacts of climate change on ecosystem functioning, greater attention should be given to the relationships between leaf functional traits and environmental heterogeneity. As a dominant constructive shrub widely distributed in ACA, <em>Reaumuria soongarica</em> provided us with an ideal model to understand how leaf functional traits of desert ecosystems responded to the heterogeneous environments of ACA. Here, to determine the influences of genetic and ecological factors, we characterized species-wide variations in leaf traits among 30 wild populations of <em>R. soongarica</em> and 16 populations grown in a common garden. We found that the leaf length, width, and leaf length to width ratio (L/W) of the northern lineage were significantly larger than those of other genetic lineages, and principal component analysis based on the <em>in situ</em> environmental factors distinguished the northern lineage from the other lineages studied. With increasing latitude, leaf length, width, and L/W in the wild populations increased significantly. Leaf length and L/W were negatively correlated with altitude, and first increased and then decreased with increasing mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP). Stepwise regression analyses further indicated that leaf length variation was mainly affected by latitude. However, leaf width was uncorrelated with altitude, MAT or MAP. The common garden trial showed that leaf width variation among the eastern populations was caused by both local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. Our findings suggest that <em>R. soongarica</em> preferentially changes leaf length to adjust leaf size to cope with environmental change. We also reveal phenotypic evidence for ecological speciation of <em>R. soongarica</em>. These results will help us better understand and predict the consequences of climate change for desert ecosystem functioning.</p>
Figure 5 in Sagitta otolith of three demersal species in a tropical environment
Figure 5. Length-weight relationship for (A) Polydactylus virginicus, (B) Menticirrhus cuiaranensis, and (C) Conodon nobilis; otolith length vs fish total length for (D) Polydactylus virginicus, (E) Menticirrhus cuiaranensis, and (F) Conodon nobilis; and otolith height vs fish total length for (G) Polydactylus virginicus, (H) Menticirrhus cuiaranensis, and (I) Conodon nobilis.
Figure 4 in Sagitta otolith of three demersal species in a tropical environment
Figure 4. Box plot (mean and standard deviation) of morphometric parameters and shape indices of the otolith sagitta of Polydactylus virginicus, Menticirrhus cuiaranensis and Conodon nobilis per class of total length: (A) otolith length (OL), (B) otolith height (OH), (C) Aspect ratio OL/TL, (D) Aspect ratio (OH/OL) × 100 and (E) ellipticity.
Figure 3 in Sagitta otolith of three demersal species in a tropical environment
Figure 3. Frequency distribution of the total length (cm) of Polydactylus virginicus, Menticirrhus cuiaranensis and Conodon nobilis sampled in a tropical environment in Southwestern Atlantic.
Figure 2 in Sagitta otolith of three demersal species in a tropical environment
Figure 2. Length and height of sagittae otoliths for: (A) Polydactylus virginicus; (B) Menticirrhus cuiaranensis; and (C) Conodon nobilis.
Figure 1 in Sagitta otolith of three demersal species in a tropical environment
Figure 1. Map of the coastal region of the state of Sergipe showing all the beaches where samples were collected during competitive fishing events in 2014-2015.
Figure 6 in Sagitta otolith of three demersal species in a tropical environment
Figure 6. Scatterplot of the linear discriminant analysis of morphometry and shape indices of the sagitta otolith of Polydactylus virginicus, Menticirrhus cuiaranensis and Conodon nobilis.
Figure 2 in Diet of bromeliad-frog Phyllodytes luteolus (Anura, Hylidae) in Atlantic Forest environments: what have the frogs been eating outside sandy coastal plains?
Figure 2. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plot for prey presence. The represented populations of P. luteolus in lowland forest (triangles), sandy coastal plains (circles) and island (squares) environments in Espírito Santo State, southeastern Brazil.
Figure 1 in Diet of bromeliad-frog Phyllodytes luteolus (Anura, Hylidae) in Atlantic Forest environments: what have the frogs been eating outside sandy coastal plains?
Figure 1. Study sites in Espírito Santo State, southeastern Brazil. Dark gray points represent the sampled Phyllodytes luteolus populations.
Fig. 19 in Species inventory, preys and host plants of Anthocoridae sensu lato (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in Shiraz and its environs (Iran, Fars province)
Fig. 19. Map of the Fars Province with the positions of the sampling sites.
FIG. 1. — A in Calcareous algae in changing environments
FIG. 1. — A group of attendees at the Milano-Bicocca University.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.