Find research datasets worth reusing

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data from: How can we tackle interruptions to human-wildlife feeding management? Adding media campaigns to the wildlife manager's toolbox

In recent years, wildlife managers have been seeking ways to reduce the occurrence of independent, recreational human-wildlife feeding interactions, which continue to gain global popularity and may have negative effects on the humans and wildlife involved. Current popular methods, such as signage and posters, have yielded mixed results and their application is often interrupted, though the effects of these interruptions on feeding levels are currently unknown. This has led to calls to both identify a management option that can be applied successfully from a distance and to determine whether this action may assist in recovering long-term programmes from the potential effects of interruptions. Marketing and media tools have been shown to successfully change human behaviours in conservation campaigns, flagging them as a potential tool that could be applied to human-wildlife feeding management. Here, we performed a 4-year study using a wild fallow deer population in a popular urban green space as our model system. We tracked changes in human feeding behaviours across four different management stages. These included pre-management (stage 1), during traditional management (i.e. "don't feed the deer" signage, stage 2), mid-interruption (i.e. COVID-19 pandemic, stage 3), and during the application of a structured media campaign (stage 4). We found that feeding by visitors decreased during traditional management (stage 2), but rapidly returned to pre-management levels during the interruption (stage 3) despite traditional controls still being in place. However, we discovered that feeding dropped significantly after the release of a media campaign (stage 4), despite the audience and conditions being unchanged. We also identified which imagery and educational messages resonated with viewers; information that can be applied to future campaigns in other locations. We, therefore, recommend that wildlife managers both investigate and be prepared for the negative effects that interruptions of any type (e.g. the recent COVID-19 pandemic, other interruptions to funding) may have on ongoing management campaigns of this ilk. We recommend that media campaigns be explored as a potential tool to reduce the occurrence of the unregulated feeding of wildlife by humans in these sites, thereby promoting better human-wildlife coexistence.

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

Fungicide-free management of Alternaria leaf blotch and fruit spot on apple indicates Alternaria spp. as secondary colonizer

Raw data of the article: "Fungicide-free management of Alternaria leaf blotch and fruit spot on apple indicates Alternaria spp. as secondary colonizer", DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35448-2 -->see Read Me file

Dataset for paper entitled "Thirty Three Years of Research about the Relation between Management and Business Strategy in Islamic Way"

This is dataset of papers collected from Scopus that was related to business, strategy, and management in accordance to Islamic way. It contains CSV and Bibtex version.

BIG DATA ANALYTICS IN DIGITAL HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: IMPACT ON THE RECRUITMENT PROCESS

This study investigates how HR employees experience the big data phenomenon in the recruitment function of HRM and how their perceptions of the phenomenon have evolved. This study also examines how BD will affect organizational and HRM and how it can be improved in other functions of HR. In this exploratory study, which comprehensively addresses the BD phenomenon in HRM, the phenomenological design approach, one of the qualitative research methods, was applied to test the research questions and a semi-structured interview form was used for research data. Using the snowball sampling method, in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 HR employees working in large and semi-structured organizations in Turkey and the interviews were analyzed with MAXQDA 20. The findings show that HRM employees are aware of BD. On the other hand, it is understood that BD technologies provide easy accessibility in recruitment, offer a strategic competitive advantage, and enable more effective management of information management, which saves HR employees' work in a facilitating way. They benefit from technology as a decision support assistant. Finally, the research results provide theoretical and practical implications for future researchers and practitioners for the development and effective use of BD technology in the field of HRM.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Low- and high-intensity fire in the riparian savanna: demographic impacts in an avian model species and implications for ecological fire management

<ol> <li>Climate change is driving changes in fire frequency and intensity, making it more urgent for conservation managers to understand how species and ecosystems respond. In tropical monsoonal savannas – Earth's most fire-prone landscapes – ecological fire management aims to prevent intense wildfires late in the dry season through prescribed low-intensity burns early in the dry season. Riparian habitats embedded within tropical savannas represent critical refuges for biodiversity, yet are particularly fire-sensitive. Better understanding of the impact of fire – including prescribed burns – on riparian habitats is therefore key but requires long-term detailed post-fire monitoring of species' demographic rates, as effects may persist and/or be delayed.</li> <li>We analyse impacts of (prescribed) low-intensity and (prescribed but escaped) high-intensity fire in northern Australian riparian and adjacent savanna habitat. We quantify multi-year impacts on density, survival, reproduction and dispersal of an Endangered riparian bird, the western purple-crowned fairy-wren (Malurus coronatus coronatus), in a well-studied individually-marked population.</li> <li>Following low-intensity fire, bird density was reduced by >20% in burnt compared to adjacent unburnt riparian habitat for ≥2.5 years. This was a result of reduced breeding success and recruitment for two years immediately following fire, rather than mortality or dispersal of adults.</li> <li>In contrast, high-intensity fire (in a dry year) resulted in a sharp decline in population density by 50% 2–8 months after fire, with no signs of recovery after 2.5 years. The decline in density was due to post-fire adult mortality, rather than dispersal. Breeding success of the (few) remaining individuals was low but not detectably lower than in unburnt areas, likely because breeding success was poor overall due to prevailing dry conditions.</li> <li> Synthesis and applications. Even if there is no or very low mortality during fire, and no movement of birds away from burnt areas, both low- and high-intensity fire in the riparian zone reduce population density. However, the mechanism by which this occurs, and recovery time, differs with fire intensity. To minimise impacts of fire on riparian zones in tropical savannas, we suggest employing low-intensity prescribed burns under optimal conditions shortly after the breeding season. </li> </ol>

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data from: Pest management science often disregards farming system complexities

Since the 1940s, pesticide-intensive crop protection has sustained food security but also caused pervasive impacts on biodiversity, environmental integrity and human health. Here, we employ a systematic literature review to structurally analyze pest management science in 65 developing countries. Within a corpus of 3,407 publications, we find that taxonomic coverage is skewed towards a subset of 48 herbivores. Simplified contexts are commonplace: 48% of studies are performed within laboratory confines. 80% treat management tactics in an isolated rather than integrated fashion. 83% consider no more than two out of 15 farming system variables. Limited attention is devoted to pest-pathogen or pest-pollinator interplay, trophic interactions across ecosystem compartments or natural pest regulation. By overlooking social strata, the sizable scientific progress on agroecological management translates into slow farm-level uptake. We argue that the scientific enterprise should integrate system complexity to chart sustainable trajectories for global agriculture and achieve transformative change on the ground.

[DATASET] Supporting Open Science Hardware in Academia: Policy Recommendations for Science Funders and University Managers

Raw data from a real-time Delphi exercise used to write the policy brief: <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/8030029">Supporting Open Science Hardware in Academia: Policy Recommendations for Science Funders and University Managers</a> Access to the Real-Time Delphi platform was kindly provided by <a href="https://4strat.de">4strat</a>. See tab "meta - start here" for description of the dataset.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data from: Resolving a heated debate: the utility of prescribed burning as a management tool for biodiversity on lowland heath

We investigated the impact of prescribed burning and vegetation cutting on a chronisequence of heathland sites (107 in total) in the New Forest National Park, Hampshire, UK. We present data for vegetation cover, canopy active invertebrates collected with sweep nets and ground active invertebrates collected using pitfall traps. Using a multi-trophic approach, we compared the ecological impact of prescribed burning with two types of vegetation cutting (swiping and baling) as management tools for biodiversity outcomes for up to 20 years after management. Indicators included: Common Standards Monitoring assessment (CSM); vegetation species assemblage; invertebrate biodiversity; and available food resources for two characteristic heathland birds – the Dartford Warbler Sylvia undata and the Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus. When compared with swiped sites, areas managed by prescribed burning resulted in: better habitat condition (assessed by CSM); higher cover of heathers; lower bracken cover; more areas of bare ground. We found no evidence that burning is detrimental for the investigated components of biodiversity. Cutting by swiping did not replicate the benefits of burning. Swiping supported grassland conditions that suit non-heathland species. Baling resulted in habitat conditions similar to prescribed burning but restricted replication of baled sites limited our conclusions. However, swiped sites supported high invertebrate abundance and diversity, including food resources for Dartford Warbler and Nightjar.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Additional Files for "Assessing the potential of germplasm collections for the management of genetic diversity: the case of the French National Cryobank"

Additional files for the article entitled "Assessing the potential of germplasm collections for managing genetic diversity: the case of the French National Cryobank". Additional file 1: Table S1 Title: Report on the output of material since the creation of the French National Cryobank Additional file 2: Figure S1 Title: Summary of material outputs from the French National Cryobank since 1999 Additional file 3: Table S2 Title: Descriptors from the French National Cryobank data for six species Additional file 4: Figure S2 Title: Distribution of data and definition of intervals regarding breed diffusion (A), donor birth-year classes (B), and classes of donor’s age at 1st collection (C) Additional file 5: Table S3 Title: Statistics of the number of effective donors (De) according to species Additional file 6: Table S4 Title: Distribution of donors and doses across breeds Description: In green, the breeds for which the FNC collections meet FAO conditions for reconstitution of an extinct breed. In blue, the breeds for which the collections of the FNC do not yet meet FAO conditions for reconstitution of an extinct breed. In gray, FAO recommendations not available. Based on the 2012 FAO report, with 100 founder females for ruminants and horses, or 30 founder females for pigs (with a pregnancy rate of 0.6). Additional file 7: Figure S3 Title: Evolution of genetic contributions of sires and their production of direct descendants in the French National Cryobank over the period 2011–2020 for three livestock species Description: Two breeds of pigs are represented in pink (a, b), three breeds of sheep are represented in blue (c, d, e), and five breeds of cattle are represented in ochre (f, g, h, i, j). Additional file 8: Figure S4 Title: Distribution of individual IDIs of cryopreserved sires for the 17 breeds analyzed Description: Pig breeds are represented in pink, sheep breeds are represented in blue, and cattle breeds are represented in ochre. Additional file 9: Figure S5 Title: Correlation between IDI values and the year of birth of donors Additional file 10: Figure S6 Title: Prediction of IDI values based on donor’s year of birth and the motivation for entry into collection Description: Type I (for endangered breeds) is represented in purple and type III (for representative individuals of a breed over a period) is represented in orange.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

Cropland management impacts on soil organic carbon stock changes in US croplands from 1990 to 2015

This geospatial dataset represents soil organic carbon stock changes estimated from a counterfactual analysis of climate-smart soil management practices that were adopted in U.S. croplands between 1990 and 2015. The counterfactual scenarios are relative to historical cropland management implemented in the U.S. for the temporal domain of this study. These data provide a large-scale overview of the carbon stock changes in US cropland agricultural soils associated with conservation tillage, manure amendments, cover crops terminated with cultivation, cover crop terminated with herbicide, hay and pasture in rotation with annual crops, set-aside/Conservation Reserve Program lands. Data were generated using the DayCent ecosystem model driven by cropping histories in the USDA National Resources Inventory (NRI) and associated agricultural management data. The average annual stock change was calculated for each management practice to determine the impact. Average rates of annual stock changes on a per-hectare basis (averaged from 1990 to 2015) are presented as a gridded dataset. Data are in a GeoTIFF format on a 5 km grid.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Supplementary material/Organic carbon dynamics in clay soils: impact of management practices on microorganism structure and abundance under semi-arid conditions

Proper management of soil organic matter in arid and semi-arid regions improves organic carbon storage in the soil, helps in compact soil degradation, and mitigates climate change impacts, and preserves ecosystem functionality and sustainability food security. This study aims to provide a better insight into the biogeochemical processes that drive the organic carbon dynamics of saline clay soil in a semi-arid climate. The study is not intended to be exhaustive but contributes to analyzing the relationship between bacterial microflora, physicochemical properties, and organic carbon dynamics as a function of different soil management modes. The monitoring was carried out on three different plots located at the National Institute of Agronomic Research of Algeria. A physicochemical characterization of the soils was performed. A metagenomic study was also conducted to identify bacterial biodiversity using PCR-amplified DNA sequencing. The study results show that the control plot has the highest average organic carbon stock value at 47 Mg ha-1. This was followed by the amended plot and the conventional plot, respectively, with 43 Mg ha-1 and 38 Mg ha-1. In the context of this study, organic carbon dynamics would appear to depend on the interaction of several biotic and abiotic factors. Soil management methods would impact the density and diversity of bacterial microflora. This, in turn, affects the soil's physicochemical properties and, more specifically, organic carbon dynamics and storage.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

Is my model fit for purpose? Validating a population model for predicting freshwater fish responses to flow management

Models based on ecological processes ("process-explicit models") are often used to predict ecosystem responses to environmental changes or management scenarios. However, models are imperfect and need to be validated, ideally by testing their assumptions and outputs against independent empirical data sets. Examples of validation of process-explicit models are rare. Recently, stochastic population models have been developed to predict the likely responses (over 10-120 years) of a riverine fish (golden perch, Macquaria ambigua) to flow management in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) in eastern Australia, one of the world's most regulated river basins. Declines of golden perch (and other species) are a direct consequence of altered hydrology, and managers require information to predict how fish will respond to possible future hydrological conditions to guide the substantial investments in flow management. Here, we use two independent field data sets to validate our population model. We compared model predictions to observed trends to ask: (1) how do predicted population sizes and growth rates compare to observed data? (2) does the correlation between predicted and observed population sizes and growth rates vary among populations? (3) does the correlation between predicted and observed population sizes and growth rates vary across observed hydrological conditions? and (4) how do modelled and observed fish movement rates compare? We found reasonable correlations between fish population sizes and growth rates as predicted by the model and observed in independent data sets for several populations (Aim 1) but the strength of these correlations varied among populations (Aim 2) and hydrological conditions (Aim 3). Predicted and observed fish movement rates were strongly correlated (Aim 4). Population models are frequently used in conservation decision-making but are rarely validated. We demonstrate that: (1) validation can identify model strengths and weaknesses; (2) observed data sets often have inherent limitations that can preclude robust validations; (3) validation is likely be more common if appropriate observed data sets are available; and (4) validation should consider the purpose of modelling. Wider consideration of these messages would contribute to more critical examinations of models so they can be most appropriately used in conservation decision-making.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Assessing and managing environmental hazards of polymers: historical development, science advances and policy options

Supporting information (open data) from Assessing and managing environmental hazards of polymers: historical development, science advances and policy options

Data from: Changes in environment and management practices improve foot health in zoo-housed flamingos

Summary This dataset accompanies the publication "Changes in Environment and Management Practices Improve Foot Health in Zoo-Housed Flamingos" published in Animals. This study tracked changes in foot lesions for an individual flock of Chilean flamingos (97 birds) at Dublin Zoo (Ireland) over an 18-month period in response to management and substrate changes . Photos of each flamingo's feet were taken on May 6th 2021, when all flamingos had access to their outdoor habitat (Time Point A). Photos were taken again on 16th April 2022, following a six month period when the flamingos were restricted to their indoor habitat due to a Government order to prevent the spread of Avian Influenza (Time Point B). Final photos were taken on 9th November 2022, six months following the release of the birds back into their outdoor habitat (Time Point C). Further details can be found in the corresponding publication.  Scoring was undertaken blindly by two independent and trained evaluators. These scores reflect the scoring metric developed by Nielsen et al. 2010, and include the four types of common flamingo foot lesion: hyperkeratosis, fissures, nodular lesions, and papillomatous growths. The independently calculated foot scores were subsequently compared, and in instances where the foot scores did not match, a consensus was sought between both evaluators to provide a final value for subsequent analysis. The data presented here reflects the consensus values used in the analysis. Discrepancies in the foot scores between both evaluators are reported and discussed in the corresponding publication.  Description of the Dataset One file is provided in .csv format. The file contains the following 11 columns:  <ul> <li>Time_Point: The Time Point at which photos were taken (A = 6th May 2021, B = 16th April 2022, and C = 9th November 2022).   </li> <li>Animal_Identifier: An anonymous code used to identify individual flamingos (n = 97).</li> <li>Hyperkeratosis_Total: The total hyperkeratosis score for that flamingo at that Time Point (considering both feet).</li> <li>Fissures_Total: The total fissures score for that flamingo at that Time Point (considering both feet).</li> <li>Nodular_Lesions_Total: The total nodular lesions score for that flamingo at that Time Point (considering both feet).</li> <li>Papillomatous_Growths_Total: The total papillomatous growths score for that flamingo at that Time Point (considering both feet).</li> <li>L_Total: The total left foot lesions score for that flamingo at that Time Point (considering all types of foot lesion).</li> <li>R_Total: The total right foot lesions score for that flamingo at that Time Point (considering all types of foot lesion).</li> <li>Overall_Total: The total foot lesions score for that flamingo at that Time Point (considering both feet and all types of foot lesion).</li> <li>Sex: The sex of the flamingo (Male or Female) </li> <li>Age: The age of the flamingo (Years)</li> </ul>   Acknowledgements We acknowledge and thank all Dublin Zoo staff and volunteers for their support and assistance throughout the project. Additionally, we thank Dr. Laura Kane for her technical assistance and support.      Disclaimer Despite our best efforts at screening the data for errors and inconsistencies, some information could be erroneous.    Credit If you use this dataset, please cite the corresponding publication: Mooney, A., McCall, K., Bastow, S., & Rose, P. (2023). Changes in Environment and Management Practices Improve Foot Health in Zoo-Housed Flamingos. Animals, 13(15), 2483. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152483">https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152483</a>

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Data for: Direct and indirect effects of food, fear and management on crop damage by ungulates

Foraging on crops by wild ungulates may create human-wildlife conflicts through reducing crop production. Ungulates interact with and within complex socio-ecological systems, making the reduction of crop damage a challenging task. Aside from ungulate densities, crop damage is influenced by different drivers affecting ungulate foraging behavior: food availability and food quality in the landscape (i.e. the foodscape) as well as fear from hunting and scaring actions (i.e. the landscape of fear) may together affect the degree of damage via both direct and indirect effects. A better understanding of the individual effects of these potential drivers behind crop damage is needed, as is an appreciation of whether the effects are dependent on ungulate density. We investigated this by applying path analysis to test indirect and direct links between ungulate density, foodscape, landscape of fear and, human management goals on crop damage of oats and grass, respectively. Our results suggest that crop type is the major driver behind crop damage, with more damage to oats than to leys, implying that human decisions (i.e changing crop type) influence the level of crop damage. We found that management goals and actions influenced the foodscape and the landscape of fear, by affecting the amount of forage produced in the agricultural landscape and the amount of scaring actions. Additionally, we found that supplementary feeding influenced the local ungulate densities in the area. Our results highlight the importance of including human actions on multiple levels when assessing drivers behind damage by ungulates in managed landscapes. We suggest that more studies using path analysis on multiple scales are needed in order to tackle complex issues such as crop damage and other human-wildlife conflicts.

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

Permits issued in respect of South Africa's National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act's Alien and Invasive Species Regulations over the period October 2014–December 2022

Data based on records of permits issued by the South African Department of Forestry, Fisheries, and the Environment (DFFE) to conduct activities on listed invasive species restricted under the NEM:BA A&IS Regulations of 2014 This is based on the file <Copy of Official AIS Permit Register (31 Aug 2019).xlsx> with updates to 2020 based on the updates in the file <AIS Permit Register Updated to 21 January 2021.xlsx>  and updates to Dec 2022 based on the file <AIS Permit register updated up to 31 Decenber 2022.xlsx> Compiled for the purposes of the reporting process  "The Status of Biological Invasions and their Management in South Africa", see http://iasreport.sanbi.org.za/ for more details.  Can access the latest report on Zenodo http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3947613 and the latest species list associated with the report via http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3947659 For details of how this was constructed see the relevant workflow in the status report process. Where appropriate the rationale for issuing a permit is as per the wording of the regulations and lists of 2020 (see below for the full citation) Each row represents a permit for a  particular species for a particular activity.  Permit numbers can cover multiple taxa The original data-set has details of the applicant and their contact numbers, who the permit was handled by, and the method by and date on which the permit was sent to the permit holder, these have been redacted Note there can be multiple permits issued to the same permit holder for the same species for the same purposes with the same start and end date In cases where two permits were issued to the same applicant and one of which was for research, both were deemed for research even if it was not specified as such For enquiries contact: invasives@sanbi.org.za or IAS.report.SANBI@gmail.com Suggested citation (noting that in most cases it will be more appropriate to reference the Department responsible itself): SANBI (2023) Permits issued in respect of South Africa's National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act's Alien and Invasive Species Regulations over the period October 2014 – December 2022. version  20230809. Zenodo.  https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8229321

openAug 2023View details →

Raw data: Potential of different common (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and Tartary (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) buckwheat accessions to sustainably manage surrounding weeds

Twenty-nine accessions of two buckwheat species (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (common buckwheat) and Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. (Tartary buckwheat) were evaluated for their allelopathic potential against two resistant weeds, i.e. the monocot Lolium rigidum Gaud. and the dicot Portulaca oleracea L. The bulking use of synthetic herbicides and their consequent contamination of the environment and resulting increment of resistant weeds, imminently requires a solution to achieve sustainable weed management without the use of chemical inputs. The results obtained in this study suggest that buckwheat accessions can sustainably manage weeds through plant interference as competition or allelopathy. This research showed that accessions differ in their potential for sustainably manage both weeds, with F. esculentum accessions being more effective against L. rigidum and F. tataricum accessions against both, monocot and dicot weeds. The chemical profile of buckwheat accessions was evaluated to know the content of polyphenols in common and Tartary buckwheat accessions and to know more about their ability to sustainably manage weeds. Differences in the chemical profile between the two buckwheat species were clear. While common buckwheat accessions showed more orientin, vitexin and hyperoside, Tartary buckwheat accessions had higher amounts of rutin, quercetin and kaempferol. We propose that the screening and selection of accessions with strong polyphenol content and vigorous growth can be a step towards organic farming due to its relation to the weed management.

opencc-by-4.0May 2021View details →

Data Management Workflows with CaosDB

A figure illustrating how the open source research data management system CaosDB can be integrated into data management workflows. It is shown that data is typically integrated into the system using a file crawler. Afterwards data can be accessed using e.g. the web frontend or other client interfaces.

opencc-byAug 2023View details →

Corn field management for wintering waterfowl on eastern Long Island, New York

The study took place in corn fields in Suffolk County, Long Island, New York, 7 February – 4 April 2018 and 7 February – 10 April 2019 (Fig.1). Fields were planted for typical production corn with 15.2 cm (6 inch) spacing among plants in rows 30.5 cm (12 inch) apart. Suffolk County contains coastal wetlands, freshwater ponds, and rural landscapes where corn fields are available to wintering waterfowl. Seasonal corn yield and wildlife abundance were determined at two corn fields in 2018 and 2019 (Cutchogue [41.023 ° N, -72.511° W] and Orient Point [41.141° N, -72.278° W]) and included another corn field in 2019 (Brookhaven [40.798° N, -72.891° W]). Corn fields were divided into three sections and marked them with flagging to identify them from a distance. The mean (± SE) corn field size was 4.08 ± 0.20 ha (Cutchogue = 3.99 ha, [0.87 ha, 1.33 ha, and 1.79 ha sections]; Orient = 4.47 ha, [1.46 ha, 1.46 ha, and 1.55 ha sections]; Brookhaven = 3.78 ha, [1.26 ha, 1.26 ha, and 1.26 ha sections]). Corn field samples were taken to obtain an index of corn availability and corn depletion rates following Barney [8]. One section in each field was chopped with a brush-hog every 2 weeks until all three sections in a field were chopped. Section of standing corn were sampled once the day before chopping and after chopping once every two weeks in 2018 and weekly in 2019. Sampling was adjusted to weekly in 2019 because some sections were depleted to zero or near zero kg/ha in < 2 weeks during 2018. A random sampling design was used to distribute samples throughout the field. Main transects (n = 3) were established perpendicular to the field edge in each section of a field (evenly spaced 20 − 26 m apart). Each sampling period, a random number generator was used to select sampling points along each main transect. The same number of samples were taken along each main transect (n = 4; n = 12 per section). A random number generator was used to determine the left or right direction of samples to be taken off of the main transect along a perpendicular transect. A random number generator was used to determine the distance of the sampling point along the perpendicular transect (between 1 – 10 m). Corn was sampled using a 1 m × 1 m quadrat at each sampling point and all corn within each quadrat was collected and placed in marked plastic bags. All individual kernels, cobs full of kernels, and cobs partial covered in kernels were included in the sample and frozen within 4 hrs of sampling. In the lab, corn was thawed, kernels were removed from cobs, and samples were dried at 60℃ until a constant mass at 48 hrs and weighed to ± 0.1 g, and reported as kg/ha. Wildlife surveys were conducted at each field 8 February – 3 April 2018 and 8 February – 9 April 2019. Morning and evening surveys were conducted, switching the time of survey at each field weekly. Morning surveys occurred 30 min before to 2 h after sunrise and evening surveys were 2 h before to 30 mins after sunset. To survey two fields on the same day, one field was surveyed in the morning and another field in the evening following weekly protocol for switching survey times. Each field was surveyed 3 times per week. Observation points were adjusted accordingly to maximize clear line of site when each section was chopped. Waterfowl flew into and landed in fields during sunrise and sunset surveys. Canada geese that were in fields at the start counts were included. This scenario reduced error in counting and identifying waterfowl to species, so 100% detection was assumed. For each field, total number of waterfowl, species composition, and other wildlife were recorded. Other wildlife included blackbirds (Icteridae), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo).