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3,136 results for “Terrestrialization”
Data from: Can latitudinal richness gradients be measured in the terrestrial fossil record?
Studying the deep-time origins of macroecological phenomena can help us to understand their long-term drivers. Given the considerable spatiotemporal bias of the terrestrial fossil record, it behooves us to understand how much biological information is lost. The aim of this study is to establish whether latitudinal diversity gradients are detectable in a biased terrestrial fossil record. I develop a simulated fossilization approach, weighting the probability of terrestrial mammal species appearing in the fossil record based on body size and geographic-range size; larger species with larger range sizes are more likely to enter the fossil record. I create simulated fossil localities from the modern North American mammal record. I vary the percentage of species successfully fossilized and estimate the magnitude of the latitudinal diversity gradient (slope of the richness gradient and degree of species turnover). I find that estimates of the latitudinal diversity gradient are sensitive to the loss of species with small body size and geographic-range sizes. In some cases, simulated fossil-record bias completely obliterates evidence of declining richness with latitude, a phenomenon that is not ameliorated by the application of nonparametric richness estimation. However, if the rate of preservation is medium (50% of species) to high (75% of species), the magnitude of the latitudinal diversity gradient can be reliably estimated. Similarly, changes in the diversity gradient estimates are largely explained by differences in the diversity–climate relationship among iterations, suggesting that these relationships may be measurable in the fossil record.
Data from: Cascading effects of induced terrestrial plant defenses on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem function
Herbivores induce plants to undergo diverse processes that minimize costs to the plant, such as producing defences to deter herbivory or reallocating limited resources to inaccessible portions of the plant. Yet most plant tissue is consumed by decomposers, not herbivores, and these defensive processes aimed to deter herbivores may alter plant tissue even after detachment from the plant. All consumers value nutrients, but plants also require these nutrients for primary functions and defensive processes. We experimentally simulated herbivory with and without nutrient additions on red alder (Alnus rubra), which supplies the majority of leaf litter for many rivers in western North America. Simulated herbivory induced a defence response with cascading effects: terrestrial herbivores and aquatic decomposers fed less on leaves from stressed trees. This effect was context dependent: leaves from fertilized-only trees decomposed most rapidly while leaves from fertilized trees receiving the herbivory treatment decomposed least, suggesting plants funnelled a nutritionally valuable resource into enhanced defence. One component of the defence response was a decrease in leaf nitrogen leading to elevated carbon : nitrogen. Aquatic decomposers prefer leaves naturally low in C : N and this altered nutrient profile largely explains the lower rate of aquatic decomposition. Furthermore, terrestrial soil decomposers were unaffected by either treatment but did show a preference for local and nitrogen-rich leaves. Our study illustrates the ecological implications of terrestrial herbivory and these findings demonstrate that the effects of selection caused by terrestrial herbivory in one ecosystem can indirectly shape the structure of other ecosystems through ecological fluxes across boundaries.
Data from: Species richness-productivity relationships of tropical terrestrial ferns at regional and local scales
1. The species richness-productivity relationship (SRPR), by which the species richness of habitats or ecosystems is related to the productivity of the ecosystem or the taxon, has been documented both on regional and local scales, but its generality, biological meaning, and underlying mechanisms remain debated. 2. We evaluated the SRPR and 3 mechanistic hypotheses using terrestrial ferns in 18 study plots along an elevational gradient (500-4000 m) in Ecuador. We measured annual increases in above-ground biomass of 6175 fern individuals from 91 species over 2 years, and estimated plot-level tree productivity from increases in above-ground woody biomass of 560 trees. Analyses were conducted by (a) comparing plots along the elevational gradient (regional scale) and (b) comparing plots within each elevational belt (local scale). 3. Fern diversity was related to the productivity of the fern assemblages, but not to above-ground productivity of the trees. At the regional scale, we found a positive relationship of fern species richness to fern productivity that appeared to be determined by an increase in the number of fern individuals and niche availability. In contrast, at the local scale this relationship was negative and likely driven by interspecific competition. 4. Synthesis: Plot diversity of ferns appears to be limited by the number of available niches and competition to occupy these niches. At the local scale, this is reflected in a negative SRPR probably driven by competition, whereas with increasing scale the positive influence of productivity emerges. This represents the first evidence that productivity and competition affect the diversity of tropical herb assemblages at the plot scale.
Data from: Terrestrial arthropods of Steel Creek, Buffalo National River, Arkansas. I. Select beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae, Carabidae, Cerambycidae, Curculionoidea excluding Scolytinae)
Background: The Ozark Mountains are a region with high endemism and biodiversity, yet few invertebrate inventories have been made and few sites extensively studied. We surveyed a site near Steel Creek Campground, along the Buffalo National River in Arkansas, using twelve trap types – Malaise traps, canopy traps (upper and lower collector), Lindgren multifunnel traps (black, green, and purple), pan traps (blue, purple, red, white, and yellow), and pitfall traps – and Berlese-Tullgren extraction for eight and half months. New information: We provide collection records of beetle species belonging to eight families collected at the site. Thirty one species represent new state records: (Buprestidae) Actenodes acornis, Agrilus cephalicus, Agrilus ohioensis, Agrilus paracelti, Taphrocerus nicolayi; (Carabidae) Agonum punctiforme, Synuchus impunctatus; (Curculionidae) Acalles clavatus, Acalles minutissimus, Acoptus suturalis, Anthonomus juniperinus, Anametis granulata, Idiostethus subcalvus, Eudociminus mannerheimii, Madarellus undulatus, Magdalis armicollis, Magdalis barbita, Mecinus pascuorum, Myrmex chevrolatii, Myrmex myrmex, Nicentrus lecontei, Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus, Piazorhinus pictus, Phyllotrox ferrugineus, Plocamus hispidulus, Pseudobaris nigrina, Pseudopentarthrum simplex, Rhinoncus pericarpius, Sitona lineatus, Stenoscelis brevis, Tomolips quericola. Additionally, three endemic carabids, two of which are known only from the type series, were collected.
Data from: Germination patterns in three terrestrial orchids relate to abundance of mycorrhizal fungi
1. The spatial distribution of plants, which is often generated by patterns of seed recruitment, is an important determinant of population dynamics, especially for orchids with seeds that must be exposed to appropriate mycorrhizal fungi. 2. We compared the distribution and abundance of target mycorrhizal fungi detected in the soil using DNA-based molecular techniques and germination in seed packets of Goodyera pubescens, Liparis liliifolia, and Tipularia discolor. 3. We further examined Tulasnella spp. associated with G. pubescens to determine whether areas with abundant host fungi resulted from multiple genets of the same species or from a single widespread fungal genet. 4. We found that target fungi were more likely to be detected using soil DNA assays than by seed germination. Based on soil DNA, fungi were more widespread than suggested by seed germination, which most often reflected the presence of abundant mycorrhizal fungi in the soil. Fungi were more likely to be abundant close to established orchids. Established plants of G. pubescens that were <50cm apart associated with a single abundant fungal genet, while those >50 cm apart associated with multiple fungal genets. 5. Synthesis. This study demonstrates the importance of using multiple methods to detect the distribution and abundance of target fungi and suggests that fungal 'hot spots' may be keys to the dynamics of orchid populations.
Data from: Debugging diversity – a pan‐continental exploration of the potential of terrestrial blood‐feeding leeches as a vertebrate monitoring tool
The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) has become an applicable non-invasive tool with which to obtain information about biodiversity. A sub-discipline of eDNA is iDNA (invertebrate-derived DNA), where genetic material ingested by invertebrates is used to characterise the biodiversity of the species that served as hosts. While promising, these techniques are still in their infancy, as they have only been explored on limited numbers of samples from only a single or a few different locations. In this study, we investigate the suitability of iDNA extracted from more than 3,000 haematophagous terrestrial leeches as a tool for detecting a wide range of terrestrial vertebrates across five different geographical regions on three different continents. These regions cover almost the full geographical range of haematophagous terrestrial leeches, thus representing all parts of the world where this method might apply. We identify host taxa through metabarcoding coupled with high-throughput sequencing on Illumina and IonTorrent sequencing platforms to decrease economic costs and workload and thereby make the approach attractive for practitioners in conservation management. We identified hosts in four different taxonomic vertebrate classes: mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, belonging to at least 42 different taxonomic families. We find that vertebrate blood ingested by haematophagous terrestrial leeches throughout their distribution is a viable source of DNA with which to examine a wide range of vertebrates. Thus, this study provides encouraging support for the potential of haematophagous terrestrial leeches as a tool for detecting and monitoring terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity.
Carboniferous Onychophora from Montceau-les-Mines, France, and onychophoran terrestrialization - SI File 01.
<p>A zip file containing 3D models of of <em>Antennipatus montceauensis </em>gen. nov., sp. nov., in the VAXML interchange format, which can be open with the freely available software SPIERS (spiers-software.org).</p>
FIGURE 3 in A new species of semi-terrestrial freshwater crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) from the Central Highlands of Vietnam
FIGURE 3. Rathbunamon chumomrayense sp. nov., holotype, male (CW 23.0 mm), IEBR-FC KCx01. A, carapace, dorsal view; B, left third maxilliped; C, abdomen; D, anterior thoracic sternites of abdominal segments. Scale bar = 5 mm.
FIGURE 6. A–B in A new species of semi-terrestrial freshwater crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) from the Central Highlands of Vietnam
FIGURE 6. A–B. Habitats near the specimen collection sites in Chu Mom Ray National Park, Kon Tum Province, Vietnam
FIGURE 5 in A new species of semi-terrestrial freshwater crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) from the Central Highlands of Vietnam
FIGURE 5. Rathbunamon chumomrayense sp. nov., on the forest ground in Chu Mom Ray National Park, Kon Tum Province, Vietnam.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of semi-terrestrial freshwater crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) from the Central Highlands of Vietnam
FIGURE 4. Rathbunamon chumomrayense sp. nov., holotype, male (CW 23.0 mm), IEBR-FC KCx01. A–H, left G1: A, ventral view; B, ventral view of terminal segment; C, mesial view; D, mesial view of terminal segment; E, dorsal view; F, dorsal view of terminal segment; G, lateral view; H, lateral view of terminal segment; I, right G2; J, right G2 of terminal segment.
FIGURE 1. Terrapotamon longitarsus n in A new species of long-legged terrestrial Terrapotamon Ng, 1986 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamidae) from limestone formations in Satun, southern Thailand
FIGURE 1. Terrapotamon longitarsus n. sp. Holotype male (47.4 × 38.6 mm) (ZRC 2016.0161). A, overall habitus; B, C, frontal views of cephalothorax; D, ventral view of cephalothorax showing third maxillipeds, anterior thoracic sternum and pleon.
FIGURE 5. Terrapotamon longitarsus n in A new species of long-legged terrestrial Terrapotamon Ng, 1986 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamidae) from limestone formations in Satun, southern Thailand
FIGURE 5. Terrapotamon longitarsus n. sp. Gonopods. A–E, holotype male (47.4 × 38.6 mm) (ZRC 2016.0161); F, G, paratype male (28.4 × 23.8 mm) (PSUZC 20150611-01.01); H, I, male (35.0 × 29.5 mm) (ZRC 2016.0162a). A, right G1 (ventral view); B, distal part of right G1 (ventral view); C, distal part of right G1 (dorsomesial view); D, distal part of right G1 (dorsal view); E, right G2; F–I, left G1 (ventral view) (setae not drawn). Scale bars: A, E, F–I = 2.0 mm; B–D = 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 4. Terrapotamon longitarsus n in A new species of long-legged terrestrial Terrapotamon Ng, 1986 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamidae) from limestone formations in Satun, southern Thailand
FIGURE 4. Terrapotamon longitarsus n. sp. Holotype male (47.4 × 38.6 mm) (ZRC 2016.0161). A, left side of carapace; B, frontal view of cephalothorax (setae omitted); C, right third maxilliped (setae omitted); D, thoracic sternites 1–4 and sternopleonal cavity; E, pleon (right margin of somite 3 drawn as entire). Scale bars: A, B, D, E = 10.0 mm; C = 5.0 mm.
FIGURE 1. Intrepidocythere ibipora n. gen. n in On the first terrestrial ostracod of the Superfamily Cytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): description of Intrepidocythere ibipora n. gen. n. sp. from forest leaf litter in São Paulo State, Brazil
FIGURE 1. Intrepidocythere ibipora n. gen. n. sp., male. A. Interior of left valve. B. Interior of right valve. C. Anterior detail of right valve. D. Posterior detail of right valve. E. Lateral view of carapace, right side. F. Ventral view of carapace. G. Dorsal view of carapace. H. Hemipenis. A, H, paratype specimen MZUSP 18484; B–D, F–G, paratype specimen MZUSP 18482; E, paratype specimen MZUSP 18486. Scale bars: A–B, E–G, 100µm; C–D, H, 50µm.
FIGURE 4. Intrepidocythere ibipora n. gen. n in On the first terrestrial ostracod of the Superfamily Cytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): description of Intrepidocythere ibipora n. gen. n. sp. from forest leaf litter in São Paulo State, Brazil
FIGURE 4. Intrepidocythere ibipora n. gen. n. sp., female. A. Interior of left valve. B. Posterior detail of left valve. C. Anterior detail of left valve. D. Interior of right valve. E. Anterior detail of right valve. F. Posterior detail of right valve. G. Dorsal view of carapace. H. Ventral view of carapace. I. Lateral view of carapace, right side. A–F, paratype specimen MZUSP 18481; G–I, paratype specimen MZUSP 18485. Scale bars: A, D, G–I, 100µm; B–C, E–F, 50µm.
FIGURE 3. Intrepidocythere ibipora n. gen. n in On the first terrestrial ostracod of the Superfamily Cytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): description of Intrepidocythere ibipora n. gen. n. sp. from forest leaf litter in São Paulo State, Brazil
FIGURE 3. Intrepidocythere ibipora n. gen. n. sp. A. Maxillula. B. First thoracopod. C. Second thoracopod. D. Third thoracopod. E. Hemipenis. F. End of body. A–D, male paratype specimen MZUSP 18482; E, male holotype specimen MZUSP 18479; F, female allotype specimen MZUSP 18480. cop, copulatory process; CR, caudal ramus; DL, distal lobe; GeO, genital operculum. Scale bars: A–D, 10µm; E–F, 50µm.
FIGURE 2. Intrepidocythere ibipora n. gen. n in On the first terrestrial ostracod of the Superfamily Cytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): description of Intrepidocythere ibipora n. gen. n. sp. from forest leaf litter in São Paulo State, Brazil
FIGURE 2. Intrepidocythere ibipora n. gen. n. sp. A. Antennula. B. Antenna. C. Antenna. D. Mandibula. E. Mandibular palp. A–B, D–E, male paratype specimen MZUSP 18482; C, female paratype specimen MZUSP 18481. exo, exopodite; hy, hyaline formation; Ya, aesthetasc on antennula; Y, aesthetasc on antenna. Scale bars: A–E, 10µm.
FIGURE 5 in On the first terrestrial ostracod of the Superfamily Cytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): description of Intrepidocythere ibipora n. gen. n. sp. from forest leaf litter in São Paulo State, Brazil
FIGURE 5. World map showing the distribution of extant nonmarine ostracod lineages that invaded terrestrial habitats.
FIGURE 8. Microplana gadesensis. CRBA443-444. A in Terrestrial planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola) from the Iberian Peninsula: new records and description of three new species
FIGURE 8. Microplana gadesensis. CRBA443-444. A. Sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the left. CRBA445. B. Sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the left.
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