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FIGURE 12 in DNA barcoding and male genital morphology reveal five new cryptic species in the West Palearctic bee Seladonia smaragdula (Vachal, 1895) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

FIGURE 12. Seladonia gemmella sp. nov. (= form B) (Egypt, Sinai, St Katherines), ventral view of the projections of the gonocoxites.

FIGURE 14 in DNA barcoding and male genital morphology reveal five new cryptic species in the West Palearctic bee Seladonia smaragdula (Vachal, 1895) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

FIGURE 14. Seladonia submediterranea sp. nov., male holotype (= form C) (France, Deux-Sèvres, Saint-Martin-de- Bernegoue), ventral view of the projections of the gonocoxites.

FIGURE 13 in DNA barcoding and male genital morphology reveal five new cryptic species in the West Palearctic bee Seladonia smaragdula (Vachal, 1895) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

FIGURE 13. Geographic distribution of Seladonia gemmella sp. nov. (males with genitalia form B and barcoded females).

FIGURE 11 in DNA barcoding and male genital morphology reveal five new cryptic species in the West Palearctic bee Seladonia smaragdula (Vachal, 1895) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

FIGURE 11. Seladonia gemmella sp. nov. (= form B) (Spain, Almeria, Almerimar), ventral view of the projections of the gonocoxites.

FIGURE 10 in DNA barcoding and male genital morphology reveal five new cryptic species in the West Palearctic bee Seladonia smaragdula (Vachal, 1895) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

FIGURE 10. "Halictus gemmellus", nomen nudum, male and female in collection Schulthess in the Niederösterreiches landesmuseum; a, female head; b, male head; c, male habitus; d, labels of the male.

FIGURE 9 in DNA barcoding and male genital morphology reveal five new cryptic species in the West Palearctic bee Seladonia smaragdula (Vachal, 1895) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

FIGURE 9. Geographic distribution of Seladonia smaragdula (males with genitalia form A and barcoded females).

FIGURE 8 in DNA barcoding and male genital morphology reveal five new cryptic species in the West Palearctic bee Seladonia smaragdula (Vachal, 1895) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

FIGURE 8. Seladonia smaragdula, female (barcoded specimen from Barcelona); a, head; b, vertex; c, scutum; d, propodeum; e, first tergum; f, metasoma.

FIGURE 6 in DNA barcoding and male genital morphology reveal five new cryptic species in the West Palearctic bee Seladonia smaragdula (Vachal, 1895) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

FIGURE 6. Seladonia smaragdula, male (= Form A) (Spain: Avila); a, head; b, antenna; c, scutum; d, propodeum; e, first tergum; f, metasoma.

FIGURE 7 in DNA barcoding and male genital morphology reveal five new cryptic species in the West Palearctic bee Seladonia smaragdula (Vachal, 1895) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

FIGURE 7. Seladonia smaragdula, male (= form A) (France, Var, Porquerolles Island), ventral view of the projections of the gonocoxites; a, large projection; b, small projection; c, tuft of setae; d, appendice; e, underplate.

FIGURE 2 in DNA barcoding and male genital morphology reveal five new cryptic species in the West Palearctic bee Seladonia smaragdula (Vachal, 1895) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of bees in the Seladonia smaragdula complex (= S. smaragdula sensu lato).

FIGURE 5 in DNA barcoding and male genital morphology reveal five new cryptic species in the West Palearctic bee Seladonia smaragdula (Vachal, 1895) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

FIGURE 5. Halictus smaragdulus form vinulus, female holotype and male paratype; a, female head; b, female propodeum; c, male head; d, male antenna; e, male genitalia, ventral view; f, labels of the female holotype.

FIGURE 3. Neighbour-joining tree showing p in DNA barcoding and male genital morphology reveal five new cryptic species in the West Palearctic bee Seladonia smaragdula (Vachal, 1895) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

FIGURE 3. Neighbour-joining tree showing p-distances at COI (658bp) among Seladonia specimens. Outgroup: Lasioglossum semilucens. Label at the end of each branch includes field ID or GenBank accession number, species identification [L = Lasioglossum, H = Halictus, S = Seladonia, S s = Seladonia smaragdula sensu lato, V = Vestitohalictus, *A–E = each of the currently recognized forms within Seladonia smaragdula based on the male genitalia according to Pauly & Rassel (1982)] and country of collection. Values at nodes: bootstrap support (%) in the neighbour-joining / parsimony / maximum likelihood analyses / and posterior probabilities in the Bayesian inference ("+": maximum support; "-" support of bootstrapping <80% or posterior probability <0.9). Colors of branches are according to each S. smaragdula form; black triangles at the end of a branch represent several similar haplotypes with identical species identifications.

FIGURE 4. Tarsi I in Descriptions of two new, cryptic species of Metasiro (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi: Neogoveidae) from South Carolina, USA, including a discussion of mitochondrial mutation rates

FIGURE 4. Tarsi I (A-C), II (D-F), III (G-I), IV (J-L) for M. americanus specimen IZ-133812(105662)-7420 (left column), M. savannahensis sp. nov. specimen IZ-133799(105645)-7185 (median column), and M. sassafrasensis sp. nov. specimen IZ- 134535(105644)-7176 (right column).

FIGURE 12 in Descriptions of two new, cryptic species of Metasiro (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi: Neogoveidae) from South Carolina, USA, including a discussion of mitochondrial mutation rates

FIGURE 12. Close-up dorsal views of spermatopositors from, A, M. savannahensis sp. nov. (IZ-133799(105645)-7185) and, B, M. americanus (IZ-133812(105662)-7420), showing the lobus medialis (LM), lacinia dorsalis (LD), lobulus lateralis (LL), and digitus (D).

FIGURE 8. A in Descriptions of two new, cryptic species of Metasiro (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi: Neogoveidae) from South Carolina, USA, including a discussion of mitochondrial mutation rates

FIGURE 8. A, detail of anterior margin of gonostome and, B, of anal plate of M. savannahensis sp. nov. female specimen IZ- 133800(105646)-7223.

FIGURE 6 in Descriptions of two new, cryptic species of Metasiro (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi: Neogoveidae) from South Carolina, USA, including a discussion of mitochondrial mutation rates

FIGURE 6. Details of anal plate for males of, A, M. americanus specimen IZ-133812(105662)-7420, B, M. savannahensis sp. nov. specimen 105645-7185, C, M. savannahensis sp. nov. specimen IZ-133800(105646)-7221, and, D, M. sassafrasensis sp. nov. specimen IZ-134535(105644)-7176.

FIGURE 7. A in Descriptions of two new, cryptic species of Metasiro (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi: Neogoveidae) from South Carolina, USA, including a discussion of mitochondrial mutation rates

FIGURE 7. A, gonostome and ventral complex detail and, B, full ventral view of M. savannahensis sp. nov. male specimen IZ-133800(105646)-7214.

FIGURE 2. A in Descriptions of two new, cryptic species of Metasiro (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi: Neogoveidae) from South Carolina, USA, including a discussion of mitochondrial mutation rates

FIGURE 2. A, molecular phylogeny of Metasiro COI sequences, made ultrametric using a relaxed clock, showing the four putative species from the GMYC model (red clades above the dashed red line); B, lineage-through-time plot for Metasiro diversification, the red line indicating the inferred time of rapid within-species COI diversification resulting from a singlethreshold analysis. Time for all plots is expressed as the proportion of time since the present to the root. Specimens of M. americanus collected from the Apalachicola River region and Florida Caverns are colored by location.

FIGURE 1 in Descriptions of two new, cryptic species of Metasiro (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi: Neogoveidae) from South Carolina, USA, including a discussion of mitochondrial mutation rates

FIGURE 1. Unrooted phylogeny for all Metasiro COI sequences, found under parsimony in POY and showing parsimony branch lengths. Insets A, B, and C show the locations of unique nucleotides (smaller, lower triangles) and amino acids (larger, upper triangles) along the 769 bp COI fragment. The frequencies of corrected pairwise divergences are shown in inset D and are divided by the type of comparison: solid black for intraspecific distances, dashed black for interspecific distances, and dashed gray for distances among widespread populations of M. americanus in the Florida panhandle.

FIGURE 3 in Descriptions of two new, cryptic species of Metasiro (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi: Neogoveidae) from South Carolina, USA, including a discussion of mitochondrial mutation rates

FIGURE 3. Male specimens of Metasiro, showing dorsal (left column), lateral (middle), and ventral (right) views: A–C, M. americanus specimen IZ-133813(105663)-7436; D–F, M. savannahensis sp. nov. holotype, specimen IZ-133799(105645)- 7184; and G–I, M. sassafrasenesis sp. nov. holotype, specimen IZ-134535(105644)-7171.